启动instance:1、分配内存空间SGA
2、启动后台进程
内存结构：1、SGA
2、PGA
3、UGA
4、Software code areas
SGA components：1、Database Buffer Cache
2、Redo Log Buffer
3、Shared Pool
4、Large Pool
5、Java Pool
6、Streams Pool
7、Fixed SGA
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Database Buffer Cache（数据库高速缓存）：
Database Buffer Cache存储data files中data blocks的copies.所有并行连接同一个数据库instance的用户可以共享访问buffer Cache.
1、Database Buffer Cache的优点：
a、Optimize Physical I/O(优化物理I/O)
数据库将数据更新写到buffer cache中，将进行更新的SQL语句写入redo log buffer中，当执行commit之后，不立即把buffer cache中的数据写入disk，而是将redo log buffer中的数据写入磁盘。Database writer(DBW) performslazy writes in the background.
b、Keep frequently accessed blocks in the buffer cache and write infrequently accessed blocks to disk（保持频繁使用的blocks在buffer cache，不频繁使用的写进disk）
When Database Smart Flash Cache (flash cache) is enabled, part of the buffer cache can reside in the flash cache. This buffer cache extension is stored on a flash disk device,
which is a solid state storage device that uses flash memory. The database can improve performance by caching buffers in flash memory instead of reading from magnetic disk.
2、Buffer States(缓冲区状态)：
a、Unused
当前没有被使用的buffer，可以被database使用。
b、Clean
buffer之前被使用，现在存在一个时间点的一致性读版本，database可以pin缓存中的块并且reuse
it.
c、Dirty
The buffer contain modified data that has not yet been written to disk. The database must checkpoint the block before reusing it.
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每个buffer都有access mode:pined或者free(即unpined),多个session不能同时修改同一个pined buffer.
The database uses a sophisticated algorithm to make buffer access efficient. Pointers to dirty and nondirty buffers exist on the same
least recently used (LRU) list, which has a hot end and cold end. A
cold buffer is one that has not been recently used. A
hot buffer is frequently accessed and has been recently used.
3、Buffer Modes:
a、Current Mode
A current mode get, also called a
db block get, is a retrieval of a block as it currently appears in the buffer cache.
b、Consistent Mode
A
consistent read get is a retrieval of a read-consistent version of a block. This retrieval may use undo data.
4、Buffer I/O(logical I/O&physical I/O):
logical I/O即buffer I/O,读取或写入buffer cache中的buffers。当在buffer cache中找不到数据时就会发生physical I/O，physical I/O 把flash cache或者disk中的数据copy到cache buffer，再通过logical I/O从cache buffer中读取数据。
a、Buffer Writes
database writer(DBW)进程会定期地将cold、dirty buffers写入disk(即：将LRU队列的cold end的buffers写入disk)。
DBWn在以下情况下会把buffers写入disk:
1:服务进程在把new blocks读入database buffer cache中时找不到clean buffer.
如果unused buffers数量降到小于内部临界值，并且clean buffers被请求时，DBWn会将cold、dirty buffers写入disk。
数据库用LRU算法来决定把哪个dirty buffer中的数据写入disk。数据库把LRU 队列cold end的dirty buffer 从LRU队列移除，并移到write queue。DBWn 将write queue的buffer写入到disk(using multiblock writes if possible)。这种机制使得dirty buffers和clean buffers变得可用。
2:The database must advance the checkpoint,which is the position in the redo thread from which instance recovery must begin.
3:Tablespace are changed to read-only status or taken offline.
b、Buffer Reads
1:Flash casche disabled
The database re-uses each clean buffer as needed, overwriting it. If the overwritten buffer is needed later, then the database must read it from magnetic disk.
2:Flash cache enabled
DBWn可以把clean buffer的body写入flash cache，这样可以使cache buffer中的空间重用。数据库把buffer header放入LRU list中。当buffer再次被请求的时候，数据库可以从flash cache中读取，而不是磁盘。
当一个客户端进程请求buffer时，The search order is as follows:
1:服务器进程search整个buffer cache
2:服务器进程search flah cache LRU list中的buffer header
3:将disk数据copy到buffer cache(物理读),从buffer cache读取数据（逻辑读）
注：如果在步骤1或2找到buffer则称为cache hit，没有找到称为cache miss
data file 和 temp file都可以发生physical reads。data file物理读之后还要进行logical I/O。temp file绕过buffer cache,物理读之后不发生logical I/O。（当内存不够时数据库强制将数据写入temporary table）
c、Buffer Touch Count
如果一个buffer is pinned并且上次增加计数是在3秒钟以前，则touche count增加一个计数。如果一个buffer is pinned，但上次增加计数没有超过3秒，则touche count不曾加计数，保持原值（即看做一次touch）。
如果LRU list cold端的buffer的touch count值比较大，则次cold buffer会被移到hot end。如果LRU list cold端的touch count值比较小，then the buffer ages out of the cache.
d、Buffers and Full Table Scans
当从disk把数据写入buffers时，数据库会把buffers插入到the middle of the LRU list。这种情况下，full table scan可能会引发一个问题：假设表中的total block size比buffer cache的size大，全表扫描会clean out the buffer cache，preventing the database from maintaining a cache of frequently accessed blocks。所以full table
scan这种情况和其他的处理方式不一样，当为full table scan时，buffer cache中的blocks可以立即被reuse。
5、Buffer Pools:
A
buffer pool is a collection of buffers. The database buffer cache is divided into one or more buffer pools.
You can manually configure separate buffer pools that either keep data in the buffer cache or make the buffers available for new data immediately after using the data blocks.
You can then assign specific schema objects to the appropriate buffer pool to control how blocks age out of the cache.
The possible buffer pools are as follows:
- Default pool
This pool is the location where blocks are normally cached. Unless you manually configure separate pools, the default pool is the only buffer pool.
- Keep pool
This pool is intended for blocks that were accessed frequently, but which aged out of the default pool because of lack of space. The goal of the keep buffer pool is to retain objects in memory, thus avoiding I/O operations.
- Recycle pool
This pool is intended for blocks that are used infrequently. A recycle pool prevent objects from consuming unnecessary space in the cache.
数据库有标准的block size。在创建tablespace的时候可以指定和标准块大小不一样的block size。每一个不是默认block size的tablespace有自己的pool。这些pool的管理和default pool的管理方式相同。
Memory Architecture-SGA-Database Buffer Cache