javascript事件编程在实际的使用中是比较常见的,本文简单mark一下。主要内容包括:事件处理程序、常用事件、绑定事件方式、事件冒泡、默认行为以及事件对象示例。
1.事件处理程序
事件就是用户或浏览器自身执行的某种动作。比如说click,mouseover,都是事件的名字。而相应某个事件的函数就叫事件处理程序(或事件侦听器)。为事件指定处理程序的方式有好几种,比如行内绑定、动态绑定等。
inlineBinding.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/"; %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>"> <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title> <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0"> <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"> <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"> <!-- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css"> --> <script type="text/javascript"> //行内绑定 function display(){ alert("Hello"); alert("Hello"); alert("Hello"); } </script> </head> <body> <input type="button" value="确定" onclick="display()"/> </body> </html>
2.常用的事件
onLoad :页面加载完毕后 一般用于body元素
onUnload :页面关闭后 一般用于body元素
onBlur :失去焦点
onFocus :获得焦点
onClick :点击
onMouseOver :当鼠标经过时
onMouseOut :当鼠标离开时
onMouseDown :当鼠标按下时
onMouseUp :当鼠标抬起时
onMouseMove :当鼠标移动时
onChange :当内容改变时
onSelect :当内容被选中时
onkeypress :当键盘点击时
onkeydown :当键盘按下时
onkeyup :当键盘抬起时
触发顺序:onkeydown、onkeypress、onkeyup
Onkeypress事件无法捕获功能键 代码见下例
onSubmit :当表单提交时
onReset :当表单重置时
inlineBinding2.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/"; %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>"> <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title> <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0"> <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"> <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"> <!-- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css"> --> <script type="text/javascript"> //事件处理 function display(text){ document.getElementById("div").innerHTML+=text; } </script> </head> <body onload="alert('欢迎!')" onunload="alert('再见')"> <input type="text" onkeypress="display('press')" onkeydown="display('down')" onkeyup="display('up')"/> <div id="div"></div> </body> </html>
上面的例子体现了onkeypress、onkeydown和onkeyup的使用方法,实际中常用的是onkeyup。
3.绑定事件的方式
3.1行内绑定
<元素 事件=”事件处理程序”>
<script type="text/javascript"> function show(){ alert('hello world!'); } </script> <input type="button" value="click me" onclick="show()"/>
上面也可以称为HTML事件处理程序。
这种方式是目前用得比较多的一种,但是在html中指定事件处理程序有两个缺点。
(1)首先:存在一个时差问题。就本例子来说,假设show()函数是在按钮下方,页面的最底部定义的,如果用户在页面解析show()函数之前就单击了按钮,就会引发错误;
(2)第二个缺点是html与javascript代码紧密耦合。如果要更换时间处理程序,就要改动两个地方:html代码和javascript代码。
因此,许多开发人员摒弃html事件处理程序,转而使用javascript指定事件处理程序。
3.2动态绑定
对象.事件=事件处理程序
dynamicBinding.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/"; %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>"> <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title> <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0"> <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"> <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"> <!-- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css"> --> <script type="text/javascript"> window.onload=function(){ //行内绑定和动态绑定的区别 document.getElementById("btnok").onclick=function(){ alert("Hello!"); }; document.getElementById("div").onclick=test; }; function test(){ this.style.color='red'; } </script> </head> <body> <input type="button" value="确定" id="btnok"/> <div id="div" onclick="test()">javascript</div> </body> </html>
3.3行内绑定和动态绑定的区别
简单一句话总结,就是行内绑定调用的函数是全局函数和全局变量,即相当于window.方法名和window.变量名,而动态绑定可以将函数的作用域限定在绑定对象的范围内,即可以使用this来引用绑定的对象,比如上例。
4.事件监听
我们能不能为一个dom对象的同一个事件指定多个事件处理程序
4.1如果为一个对象的同一个事件指定多个事件处理程序,那么,后面指定的程序会覆盖前面的。
dynamicBinding3.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/"; %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>"> <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title> <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0"> <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"> <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"> <!-- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css"> --> <script type="text/javascript"> window.onload=function(){ //为对象的某个时间指定多个事件处理,出现问题。关于事件起泡 document.getElementById("div1").onclick=test1; document.getElementById("div1").onclick=test2; }; function test1(){ alert("first"); } function test2(){ alert("second"); } </script> </head> <body> <div id="div1">div1</div> </body> </html>
4.2如果我们想为一个对象的某个事件指定多个事件处理,可以考虑使用事件监听。
事件监听语法:
IE:
attachEvent(type,callback)
type:事件名 如:onclick、onsubmit、onchange等
callback:事件处理程序
基于W3C模型:
addEventListener(type,callback,capture)
Type:事件名 ,没有“on”前缀 如:click、submit、change
Callback:事件处理程序
Capture:事件模型 (可选参数) (冒泡模型、捕捉模型) true:捕捉模型
false:冒泡模型 (默认值)
eventListener.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/"; %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>"> <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title> <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0"> <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"> <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"> <!-- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css"> --> <script type="text/javascript"> //使用事件监听解决为对象的某个时间指定多个事件处理 //注意IE11已经废除了attachEvent方法,想要看到效果需要在兼容模式下运行程序 //注意此时,会先执行fn2,在执行fn1 //attachEvent只在IE和基于IE内核的浏览器中是有效的 //W3C中是使用addEventListener function fn1(){ alert('first'); } function fn2(){ alert('second'); } window.onload=function(){ //在IE中使用 //document.getElementById('div1').attachEvent('onclick',fn1); //document.getElementById('div1').attachEvent('onclick',fn2); //W3C中 document.getElementById('div1').addEventListener('click',fn1,false); document.getElementById('div1').addEventListener('click',fn2,false); }; </script> </head> <body> <div id="div1">div1</div> </body> </html>
4.3IE和W3C事件监听的不同:
监听方法不同:IE attachEvent 、W3C addEventListener
监听参数不同:IE 没有模型参数、W3C 有模型参数
触发顺序:IE 8及以下的浏览器触发时是先绑定、后触发
W3C浏览器是先绑定、先触发
事件名称不同:IE 事件需要”on”前缀,W3C不需要’on’前缀
4.4解决浏览器兼容性问题
使用
//解决浏览器的兼容问题 function addEvent(obj,type,callback){ if(obj.attachEvent){//IE obj.attachEvent('on'+type,callback); }else{//W3C obj.addEventListener(type,callback,false); } }
eventListener2.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/"; %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>"> <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title> <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0"> <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"> <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"> <!-- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css"> --> <script type="text/javascript"> //解决浏览器的兼容问题 function addEvent(obj,type,callback){ if(obj.attachEvent){//IE obj.attachEvent('on'+type,callback); }else{//W3C obj.addEventListener(type,callback,false); } } function fn1(){ alert('first'); } function fn2(){ alert('second'); } window.onload=function(){ var obj = document.getElementById('div1'); addEvent(obj,'click',fn1); addEvent(obj,'click',fn2); }; </script> </head> <body> <div id="div1">div1</div> </body> </html>
5.事件模型
事件模型分为两种:
1)冒泡模型
2)捕捉模型
5.1事件冒泡是指事件响应时会上水冒一样上升至最顶级元素
bubble.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/"; %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>"> <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title> <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0"> <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"> <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"> <!-- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css"> --> <script type="text/javascript"> //出现了事件起泡问题问题 function fn1(){ alert('div1'); } function fn2(){ alert('div2'); } function fn3(){ alert('div3'); } window.onload=function(){ document.getElementById("div1").onclick=fn1; document.getElementById("div2").onclick=fn2; document.getElementById("div3").onclick=fn3; }; </script> <style type="text/css"> #div1{width:400px;height: 400px;background: red;} #div2{width:300px;height: 300px;background: green;} #div3{width:200px;height: 200px;background: blue;} </style> </head> <body> <div id="div1"> <div id="div2"> <div id="div3"></div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
上面的程序,当点击div3时会同时执行div2和div1的点击事件,即事件冒泡
5.2大多数情况下,程序需要对事件冒泡进行取消
取消事件冒泡:
IE:
window.event.cancelBubble=true;
W3C:
function(event){
event.stopPropagation();
}
bubble2.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/"; %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>"> <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title> <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0"> <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"> <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"> <!-- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css"> --> <script type="text/javascript"> //大多数情况下,程序需要对事件起泡进行取消 //解决浏览器兼容问题 function stopBubble(event){ //IE下 if(window.event){ window.event.cancelBubble=true; }else{//W3C下 event.stopPropagation(); } } function fn1(){ alert('div1'); } function fn2(event){ alert('div2'); stopBubble(event); } function fn3(){ alert('div3'); } window.onload=function(){ document.getElementById("div1").onclick=fn1; document.getElementById("div2").onclick=fn2; document.getElementById("div3").onclick=fn3; }; </script> <style type="text/css"> #div1{width:400px;height: 400px;background: red;} #div2{width:300px;height: 300px;background: green;} #div3{width:200px;height: 200px;background: blue;} </style> </head> <body> <div id="div1"> <div id="div2"> <div id="div3"></div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
上面的程序即取消了点击div2向点击div1的事件冒泡
6.默认行为
有些html元素,有自己的行为,如,提交按钮、超链接
有些时候,我们需要对默认行为进行取消,如表单按钮点击时,用户资料添写不完整,我们这时需要将按钮的默认行为取消。
取消默认行为的方法:
IE:
window.event.returnValue=false;
W3C:
event.preventDefault();
stopDefault.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/"; %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>"> <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title> <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0"> <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"> <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"> <!-- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css"> --> <script type="text/javascript"> //阻止表单提交的默认行为 //解决浏览器兼容问题 function prevent(event){ //IE下 if(window.event){ window.event.returnValue=false; }else{//W3C下 event.preventDefault(); } } window.onload=function(){ document.getElementById("submit").onclick=function(event){ if(document.getElementById("username").value==''){ prevent(event); } } }; </script> <style type="text/css"> #div1{width:400px;height: 400px;background: red;} #div2{width:300px;height: 300px;background: green;} #div3{width:200px;height: 200px;background: blue;} </style> </head> <body> <form action="index.jsp" method="post"> <input type="text" id="username"/><br> <input type="submit" value="提交" id="submit"/> </form> </body> </html>
上面实现了当文本框填写为空时,form不会提交。
7.事件对象
事件对象就是事件发生时系统自动产生的对象,这个对象包含了这个事件发生时所有的信息
如:鼠标移动,那么,鼠标所在的横、纵坐标就保存到了这个事件对象中
获得事件对象:
IE9及以上版本、W3C:
function(event){}
IE8及以下:
window.event
useEvent.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <% String path = request.getContextPath(); String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/"; %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <base href="<%=basePath%>"> <title>My JSP 'inlineBinding.jsp' starting page</title> <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"> <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0"> <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3"> <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page"> <!-- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css"> --> <script type="text/javascript"> //通过使用event实现控制div移动 window.onload=function(){ var content = document.getElementById("content"); document.getElementById("text").onkeyup=function(event){ var code; //解决浏览器兼容问题 //IE下 if(window.event){ code = window.event.keyCode; }else{//W3C下 code = event.keyCode; } switch(code){ case 37: //alert('left'); content.style.left = (parseInt(content.style.left)-10)+'px'; break; case 38: content.style.top = (parseInt(content.style.top)-10)+'px'; break; case 39: content.style.left = (parseInt(content.style.left)+10)+'px'; break; case 40: content.style.top = (parseInt(content.style.top)+10)+'px'; break; } }; }; </script> <style type="text/css"> #div1{width:400px;height: 400px;background: red;} #div2{width:300px;height: 300px;background: green;} #div3{width:200px;height: 200px;background: blue;} </style> </head> <body> <input type="text" id="text"/><br> <div id="content" style="width: 100px;height: 100px;background: red;position: absolute;left: 10px;top: 10px;">text</div> </body> </html>
上面实现了在文本框中移动上、下、左(<-)、右(->)键控制div的移动。
以上即为javascript事件编程的简单介绍,需要在实际的使用过程中仔细体会。