今天被人问到了什么是Fragment,真是一头雾水,虽然以前也用到过,但不知道它是叫这个名字,狂补一下。
以下内容来自互联网,原文链接:http://blog.csdn.net/lmj623565791/article/details/37992017
本篇将介绍上篇博客提到的:如何管理Fragment回退栈,Fragment如何与Activity交互,Fragment与Activity交互的最佳实践,没有视图的Fragment的用处,使用Fragment创建对话框,如何与ActionBar,MenuItem集成等~~
1、管理Fragment回退栈
类似与Android系统为Activity维护一个任务栈,我们也可以通过Activity维护一个回退栈来保存每次Fragment事务发生的变化。如果你将Fragment任务添加到回退栈,当用户点击后退按钮时,将看到上一次的保存的Fragment。一旦Fragment完全从后退栈中弹出,用户再次点击后退键,则退出当前Activity。
看这样一个效果图:
点击第一个按钮,切换到第二个界面,点击第二个按钮,切换到第三个界面,然后点击Back键依次回退。这像不像初学Android时的Activity跳转,当然了,这里肯定不是,不然我就跪了。这里是Fragment实现的,用户点击Back,实际是Fragment回退栈不断的弹栈。
如何添加一个Fragment事务到回退栈:
FragmentTransaction.addToBackStack(String)
下面讲解代码:很明显一共是3个Fragment和一个Activity.
先看Activity的布局文件:
[html] view plain copy print?
- <RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
- xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
- android:layout_width="match_parent"
- android:layout_height="match_parent" >
- <FrameLayout
- android:id="@+id/id_content"
- android:layout_width="fill_parent"
- android:layout_height="fill_parent" >
- </FrameLayout>
- </RelativeLayout>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent" > <FrameLayout android:id="@+id/id_content" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="fill_parent" > </FrameLayout> </RelativeLayout>
不同的Fragment就在这个FrameLayout中显示。
MainActivity.java
[java] view plain copy print?
- package com.zhy.zhy_fragments;
- import android.app.Activity;
- import android.app.FragmentManager;
- import android.app.FragmentTransaction;
- import android.os.Bundle;
- import android.view.Window;
- public class MainActivity extends Activity
- {
- @Override
- protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
- {
- super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
- requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE);
- setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
- FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager();
- FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction();
- tx.add(R.id.id_content, new FragmentOne(),"ONE");
- tx.commit();
- }
- }
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Activity; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.Window; public class MainActivity extends Activity { @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.add(R.id.id_content, new FragmentOne(),"ONE"); tx.commit(); } }
很简单,直接将FragmentOne添加到布局文件中的FrameLayout中,注意这里并没有调用FragmentTransaction.addToBackStack(String),因为我不喜欢在当前显示时,点击Back键出现白板。而是正确的相应Back键,即退出我们的Activity.
下面是FragmentOne
[java] view plain copy print?
- package com.zhy.zhy_fragments;
- import android.app.Fragment;
- import android.app.FragmentManager;
- import android.app.FragmentTransaction;
- import android.os.Bundle;
- import android.view.LayoutInflater;
- import android.view.View;
- import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
- import android.view.ViewGroup;
- import android.widget.Button;
- public class FragmentOne extends Fragment implements OnClickListener
- {
- private Button mBtn;
- @Override
- public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
- Bundle savedInstanceState)
- {
- View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_one, container, false);
- mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_one_btn);
- mBtn.setOnClickListener(this);
- return view;
- }
- @Override
- public void onClick(View v)
- {
- FragmentTwo fTwo = new FragmentTwo();
- FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager();
- FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction();
- tx.replace(R.id.id_content, fTwo, "TWO");
- tx.addToBackStack(null);
- tx.commit();
- }
- }
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Fragment; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.View.OnClickListener; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.Button; public class FragmentOne extends Fragment implements OnClickListener { private Button mBtn; @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_one, container, false); mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_one_btn); mBtn.setOnClickListener(this); return view; } @Override public void onClick(View v) { FragmentTwo fTwo = new FragmentTwo(); FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.replace(R.id.id_content, fTwo, "TWO"); tx.addToBackStack(null); tx.commit(); } }
我们在点击FragmentOne中的按钮时,使用了replace方法,如果你看了前一篇博客,一定记得replace是remove和add的合体,并且如果不添加事务到回退栈,前一个Fragment实例会被销毁。这里很明显,我们调用tx.addToBackStack(null);将当前的事务添加到了回退栈,所以FragmentOne实例不会被销毁,但是视图层次依然会被销毁,即会调用onDestoryView和onCreateView,证据就是:仔细看上面的效果图,我们在跳转前在文本框输入的内容,在用户Back得到第一个界面的时候不见了。
接下来FragmentTwo
[java] view plain copy print?
- package com.zhy.zhy_fragments;
- import android.app.Fragment;
- import android.app.FragmentManager;
- import android.app.FragmentTransaction;
- import android.os.Bundle;
- import android.view.LayoutInflater;
- import android.view.View;
- import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
- import android.view.ViewGroup;
- import android.widget.Button;
- public class FragmentTwo extends Fragment implements OnClickListener
- {
- private Button mBtn ;
- @Override
- public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
- Bundle savedInstanceState)
- {
- View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_two, container, false);
- mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_two_btn);
- mBtn.setOnClickListener(this);
- return view ;
- }
- @Override
- public void onClick(View v)
- {
- FragmentThree fThree = new FragmentThree();
- FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager();
- FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction();
- tx.hide(this);
- tx.add(R.id.id_content , fThree, "THREE");
- // tx.replace(R.id.id_content, fThree, "THREE");
- tx.addToBackStack(null);
- tx.commit();
- }
- }
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Fragment; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.View.OnClickListener; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.Button; public class FragmentTwo extends Fragment implements OnClickListener { private Button mBtn ; @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_two, container, false); mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_two_btn); mBtn.setOnClickListener(this); return view ; } @Override public void onClick(View v) { FragmentThree fThree = new FragmentThree(); FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.hide(this); tx.add(R.id.id_content , fThree, "THREE"); // tx.replace(R.id.id_content, fThree, "THREE"); tx.addToBackStack(null); tx.commit(); } }
这里点击时,我们没有使用replace,而是先隐藏了当前的Fragment,然后添加了FragmentThree的实例,最后将事务添加到回退栈。这样做的目的是为了给大家提供一种方案:如果不希望视图重绘该怎么做,请再次仔细看效果图,我们在FragmentTwo的EditText填写的内容,用户Back回来时,数据还在~~~
最后FragmentThree就是简单的Toast了:
[java] view plain copy print?
- package com.zhy.zhy_fragments;
- import android.app.Fragment;
- import android.os.Bundle;
- import android.view.LayoutInflater;
- import android.view.View;
- import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
- import android.view.ViewGroup;
- import android.widget.Button;
- import android.widget.Toast;
- public class FragmentThree extends Fragment implements OnClickListener
- {
- private Button mBtn;
- @Override
- public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
- Bundle savedInstanceState)
- {
- View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_three, container, false);
- mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_three_btn);
- mBtn.setOnClickListener(this);
- return view;
- }
- @Override
- public void onClick(View v)
- {
- Toast.makeText(getActivity(), " i am a btn in Fragment three",
- Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
- }
- }
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Fragment; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.View.OnClickListener; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.Button; import android.widget.Toast; public class FragmentThree extends Fragment implements OnClickListener { private Button mBtn; @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_three, container, false); mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_three_btn); mBtn.setOnClickListener(this); return view; } @Override public void onClick(View v) { Toast.makeText(getActivity(), " i am a btn in Fragment three", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); } }
好了,经过上面的介绍,应该已经知道Fragment回退栈是怎么一回事了,以及hide,replace等各自的应用的场景。
这里极其注意一点:上面的整体代码不具有任何参考价值,纯粹为了显示回退栈,在后面讲解了Fragment与Activity通信以后,会重构上面的代码!
2、Fragment与Activity通信
因为所有的Fragment都是依附于Activity的,所以通信起来并不复杂,大概归纳为:
a、如果你Activity中包含自己管理的Fragment的引用,可以通过引用直接访问所有的Fragment的public方法
b、如果Activity中未保存任何Fragment的引用,那么没关系,每个Fragment都有一个唯一的TAG或者ID,可以通过getFragmentManager.findFragmentByTag()或者findFragmentById()获得任何Fragment实例,然后进行操作。
c、在Fragment中可以通过getActivity得到当前绑定的Activity的实例,然后进行操作。
注:如果在Fragment中需要Context,可以通过调用getActivity(),如果该Context需要在Activity被销毁后还存在,则使用getActivity().getApplicationContext()。
3、Fragment与Activity通信的最佳实践
因为要考虑Fragment的重复使用,所以必须降低Fragment与Activity的耦合,而且Fragment更不应该直接操作别的Fragment,毕竟Fragment操作应该由它的管理者Activity来决定。
下面我通过两种方式的代码,分别重构,FragmentOne和FragmentTwo的点击事件,以及Activity对点击事件的响应:
首先看FragmentOne
[java] view plain copy print?
- package com.zhy.zhy_fragments;
- import android.app.Fragment;
- import android.os.Bundle;
- import android.view.LayoutInflater;
- import android.view.View;
- import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
- import android.view.ViewGroup;
- import android.widget.Button;
- public class FragmentOne extends Fragment implements OnClickListener
- {
- private Button mBtn;
- /**
- * 设置按钮点击的回调
- * @author zhy
- *
- */
- public interface FOneBtnClickListener
- {
- void onFOneBtnClick();
- }
- @Override
- public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
- Bundle savedInstanceState)
- {
- View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_one, container, false);
- mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_one_btn);
- mBtn.setOnClickListener(this);
- return view;
- }
- /**
- * 交给宿主Activity处理,如果它希望处理
- */
- @Override
- public void onClick(View v)
- {
- if (getActivity() instanceof FOneBtnClickListener)
- {
- ((FOneBtnClickListener) getActivity()).onFOneBtnClick();
- }
- }
- }
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Fragment; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.View.OnClickListener; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.Button; public class FragmentOne extends Fragment implements OnClickListener { private Button mBtn; /** * 设置按钮点击的回调 * @author zhy * */ public interface FOneBtnClickListener { void onFOneBtnClick(); } @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_one, container, false); mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_one_btn); mBtn.setOnClickListener(this); return view; } /** * 交给宿主Activity处理,如果它希望处理 */ @Override public void onClick(View v) { if (getActivity() instanceof FOneBtnClickListener) { ((FOneBtnClickListener) getActivity()).onFOneBtnClick(); } } }
可以看到现在的FragmentOne不和任何Activity耦合,任何Activity都可以使用;并且我们声明了一个接口,来回调其点击事件,想要管理其点击事件的Activity实现此接口就即可。可以看到我们在onClick中首先判断了当前绑定的Activity是否实现了该接口,如果实现了则调用。
再看FragmentTwo
[java] view plain copy print?
- package com.zhy.zhy_fragments;
- import android.app.Fragment;
- import android.os.Bundle;
- import android.view.LayoutInflater;
- import android.view.View;
- import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
- import android.view.ViewGroup;
- import android.widget.Button;
- public class FragmentTwo extends Fragment implements OnClickListener
- {
- private Button mBtn ;
- private FTwoBtnClickListener fTwoBtnClickListener ;
- public interface FTwoBtnClickListener
- {
- void onFTwoBtnClick();
- }
- //设置回调接口
- public void setfTwoBtnClickListener(FTwoBtnClickListener fTwoBtnClickListener)
- {
- this.fTwoBtnClickListener = fTwoBtnClickListener;
- }
- @Override
- public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
- Bundle savedInstanceState)
- {
- View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_two, container, false);
- mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_two_btn);
- mBtn.setOnClickListener(this);
- return view ;
- }
- @Override
- public void onClick(View v)
- {
- if(fTwoBtnClickListener != null)
- {
- fTwoBtnClickListener.onFTwoBtnClick();
- }
- }
- }
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Fragment; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.View.OnClickListener; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.Button; public class FragmentTwo extends Fragment implements OnClickListener { private Button mBtn ; private FTwoBtnClickListener fTwoBtnClickListener ; public interface FTwoBtnClickListener { void onFTwoBtnClick(); } //设置回调接口 public void setfTwoBtnClickListener(FTwoBtnClickListener fTwoBtnClickListener) { this.fTwoBtnClickListener = fTwoBtnClickListener; } @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_two, container, false); mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_two_btn); mBtn.setOnClickListener(this); return view ; } @Override public void onClick(View v) { if(fTwoBtnClickListener != null) { fTwoBtnClickListener.onFTwoBtnClick(); } } }
与FragmentOne极其类似,但是我们提供了setListener这样的方法,意味着Activity不仅需要实现该接口,还必须显示调用mFTwo.setfTwoBtnClickListener(this)。
最后看Activity :
[java] view plain copy print?
- package com.zhy.zhy_fragments;
- import android.app.Activity;
- import android.app.FragmentManager;
- import android.app.FragmentTransaction;
- import android.os.Bundle;
- import android.view.Window;
- import com.zhy.zhy_fragments.FragmentOne.FOneBtnClickListener;
- import com.zhy.zhy_fragments.FragmentTwo.FTwoBtnClickListener;
- public class MainActivity extends Activity implements FOneBtnClickListener,
- FTwoBtnClickListener
- {
- private FragmentOne mFOne;
- private FragmentTwo mFTwo;
- private FragmentThree mFThree;
- @Override
- protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
- {
- super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
- requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE);
- setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
- mFOne = new FragmentOne();
- FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager();
- FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction();
- tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFOne, "ONE");
- tx.commit();
- }
- /**
- * FragmentOne 按钮点击时的回调
- */
- @Override
- public void onFOneBtnClick()
- {
- if (mFTwo == null)
- {
- mFTwo = new FragmentTwo();
- mFTwo.setfTwoBtnClickListener(this);
- }
- FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager();
- FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction();
- tx.replace(R.id.id_content, mFTwo, "TWO");
- tx.addToBackStack(null);
- tx.commit();
- }
- /**
- * FragmentTwo 按钮点击时的回调
- */
- @Override
- public void onFTwoBtnClick()
- {
- if (mFThree == null)
- {
- mFThree = new FragmentThree();
- }
- FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager();
- FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction();
- tx.hide(mFTwo);
- tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFThree, "THREE");
- // tx.replace(R.id.id_content, fThree, "THREE");
- tx.addToBackStack(null);
- tx.commit();
- }
- }
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Activity; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.Window; import com.zhy.zhy_fragments.FragmentOne.FOneBtnClickListener; import com.zhy.zhy_fragments.FragmentTwo.FTwoBtnClickListener; public class MainActivity extends Activity implements FOneBtnClickListener, FTwoBtnClickListener { private FragmentOne mFOne; private FragmentTwo mFTwo; private FragmentThree mFThree; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); mFOne = new FragmentOne(); FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFOne, "ONE"); tx.commit(); } /** * FragmentOne 按钮点击时的回调 */ @Override public void onFOneBtnClick() { if (mFTwo == null) { mFTwo = new FragmentTwo(); mFTwo.setfTwoBtnClickListener(this); } FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.replace(R.id.id_content, mFTwo, "TWO"); tx.addToBackStack(null); tx.commit(); } /** * FragmentTwo 按钮点击时的回调 */ @Override public void onFTwoBtnClick() { if (mFThree == null) { mFThree = new FragmentThree(); } FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.hide(mFTwo); tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFThree, "THREE"); // tx.replace(R.id.id_content, fThree, "THREE"); tx.addToBackStack(null); tx.commit(); } }
代码重构结束,与开始的效果一模一样。上面两种通信方式都是值得推荐的,随便选择一种自己喜欢的。这里再提一下:虽然Fragment和Activity可以通过getActivity与findFragmentByTag或者findFragmentById,进行任何操作,甚至在Fragment里面操作另外的Fragment,但是没有特殊理由是绝对不提倡的。Activity担任的是Fragment间类似总线一样的角色,应当由它决定Fragment如何操作。另外虽然Fragment不能响应Intent打开,但是Activity可以,Activity可以接收Intent,然后根据参数判断显示哪个Fragment。
4、如何处理运行时配置发生变化
运行时配置发生变化,最常见的就是屏幕发生旋转,如果你不知道如何处理屏幕变化可以参考:Android 屏幕旋转 处理 AsyncTask 和 ProgressDialog 的最佳方案
这里提一下:很多人觉得强制设置屏幕的方向就可以了,但是有一点,当你的应用被至于后台(例如用户点击了home),长时间没有返回的时候,你的应用也会被重新启动。比如上例:如果你把上面的例子你至于FragmentThree界面,然后处于后台状态,长时间后你会发现当你再次通过home打开时,上面FragmentThree与FragmentOne叠加在一起,这就是因为你的Activity重新启动,在原来的FragmentThree上又绘制了一个FragmentOne。
好了,下面看一段代码:
Activity:
[java] view plain copy print?
- package com.zhy.zhy_fragments;
- import android.app.Activity;
- import android.app.FragmentManager;
- import android.app.FragmentTransaction;
- import android.os.Bundle;
- import android.view.Window;
- public class MainActivity extends Activity
- {
- private FragmentOne mFOne;
- @Override
- protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
- {
- super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
- requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE);
- setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
- mFOne = new FragmentOne();
- FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager();
- FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction();
- tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFOne, "ONE");
- tx.commit();
- }
- }
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Activity; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.Window; public class MainActivity extends Activity { private FragmentOne mFOne; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); mFOne = new FragmentOne(); FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFOne, "ONE"); tx.commit(); } }
Fragment
[java] view plain copy print?
- package com.zhy.zhy_fragments;
- import android.app.Fragment;
- import android.os.Bundle;
- import android.util.Log;
- import android.view.LayoutInflater;
- import android.view.View;
- import android.view.ViewGroup;
- public class FragmentOne extends Fragment
- {
- private static final String TAG = "FragmentOne";
- @Override
- public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
- Bundle savedInstanceState)
- {
- Log.e(TAG, "onCreateView");
- View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_one, container, false);
- return view;
- }
- @Override
- public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
- {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
- Log.e(TAG, "onCreate");
- }
- @Override
- public void onDestroyView()
- {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onDestroyView();
- Log.e(TAG, "onDestroyView");
- }
- @Override
- public void onDestroy()
- {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onDestroy();
- Log.e(TAG, "onDestroy");
- }
- }
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Fragment; import android.os.Bundle; import android.util.Log; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.ViewGroup; public class FragmentOne extends Fragment { private static final String TAG = "FragmentOne"; @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { Log.e(TAG, "onCreateView"); View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_one, container, false); return view; } @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); Log.e(TAG, "onCreate"); } @Override public void onDestroyView() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub super.onDestroyView(); Log.e(TAG, "onDestroyView"); } @Override public void onDestroy() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub super.onDestroy(); Log.e(TAG, "onDestroy"); } }
很简单的代码,当你运行之后,不断的旋转屏幕,你会发现每旋转一次屏幕,屏幕上就多了一个FragmentOne的实例,并且后台log会打印出许多套生命周期的回调。
类似:
[html] view plain copy print?
- 07-20 08:18:46.651: E/FragmentOne(1633): onCreate
- 07-20 08:18:46.651: E/FragmentOne(1633): onCreate
- 07-20 08:18:46.651: E/FragmentOne(1633): onCreate
- 07-20 08:18:46.681: E/FragmentOne(1633): onCreateView
- 07-20 08:18:46.831: E/FragmentOne(1633): onCreateView
- 07-20 08:18:46.891: E/FragmentOne(1633): onCreateView
07-20 08:18:46.651: E/FragmentOne(1633): onCreate 07-20 08:18:46.651: E/FragmentOne(1633): onCreate 07-20 08:18:46.651: E/FragmentOne(1633): onCreate 07-20 08:18:46.681: E/FragmentOne(1633): onCreateView 07-20 08:18:46.831: E/FragmentOne(1633): onCreateView 07-20 08:18:46.891: E/FragmentOne(1633): onCreateView
这是为什么呢,因为当屏幕发生旋转,Activity发生重新启动,默认的Activity中的Fragment也会跟着Activity重新创建;这样造成当旋转的时候,本身存在的Fragment会重新启动,然后当执行Activity的onCreate时,又会再次实例化一个新的Fragment,这就是出现的原因。
那么如何解决呢:
其实通过检查onCreate的参数Bundle savedInstanceState就可以判断,当前是否发生Activity的重新创建:
默认的savedInstanceState会存储一些数据,包括Fragment的实例:通过打印可以看出:
[java] view plain copy print?
- 07-20 08:23:12.952: E/FragmentOne(1782): Bundle[{android:fragments=android.app.FragmentManagerState@40d0b7b8, android:viewHierarchyState=Bundle[{android:focusedViewId=2131230721, android:views=android.util.SparseArray@40d0af68}]}]
07-20 08:23:12.952: E/FragmentOne(1782): Bundle[{android:[email protected], android:viewHierarchyState=Bundle[{android:focusedViewId=2131230721, android:[email protected]}]}]
所以,我们简单改一下代码,只有在savedInstanceState==null时,才进行创建Fragment实例:
[java] view plain copy print?
- package com.zhy.zhy_fragments;
- import android.app.Activity;
- import android.app.FragmentManager;
- import android.app.FragmentTransaction;
- import android.os.Bundle;
- import android.util.Log;
- import android.view.Window;
- public class MainActivity extends Activity
- {
- private static final String TAG = "FragmentOne";
- private FragmentOne mFOne;
- @Override
- protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
- {
- super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
- requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE);
- setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
- Log.e(TAG, savedInstanceState+"");
- if(savedInstanceState == null)
- {
- mFOne = new FragmentOne();
- FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager();
- FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction();
- tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFOne, "ONE");
- tx.commit();
- }
- }
- }
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Activity; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.util.Log; import android.view.Window; public class MainActivity extends Activity { private static final String TAG = "FragmentOne"; private FragmentOne mFOne; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); Log.e(TAG, savedInstanceState+""); if(savedInstanceState == null) { mFOne = new FragmentOne(); FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFOne, "ONE"); tx.commit(); } } }
现在无论进行多次旋转都只会有一个Fragment实例在Activity中。
现在还存在一个问题,就是重新绘制时,Fragment发生重建,原本的数据如何保持?
其实和Activity类似,Fragment也有onSaveInstanceState的方法,在此方法中进行保存数据,然后在onCreate或者onCreateView或者onActivityCreated进行恢复都可以。
由于篇幅原因,就不贴测试代码了。
5、Fragmeny与ActionBar和MenuItem集成
Fragment可以添加自己的MenuItem到Activity的ActionBar或者可选菜单中。
a、在Fragment的onCreate中调用 setHasOptionsMenu(true);
b、然后在Fragment子类中实现onCreateOptionsMenu
c、如果希望在Fragment中处理MenuItem的点击,也可以实现onOptionsItemSelected;当然了Activity也可以直接处理该MenuItem的点击事件。
代码:
Fragment
[java] view plain copy print?
- package com.zhy.zhy_fragments;
- import android.app.Fragment;
- import android.os.Bundle;
- import android.view.LayoutInflater;
- import android.view.Menu;
- import android.view.MenuInflater;
- import android.view.MenuItem;
- import android.view.View;
- import android.view.ViewGroup;
- import android.widget.Toast;
- public class FragmentOne extends Fragment
- {
- @Override
- public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
- {
- super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
- setHasOptionsMenu(true);
- }
- @Override
- public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
- Bundle savedInstanceState)
- {
- View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_one, container, false);
- return view;
- }
- @Override
- public void onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu, MenuInflater inflater)
- {
- inflater.inflate(R.menu.fragment_menu, menu);
- }
- @Override
- public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item)
- {
- switch (item.getItemId())
- {
- case R.id.id_menu_fra_test:
- Toast.makeText(getActivity(), "FragmentMenuItem1", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
- break;
- }
- return true;
- }
- }
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Fragment; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.Menu; import android.view.MenuInflater; import android.view.MenuItem; import android.view.View; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.Toast; public class FragmentOne extends Fragment { @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setHasOptionsMenu(true); } @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_one, container, false); return view; } @Override public void onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu, MenuInflater inflater) { inflater.inflate(R.menu.fragment_menu, menu); } @Override public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) { switch (item.getItemId()) { case R.id.id_menu_fra_test: Toast.makeText(getActivity(), "FragmentMenuItem1", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); break; } return true; } }
Activity
[java] view plain copy print?
- package com.zhy.zhy_fragments;
- import android.app.Activity;
- import android.app.FragmentManager;
- import android.app.FragmentTransaction;
- import android.os.Bundle;
- import android.util.Log;
- import android.view.Menu;
- import android.view.MenuItem;
- import android.view.Window;
- import android.widget.Toast;
- public class MainActivity extends Activity
- {
- private static final String TAG = "FragmentOne";
- private FragmentOne mFOne;
- @Override
- protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
- {
- super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
- requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE);
- setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
- Log.e(TAG, savedInstanceState + "");
- if (savedInstanceState == null)
- {
- mFOne = new FragmentOne();
- FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager();
- FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction();
- tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFOne, "ONE");
- tx.commit();
- }
- }
- @Override
- public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu)
- {
- super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu);
- getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);
- return true;
- }
- @Override
- public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item)
- {
- switch (item.getItemId())
- {
- case R.id.action_settings:
- Toast.makeText(this, "setting", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
- return true;
- default:
- //如果希望Fragment自己处理MenuItem点击事件,一定不要忘了调用super.xxx
- return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
- }
- }
- }
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Activity; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.util.Log; import android.view.Menu; import android.view.MenuItem; import android.view.Window; import android.widget.Toast; public class MainActivity extends Activity { private static final String TAG = "FragmentOne"; private FragmentOne mFOne; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); Log.e(TAG, savedInstanceState + ""); if (savedInstanceState == null) { mFOne = new FragmentOne(); FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFOne, "ONE"); tx.commit(); } } @Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) { super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu); getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu); return true; } @Override public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) { switch (item.getItemId()) { case R.id.action_settings: Toast.makeText(this, "setting", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); return true; default: //如果希望Fragment自己处理MenuItem点击事件,一定不要忘了调用super.xxx return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item); } } }
效果图:
好了,可以很好的看到,Fragment可以添加MenuItem,也可以自己处理点击~~~