Hadoop的初学者经常会疑惑这样两个问题:1.Hadoop的一个Block默认是64M,那么对于一个记录行形式的文本,会不会造成一行记录被分到两个Block当中?2.在把文件从Block中读取出来进行切分时,会不会造成一行记录被分成两个InputSplit,如果被分成两个InputSplit,这样一个InputSplit里面就有一行不完整的数据,那么处理这个InputSplit的Mapper会不会得出不正确的结果?
对于上面的两个问题,首先要明确两个概念:Block和InputSplit
1. block是hdfs存储文件的单位(默认是64M);
2. InputSplit是MapReduce对文件进行处理和运算的输入单位,只是一个逻辑概念,每个InputSplit并没有对文件实际的切割,只是记录了要处理的数据的位置(包括文件的path和hosts)和长度(由start和length决定)。
因此,以行记录形式的文本,还真可能存在一行记录被划分到不同的Block,甚至不同的DataNode上去。通过分析FileInputFormat里面的getSplits方法,可以得出,某一行记录同样也可能被划分到不同的InputSplit。
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- public List<InputSplit> getSplits(JobContext job) throws IOException {
- long minSize = Math.max(getFormatMinSplitSize(), getMinSplitSize(job));
- long maxSize = getMaxSplitSize(job);
- // generate splits
- List<InputSplit> splits = new ArrayList<InputSplit>();
- List<FileStatus> files = listStatus(job);
- for (FileStatus file: files) {
- Path path = file.getPath();
- long length = file.getLen();
- if (length != 0) {
- FileSystem fs = path.getFileSystem(job.getConfiguration());
- BlockLocation[] blkLocations = fs.getFileBlockLocations(file, 0, length);
- if (isSplitable(job, path)) {
- long blockSize = file.getBlockSize();
- long splitSize = computeSplitSize(blockSize, minSize, maxSize);
- long bytesRemaining = length;
- while (((double) bytesRemaining)/splitSize > SPLIT_SLOP) {
- int blkIndex = getBlockIndex(blkLocations, length-bytesRemaining);
- splits.add(makeSplit(path, length-bytesRemaining, splitSize,
- blkLocations[blkIndex].getHosts()));
- bytesRemaining -= splitSize;
- }
- if (bytesRemaining != 0) {
- splits.add(makeSplit(path, length-bytesRemaining, bytesRemaining,
- blkLocations[blkLocations.length-1].getHosts()));
- }
- } else { // not splitable
- splits.add(makeSplit(path, 0, length, blkLocations[0].getHosts()));
- }
- } else {
- //Create empty hosts array for zero length files
- splits.add(makeSplit(path, 0, length, new String[0]));
- }
- }
- // Save the number of input files for metrics/loadgen
- job.getConfiguration().setLong(NUM_INPUT_FILES, files.size());
- LOG.debug("Total # of splits: " + splits.size());
- return splits;
- }
从上面的代码可以看出,对文件进行切分其实很简单:获取文件在HDFS上的路径和Block信息,然后根据splitSize
对文件进行切分,splitSize = computeSplitSize(blockSize, minSize, maxSize);blockSize,minSize,maxSize都可以配置,默认splitSize 就等于blockSize的默认值(64m)。
FileInputFormat对文件的切分是严格按照偏移量来的,因此一行记录比较长的话,其可能被切分到不同的InputSplit。但这并不会对Map造成影响,尽管一行记录可能被拆分到不同的InputSplit,但是与FileInputFormat关联的RecordReader被设计的足够健壮,当一行记录跨InputSplit时,其能够到读取不同的InputSplit,直到把这一行记录读取完成,在Hadoop里,记录行形式的文本,通常采用默认的TextInputFormat,TextInputFormat关联的是LineRecordReader,下面我们来看看LineRecordReader的的nextKeyValue方法里读取文件的代码:
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- while (getFilePosition() <= end) {
- newSize = in.readLine(value, maxLineLength,
- Math.max(maxBytesToConsume(pos), maxLineLength));
- if (newSize == 0) {
- break;
- }
其读取文件是通过LineReader(in就是一个LineReader实例)的readLine方法完成的:
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- public int readLine(Text str, int maxLineLength,
- int maxBytesToConsume) throws IOException {
- if (this.recordDelimiterBytes != null) {
- return readCustomLine(str, maxLineLength, maxBytesToConsume);
- } else {
- return readDefaultLine(str, maxLineLength, maxBytesToConsume);
- }
- }
- /**
- * Read a line terminated by one of CR, LF, or CRLF.
- */
- private int readDefaultLine(Text str, int maxLineLength, int maxBytesToConsume)
- throws IOException {
- str.clear();
- int txtLength = 0; //tracks str.getLength(), as an optimization
- int newlineLength = 0; //length of terminating newline
- boolean prevCharCR = false; //true of prev char was CR
- long bytesConsumed = 0;
- do {
- int startPosn = bufferPosn; //starting from where we left off the last time
- if (bufferPosn >= bufferLength) {
- startPosn = bufferPosn = 0;
- if (prevCharCR)
- ++bytesConsumed; //account for CR from previous read
- bufferLength = in.read(buffer);
- if (bufferLength <= 0)
- break; // EOF
- }
- for (; bufferPosn < bufferLength; ++bufferPosn) { //search for newline
- if (buffer[bufferPosn] == LF) {
- newlineLength = (prevCharCR) ? 2 : 1;
- ++bufferPosn; // at next invocation proceed from following byte
- break;
- }
- if (prevCharCR) { //CR + notLF, we are at notLF
- newlineLength = 1;
- break;
- }
- prevCharCR = (buffer[bufferPosn] == CR);
- }
- int readLength = bufferPosn - startPosn;
- if (prevCharCR && newlineLength == 0)
- --readLength; //CR at the end of the buffer
- bytesConsumed += readLength;
- int appendLength = readLength - newlineLength;
- if (appendLength > maxLineLength - txtLength) {
- appendLength = maxLineLength - txtLength;
- }
- if (appendLength > 0) {
- str.append(buffer, startPosn, appendLength);
- txtLength += appendLength;
- }
- } while (newlineLength == 0 && bytesConsumed < maxBytesToConsume); <span style="color: #ff0000;">//①</span>
- if (bytesConsumed > (long)Integer.MAX_VALUE)
- throw new IOException("Too many bytes before newline: " + bytesConsumed);
- return (int)bytesConsumed;
- }
我们分析下readDefaultLine方法,do-while循环体主要是读取文件,然后遍历读取的内容,找到默认的换行符就终止循环。前面说,对于跨InputSplit的行,LineRecordReader会自动跨InputSplit去读取。这就体现在上述代码的While循环的终止条件上:
while (newlineLength == 0 && bytesConsumed < maxBytesToConsume);
newlineLength==0则以为一次do-while循环中读取的内容中没有遇到换行符,因maxBytesToConsume的默认值为Integer.MAX_VALUE,所以如果读取的内容没有遇到换行符,则会一直读取下去,知道读取的内容超过maxBytesToConsume。这样的出来方式,解决了一行记录跨InputSplit的读取问题,同样也会造成下面两个疑问:
1.既然在LineReader读取方法里面没有对考虑InputSplit的end进行处理,难道读取一个InputSplit的时候,会这样无限的读取下去么?
2.如果一行记录L跨越了A,B两个InputSplit,读A的时候已经读取了跨越A,B的这条记录L,那么对B这个InputSplit读取的时候,如果做到不读取L这条记录在B中的部分呢?
为了解决这两个问题,Hadoop通过下面的代码来做到:LineRecordReader的nextKeyValue方法。
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- public boolean nextKeyValue() throws IOException {
- if (key == null) {
- key = new LongWritable();
- }
- key.set(pos);
- if (value == null) {
- value = new Text();
- }
- int newSize = 0;
- // We always read one extra line, which lies outside the upper
- // split limit i.e. (end - 1)
- while (getFilePosition() <= end) { <span style="color: #ff0000;"> //②</span>
- newSize = in.readLine(value, maxLineLength,
- Math.max(maxBytesToConsume(pos), maxLineLength));
- if (newSize == 0) {
- break;
- }
- pos += newSize;
- inputByteCounter.increment(newSize);
- if (newSize < maxLineLength) {
- break;
- }
- // line too long. try again
- LOG.info("Skipped line of size " + newSize + " at pos " +
- (pos - newSize));
- }
- if (newSize == 0) {
- key = null;
- value = null;
- return false;
- } else {
- return true;
- }
- }
通过代码②处得While条件,就保证了InputSplit读取边界的问题,如果存在跨InputSplit的记录,也只好跨InputSplit读取一次。
再来看LineRecordReader的initialize方法:
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- // If this is not the first split, we always throw away first record
- // because we always (except the last split) read one extra line in
- // next() method.
- if (start != 0) {
- start += in.readLine(new Text(), 0, maxBytesToConsume(start));
- }
- this.pos = start;
如果不是第一InputSplit,则在读取的时候,LineRecordReader会自动忽略掉第一个换行符之前的所有内容,这样就不存在重读读取的问题。