在数据库没有启动之前,数据库内建用户是无法通过数据库来验证身份的
口令文件中存放sysdba/sysoper用户的用户名及口令
允许用户通过口令文件验证,在数据库未启动之前登陆
从而启动数据库
如果没有口令文件,在数据库未启动之前就只能通过操作系统认证.
使用Rman,很多时候需要在nomount,mount等状态对数据库进行处理
所以通常要求sysdba权限如果属于本地DBA组,可以通过操作系统认证登陆
如果是远程sysdba登陆,需要通过passwordfile认证.
1.remote_login_passwordfile = NONE
此时停用口令文件验证,Oracle数据库不允许远程SYSDBA/SYSOPER身份登录
无法通过远程进行数据库起停等操作管理
local:
[[email protected] oracle]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Thu Apr 15 09:58:45 2004 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production SQL> alter user sys identified by oracle; User altered. SQL> show parameter pass NAME TYPE VALUE --------------------- ----------- ------------------------------ remote_login_passwordfile string NONE
remote:
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:39:22 2004 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. SQL> connect sys/[email protected] as sysdbaERROR:ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
此处实际上是无法通过口令文件验证
2.remote_login_passwordfile = exclusive
SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile; System altered. SQL> startup force; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes Fixed Size 451576 bytes Variable Size 104857600 bytes Database Buffers 25165824 bytes Redo Buffers 667648 bytes Database mounted. Database opened. SQL> show parameter pass NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ remote_login_passwordfile string EXCLUSIVE SQL> alter user sys identified by oracle; User altered.
remote:
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:47:11 2004 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. SQL> connect sys/[email protected] as sysdba已连接。SQL> show userUSER 为"SYS"SQL>
这实际上就是通过口令文件验证登录的
3.进一步测试
如果此时我们删除passwdfile,sysdba/sysoper将无法认证,也就无法登陆数据库
Server:
SQL> !
[[email protected] oracle]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[[email protected] dbs]$ ls orapwhsjf
orapwhsjf
[[email protected] dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak
[[email protected] dbs]$
Remote:
E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:50:14 2004
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL> connect sys/[email protected] as sysdba
ERROR:
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
SQL>
这实际上就是无法通过口令文件验证身份
4.如果丢失了passwdfile
如果使用passwdfile却意外丢失,此时将不能启动数据库
SQL> startup force;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes
Fixed Size 451576 bytes
Variable Size 104857600 bytes
Database Buffers 25165824 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
ORA-01990: error opening password file ‘/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw‘
ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status
Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory
Additional information: 3
此时可以通过orapwd重建口令文件来解决
我们可以使用如下命令:
[[email protected] oracle]$orapwd file=orawhsjf passwd=oracle entries=10,然后重启数据库。
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1、先看下命令说明:orapwd
Usage: orapwd file= entries= force= ignorecase= nosysdba= where |
2、再看下使用范例:
orapwd file=orapwmercury password=lzx123 entries=10
范例说明:
- file:变量orapwmercury为‘orapw$ORACLE_SID‘格式,如sid为test则命令文件为orapwtest,这点必须按格式来,并且该文件要放置在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/目录下。
- password:变量lzx123为设定给sys用户的密码
- entries:10表明可以有10个sysdba权限用户,不可超过10个,目前已经定义了sys一个。
注:改动生效需要重启数据库。
3、应用说明:
orapwd命令是用来创建口令文件的,所以需要明白什么时候需要这个口令文件,执行下列命令查看
[[email protected] ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba; SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sat Sep 17 11:21:52 2011 Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: SQL> show parameter remote_login_passwordfile; NAME TYPE VALUE |
保证数据库open情况下,执行命令show parameter remote_login_passwordfile;查看值是不是EXCLUSIVE。这里的值是pfile中定义的,可以查看你的initSID.ora文件。对该字段的描述是:
************************************FROM ORACLE11GDOCS******************************************
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE = { shared | exclusive | none }
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE specifies whether Oracle checks for a password file.
Values:
- shared
One or more databases can use the password file. The password file can containSYS as well as non-SYS users.
- exclusive
The password file can be used by only one database. The password file can containSYS as well as non-SYS users.
- none
Oracle ignores any password file. Therefore, privileged users must be authenticated by the operating system.
Notes:
- When REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE is set to either exclusive orshared, but the password file does not exist, then the behavior is the same as settingREMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE tonone.
- If you change REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE to exclusive orshared fromnone, then ensure that the password file is in sync with the dictionary passwords. SeeOracle Database Administrator‘s Guide for more information.
**********************************************************************************************
从描述中可以知道如果值是none的话,表明口令文件模式不起作用,必须用操作系统级的sysdba权限用户登录,如系统用户oracle。而没有指定值得话等同于none。因此如果要使用口令文件必须是exclusive或是shared模式,并且用orapwd命令创建,值得一提的是该口令文件指保存具有sysdba等超级权限的用户。
注:假如你不能用sys加上口令登录,那就用系统用户oracle,使用sqlplus / as sysdba;登录到数据库(如不能登录,这里有个sqlnet.ora文件请查阅http://blog.csdn.net/lzx_bupt/article/details/6781332)。
4、常见问题
(1)尝试使用sysdba权限用户远程登录的时候提示,尤其是pl/sql使用 "sys/密码 as sysdba"登录时
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
对该问题首要考虑就是1:口令文件的缺失,造成没有找到口令、2:REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE值没有指定或是指定了none。
(2)select * from v$pwfile_users; 结果为 no rows select如
SQL> show user; USER is "SYS" SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users; no rows selected |
也说明口令文件不存在或是不起作用,需要按上述调整好,重启数据库,登录,然后检验:
SQL> startup open; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 801701888 bytes NAME TYPE VALUE USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP SYSAS SQL> grant sysdba to cat; Grant succeeded. SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users; USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP SYSAS |
可说明,口令文件工作了!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
此处我们恢复备份的口令文件既可
SQL> !
[[email protected] oracle]$ mv $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapwhsjf.bak orapwhsjf
[[email protected] oracle]$ exit
exit
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL>
大致就是如此.
5. remote_login_passwordfile = shared
我们看一下Oracle9i文档中的说明:
SHARED
More than one database can use a password file. However, the only user recognized by the password file is SYS.
意思是说多个数据库可以共享一个口令文件,但是只可以识别一个用户:SYS
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP
------------------------------ ----- -----
SYS TRUE TRUE
SQL> grant sysdba to eygle;
grant sysdba to eygle
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01994: GRANT failed: cannot add users to public password file
SQL> show parameter password
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED
我们看到,此时的口令文件中是不能添加用户的.
很多人的疑问在于:口令文件的缺省名称是orapw<sid>,怎么能够共享?
实际上是这样的: Oracle数据库在启动时,首先查找的是orapw<sid>的口令文件,如果该文件不存在,则开始查找,orapw的口令文件
如果口令文件命名为orapw,多个数据库就可以共享.
我们看一下测试:
[[email protected] dbs]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Tue Jul 6 09:40:34 2004 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production SQL> shutdown immediate Database closed. Database dismounted. ORACLE instance shut down. SQL> ! [[email protected] dbs]$ ls hsjf initdw.ora inithsjf.ora init.ora lkHSJF orapwhsjf spfilehsjf.ora [[email protected] dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak[[email protected] dbs]$ exit exit SQL> startup ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 235999908 bytes Fixed Size 451236 bytes Variable Size 201326592 bytes Database Buffers 33554432 bytes Redo Buffers 667648 bytes ORA-01990: error opening password file ‘/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw‘--这是最后查找的文件 ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory Additional information: 3
我们建立orapw口令文件,这时候可以打开数据库.
SQL> ! [[email protected] dbs]$ ls hsjf initdw.ora inithsjf.ora init.ora lkHSJF orapwhsjf.bak spfilehsjf.ora [[email protected] dbs]$ cp orapwhsjf.bak orapw [[email protected] dbs]$ exit exit SQL> alter database open; Database altered. SQL> show parameter passw NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED SQL>
那么你可能会有这样的疑问,多个Exclusive的数据库是否可以共享一个口令文件(orapw)呢?
我们继续这个实验:
SQL> show parameter password
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED
[oracl[email protected] dbs]$ strings orapw
]\[Z
ORACLE Remote Password file
INTERNAL
AB27B53EDC5FEF41
8A8F025737A9097A
注意这里仅记录着INTERNAL/SYS的口令
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE 时
SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;
System altered.
SQL> startup force;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 235999908 bytes
Fixed Size 451236 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> !
[[email protected] bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[[email protected] dbs]$ strings orapw
]\[Z
ORACLE Remote Password file
HSJF
INTERNAL
AB27B53EDC5FEF41
8A8F025737A9097A
[[email protected] dbs]$ exit
exit
注意这里,以EXCLUSIVE 方式启动以后,实例名称信息被写入口令文件.
此时如果有其他实例以Exclusive模式启动仍然可以使用这个口令文件,口令文件中的实例名称同时被改写.
也就是说,数据库只在启动过程中才读取口令文件,数据库运行过程中并不锁定该文件,类似于pfile/spfile文件.
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP
------------------------------ ----- -----
SYS TRUE TRUE
SQL> grant sysdba to eygle;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP
------------------------------ ----- -----
SYS TRUE TRUE
EYGLE TRUE FALSE
SQL> !
[[email protected] bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[[email protected] dbs]$ strings orapw
]\[Z
ORACLE Remote Password file
HSJF
INTERNAL
AB27B53EDC5FEF41
8A8F025737A9097A
>EYGLE
B726E09FE21F8E83
注意此时可以增加SYSDBA用户,并且这些信息可以被写入到口令文件.
一旦口令文件中增加了其他SYSDBA用户,此文件不再能够被其他Exclusive的实例共享.
实际上,口令文件对于其他用户来说就是启到了一个 sudo 的作用.
6.重建口令文件
如果口令文件丢失,可以使用orapwd可以重建口令文件,语法如下:
[[email protected] oracle]$ orapwd Usage: orapwd file=<fname> password=<password> entries=<users>
where
file - name of password file (mand),
password - password for SYS (mand),
entries - maximum number of distinct DBA and OPERs (opt),
There are no spaces around the equal-to (=) character.