C++多态 Polymorphism

// pointers to base class
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Polygon {
  protected:
    int width, height;
  public:
    void set_values (int a, int b)
      { width=a; height=b; }
};

class Rectangle: public Polygon {
  public:
    int area()
      { return width*height; }
};

class Triangle: public Polygon {
  public:
    int area()
      { return width*height/2; }
};

int main () {
  Rectangle rect;
  Triangle trgl;
  Polygon * ppoly1 = &rect;
  Polygon * ppoly2 = &trgl;
  ppoly1->set_values (4,5);　　　　　　//此处使用的是基类的函数
  ppoly2->set_values (4,5);
  cout << rect.area() << ‘\n‘;　　　　　　//此处使用的是子类的函数调用，基类只能用基类的
  cout << trgl.area() << ‘\n‘;
  return 0;
}

虚成员vitual members

// virtual members
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Polygon {
  protected:
    int width, height;
  public:
    void set_values (int a, int b)
      { width=a; height=b; }
    virtual int area ()　　　　　　//虚函数
      { return 0; }
};

class Rectangle: public Polygon {
  public:
    int area ()
      { return width * height; }
};

class Triangle: public Polygon {
  public:
    int area ()
      { return (width * height / 2); }
};

int main () {
  Rectangle rect;
  Triangle trgl;
  Polygon poly;
  Polygon * ppoly1 = &rect;
  Polygon * ppoly2 = &trgl;
  Polygon * ppoly3 = &poly;
  ppoly1->set_values (4,5);
  ppoly2->set_values (4,5);
  ppoly3->set_values (4,5);
  cout << ppoly1->area() << ‘\n‘;　　　//20
  cout << ppoly2->area() << ‘\n‘;　　　//10
  cout << ppoly3->area() << ‘\n‘;　　　//0  这种调用是一个默认，但是有可能使用不规范，忘记实现就不太好了  return 0;
}

抽象类（abstract base class,ABC）就是类里定义了纯虚成员函数的类，纯虚函数只提供了接口，并没有具体实现。抽象类不能被实例化(不能创建对象)，通常是作为基类供子类继承，子类中重写虚函数，实现具体的接口。在处理继承的问题上，ABC方法更系统性，更规范。

// pure virtual members can be called
// from the abstract base class
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Polygon {
  protected:
    int width, height;
  public:
    void set_values (int a, int b)
      { width=a; height=b; }
    virtual int area() =0;　　　　　　//纯虚函数，交给子类去实现
    void printarea()
      { cout << this->area() << ‘\n‘; }
};

class Rectangle: public Polygon {
  public:
    int area (void)
      { return (width * height); }
};

class Triangle: public Polygon {
  public:
    int area (void)
      { return (width * height / 2); }
};

int main () {
  Rectangle rect;
  Triangle trgl;
  Polygon * ppoly1 = &rect;
  Polygon * ppoly2 = &trgl;
  ppoly1->set_values (4,5);
  ppoly2->set_values (4,5);
  ppoly1->printarea();　　　　//20
  ppoly2->printarea();　　　　//10
  return 0;
}

// dynamic allocation and polymorphism
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Polygon {
  protected:
    int width, height;
  public:
    Polygon (int a, int b) : width(a), height(b) {}
    virtual int area (void) =0;
    void printarea()
      { cout << this->area() << ‘\n‘; }
};

class Rectangle: public Polygon {
  public:
    Rectangle(int a,int b) : Polygon(a,b) {}
    int area()
      { return width*height; }
};

class Triangle: public Polygon {
  public:
    Triangle(int a,int b) : Polygon(a,b) {}
    int area()
      { return width*height/2; }
};

int main () {
  Polygon * ppoly1 = new Rectangle (4,5);
  Polygon * ppoly2 = new Triangle (4,5);
  ppoly1->printarea();
  ppoly2->printarea();
  delete ppoly1;
  delete ppoly2;
  return 0;
}