python走起之第五话

模块

1.自定义模块

自定义模块就是在当前目录下创建__init__.py这个空文件，这样外面的程序才能识别此目录为模块包并导入

上图中libs目录下有__init__.py文件，index.py程序才能导入libs/backend.py中的方法：from libs/backend import XXX

2、导入模块

Python之所以应用越来越广泛，在一定程度上也依赖于其为程序员提供了大量的模块以供使用，如果想要使用模块，则需要导入。导入模块有一下几种方法：

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import module

from module.xx.xx import xx

from module.xx.xx import xx as rename

from module.xx.xx import *

导入模块其实就是告诉Python解释器去解释那个py文件

  • 导入一个py文件，解释器解释该py文件
  • 导入一个包，解释器解释该包下的 __init__.py 文件

那么问题来了，导入模块时是根据那个路径作为基准来进行的呢？即：sys.path

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import sys

print sys.path

结果：

[‘/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/calculator/p1/pp1‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/setuptools-15.2-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/MySQL_python-1.2.4b4-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlutils-1.7.1-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlwt-1.0.0-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlrd-0.9.3-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/tornado-4.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/backports.ssl_match_hostname-3.4.0.2-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/certifi-2015.4.28-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyOpenSSL-0.15.1-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/six-1.9.0-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cryptography-0.9.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cffi-1.1.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ipaddress-1.0.7-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/enum34-1.0.4-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyasn1-0.1.7-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/idna-2.0-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pycparser-2.13-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/Django-1.7.8-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/paramiko-1.10.1-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/gevent-1.0.2-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/greenlet-0.4.7-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg‘, ‘/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/calculator‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python27.zip‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-darwin‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-mac‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-tk‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-old‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages‘, ‘/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages‘]

如果sys.path路径列表没有你想要的路径，可以通过 sys.path.append(‘路径‘) 添加。
通过os模块可以获取各种目录，例如：

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import sys

import os

pre_path = os.path.abspath(‘../‘)

sys.path.append(pre_path)

3.开源模块　

下载安装有两种方式：

方式一

方式二

注：在使用源码安装时，需要使用到gcc编译和python开发环境，所以，需要先执行：

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yum install gcc

yum install python-devel

或

apt-get python-dev

安装成功后，模块会自动安装到 sys.path 中的某个目录中，如：

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/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/

4.导入模块

同自定义模块中导入的方式

5.time & datetime模块

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#_*_coding:utf-8_*_

import time

import datetime

print(time.clock()) #返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃

print(time.process_time()) #返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃

print(time.time()) #返回当前系统时间戳

print(time.ctime()) #输出Tue Jan 26 18:23:48 2016 ,当前系统时间

print(time.ctime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转为字符串格式

print(time.gmtime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转换成struct_time格式

print(time.localtime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转换成struct_time格式,但返回 的本地时间

print(time.mktime(time.localtime())) #与time.localtime()功能相反,将struct_time格式转回成时间戳格式

#time.sleep(4) #sleep

print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.gmtime()) ) #将struct_time格式转成指定的字符串格式

print(time.strptime("2016-01-28","%Y-%m-%d") ) #将字符串格式转换成struct_time格式

#datetime module

print(datetime.date.today()) #输出格式 2016-01-26

print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()-864400) ) #2016-01-16 将时间戳转成日期格式

current_time = datetime.datetime.now() #

print(current_time) #输出2016-01-26 19:04:30.335935

print(current_time.timetuple()) #返回struct_time格式

#datetime.replace([year[, month[, day[, hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[, tzinfo]]]]]]]])

print(current_time.replace(2014,9,12)) #输出2014-09-12 19:06:24.074900,返回当前时间,但指定的值将被替换

str_to_date = datetime.datetime.strptime("21/11/06 16:30", "%d/%m/%y %H:%M") #将字符串转换成日期格式

new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=10) #比现在加10天

new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=-10) #比现在减10天

new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=-10) #比现在减10小时

new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=120) #比现在+120s

print(new_date)
Directive Meaning Notes
%a Locale’s abbreviated weekday name.  
%A Locale’s full weekday name.  
%b Locale’s abbreviated month name.  
%B Locale’s full month name.  
%c Locale’s appropriate date and time representation.  
%d Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].  
%H Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].  
%I Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].  
%j Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366].  
%m Month as a decimal number [01,12].  
%M Minute as a decimal number [00,59].  
%p Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM. (1)
%S Second as a decimal number [00,61]. (2)
%U Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0. (3)
%w Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6].  
%W Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0. (3)
%x Locale’s appropriate date representation.  
%X Locale’s appropriate time representation.  
%y Year without century as a decimal number [00,99].  
%Y Year with century as a decimal number.  
%z Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM, where H represents decimal hour digits and M represents decimal minute digits [-23:59, +23:59].  
%Z Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists).  
%% A literal ‘%‘ character.

进度条实例：

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import time,sys

for i in range(20):

if i == 0:

sys.stdout.write("[")

sys.stdout.write("#")

sys.stdout.flush()

if i == 19:

sys.stdout.write("]")

time.sleep(0.5)

结果为：

[####################]

6.random模块

随机数

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mport random

print random.random()

print random.randint(1,2)

print random.randrange(1,10)

生成随机验证码

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import random

checkcode = ‘‘

for i in range(4):

current = random.randrange(0,4)

if current != i:

temp = chr(random.randint(65,90))

else:

temp = random.randint(0,9)

checkcode += str(temp)

print checkcode

7.OS模块　　

提供对操作系统进行调用的接口

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os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径

os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cd

os.curdir 返回当前目录: (‘.‘)

os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：(‘..‘)

os.makedirs(‘dirname1/dirname2‘) 可生成多层递归目录

os.removedirs(‘dirname1‘) 若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推

os.mkdir(‘dirname‘) 生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname

os.rmdir(‘dirname‘) 删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname

os.listdir(‘dirname‘) 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印

os.remove() 删除一个文件

os.rename("oldname","newname") 重命名文件/目录

os.stat(‘path/filename‘) 获取文件/目录信息

os.sep 输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"

os.linesep 输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"

os.pathsep 输出用于分割文件路径的字符串

os.name 输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->‘nt‘; Linux->‘posix‘

os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令，直接显示

os.environ 获取系统环境变量

os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径

os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回

os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素

os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素

os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False

os.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径，返回True

os.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False

os.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False

os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略

os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间

os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间

更多猛击这里

8.sys模块

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sys.argv 命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径

sys.exit(n) 退出程序，正常退出时exit(0)

sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息

sys.maxint 最大的Int值

sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值

sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称

sys.stdout.write(‘please:‘)

val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]

9.shutil 模块

直接参考 http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/4963027.html

10.json & pickle 模块

用于序列化的两个模块

  • json，用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
  • pickle，用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换

Json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load

pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load

shelve 模块

shelve模块是一个简单的k,v将内存数据通过文件持久化的模块，可以持久化任何pickle可支持的python数据格式


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import shelve

d = shelve.open(‘shelve_test‘) #打开一个文件

class Test(object):

def __init__(self,n):

self.n = n

t = Test(123)

t2 = Test(123334)

name = ["alex","rain","test"]

d["test"] = name #持久化列表

d["t1"] = t #持久化类

d["t2"] = t2

d.close()

　　

xml处理模块

xml是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议，跟json差不多，但json使用起来更简单，不过，古时候，在json还没诞生的黑暗年代，大家只能选择用xml呀，至今很多传统公司如金融行业的很多系统的接口还主要是xml。

xml的格式如下，就是通过<>节点来区别数据结构的:


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<?xml version="1.0"?>

<data>

<country name="Liechtenstein">

<rank updated="yes">2</rank>

<year>2008</year>

<gdppc>141100</gdppc>

<neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>

<neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>

</country>

<country name="Singapore">

<rank updated="yes">5</rank>

<year>2011</year>

<gdppc>59900</gdppc>

<neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>

</country>

<country name="Panama">

<rank updated="yes">69</rank>

<year>2011</year>

<gdppc>13600</gdppc>

<neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>

<neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>

</country>

</data>

xml协议在各个语言里的都 是支持的，在python中可以用以下模块操作xml 　　


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import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")

root = tree.getroot()

print(root.tag)

#遍历xml文档

for child in root:

print(child.tag, child.attrib)

for i in child:

print(i.tag,i.text)

#只遍历year 节点

for node in root.iter(‘year‘):

print(node.tag,node.text)

修改和删除xml文档内容


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import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")

root = tree.getroot()

#修改

for node in root.iter(‘year‘):

new_year = int(node.text) + 1

node.text = str(new_year)

node.set("updated","yes")

tree.write("xmltest.xml")

#删除node

for country in root.findall(‘country‘):

rank = int(country.find(‘rank‘).text)

if rank > 50:

root.remove(country)

tree.write(‘output.xml‘)

自己创建xml文档


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import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

new_xml = ET.Element("namelist")

name = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"yes"})

age = ET.SubElement(name,"age",attrib={"checked":"no"})

sex = ET.SubElement(name,"sex")

sex.text = ‘33‘

name2 = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"no"})

age = ET.SubElement(name2,"age")

age.text = ‘19‘

et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml) #生成文档对象

et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8",xml_declaration=True)

ET.dump(new_xml) #打印生成的格式

PyYAML模块

Python也可以很容易的处理ymal文档格式，只不过需要安装一个模块，参考文档：http://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation

ConfigParser模块

用于生成和修改常见配置文档，当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。

来看一个好多软件的常见文档格式如下


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[DEFAULT]

ServerAliveInterval = 45

Compression = yes

CompressionLevel = 9

ForwardX11 = yes

[bitbucket.org]

User = hg

[topsecret.server.com]

Port = 50022

ForwardX11 = no

如果想用python生成一个这样的文档怎么做呢？


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import configparser

config = configparser.ConfigParser()

config["DEFAULT"] = {‘ServerAliveInterval‘: ‘45‘,

‘Compression‘: ‘yes‘,

‘CompressionLevel‘: ‘9‘}

config[‘bitbucket.org‘] = {}

config[‘bitbucket.org‘][‘User‘] = ‘hg‘

config[‘topsecret.server.com‘] = {}

topsecret = config[‘topsecret.server.com‘]

topsecret[‘Host Port‘] = ‘50022‘ # mutates the parser

topsecret[‘ForwardX11‘] = ‘no‘ # same here

config[‘DEFAULT‘][‘ForwardX11‘] = ‘yes‘

with open(‘example.ini‘, ‘w‘) as configfile:

config.write(configfile)

　　

写完了还可以再读出来哈。


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>>> import configparser

>>> config = configparser.ConfigParser()

>>> config.sections()

[]

>>> config.read(‘example.ini‘)

[‘example.ini‘]

>>> config.sections()

[‘bitbucket.org‘, ‘topsecret.server.com‘]

>>> ‘bitbucket.org‘ in config

True

>>> ‘bytebong.com‘ in config

False

>>> config[‘bitbucket.org‘][‘User‘]

‘hg‘

>>> config[‘DEFAULT‘][‘Compression‘]

‘yes‘

>>> topsecret = config[‘topsecret.server.com‘]

>>> topsecret[‘ForwardX11‘]

‘no‘

>>> topsecret[‘Port‘]

‘50022‘

>>> for key in config[‘bitbucket.org‘]: print(key)

...

user

compressionlevel

serveraliveinterval

compression

forwardx11

>>> config[‘bitbucket.org‘][‘ForwardX11‘]

‘yes‘

configparser增删改查语法


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[section1]

k1 = v1

k2:v2

[section2]

k1 = v1

import ConfigParser

config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser()

config.read(‘i.cfg‘)

# ########## 读 ##########

#secs = config.sections()

#print secs

#options = config.options(‘group2‘)

#print options

#item_list = config.items(‘group2‘)

#print item_list

#val = config.get(‘group1‘,‘key‘)

#val = config.getint(‘group1‘,‘key‘)

# ########## 改写 ##########

#sec = config.remove_section(‘group1‘)

#config.write(open(‘i.cfg‘, "w"))

#sec = config.has_section(‘wupeiqi‘)

#sec = config.add_section(‘wupeiqi‘)

#config.write(open(‘i.cfg‘, "w"))

#config.set(‘group2‘,‘k1‘,11111)

#config.write(open(‘i.cfg‘, "w"))

#config.remove_option(‘group2‘,‘age‘)

#config.write(open(‘i.cfg‘, "w"))

　　

hashlib模块　　

用于加密相关的操作，3.x里代替了md5模块和sha模块，主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ，MD5 算法


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import hashlib

m = hashlib.md5()

m.update(b"Hello")

m.update(b"It‘s me")

print(m.digest())

m.update(b"It‘s been a long time since last time we ...")

print(m.digest()) #2进制格式hash

print(len(m.hexdigest())) #16进制格式hash

‘‘‘

def digest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return the digest value as a string of binary data. """

pass

def hexdigest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

""" Return the digest value as a string of hexadecimal digits. """

pass

‘‘‘

import hashlib

# ######## md5 ########

hash = hashlib.md5()

hash.update(‘admin‘)

print(hash.hexdigest())

# ######## sha1 ########

hash = hashlib.sha1()

hash.update(‘admin‘)

print(hash.hexdigest())

# ######## sha256 ########

hash = hashlib.sha256()

hash.update(‘admin‘)

print(hash.hexdigest())

# ######## sha384 ########

hash = hashlib.sha384()

hash.update(‘admin‘)

print(hash.hexdigest())

# ######## sha512 ########

hash = hashlib.sha512()

hash.update(‘admin‘)

print(hash.hexdigest())

还不够吊？python 还有一个 hmac 模块，它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密


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import hmac

h = hmac.new(‘wueiqi‘)

h.update(‘hellowo‘)

print h.hexdigest()

更多关于md5,sha1,sha256等介绍的文章看这里https://www.tbs-certificates.co.uk/FAQ/en/sha256.html

　　

Subprocess模块

The subprocess module allows you to spawn new processes, connect to their input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes. This module intends to replace several older modules and functions:

os.system
os.spawn*

The recommended approach to invoking subprocesses is to use the run() function for all use cases it can handle. For more advanced use cases, the underlying Popen interface can be used directly.

The run() function was added in Python 3.5; if you need to retain compatibility with older versions, see the Older high-level API section.

subprocess.run(args, *, stdin=None, input=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, shell=False, timeout=None, check=False)

Run the command described by args. Wait for command to complete, then return a CompletedProcess instance.

The arguments shown above are merely the most common ones, described below in Frequently Used Arguments (hence the use of keyword-only notation in the abbreviated signature). The full function signature is largely the same as that of the Popen constructor - apart from timeout, input and check, all the arguments to this function are passed through to that interface.

This does not capture stdout or stderr by default. To do so, pass PIPE for the stdout and/or stderr arguments.

The timeout argument is passed to Popen.communicate(). If the timeout expires, the child process will be killed and waited for. The TimeoutExpired exception will be re-raised after the child process has terminated.

The input argument is passed to Popen.communicate() and thus to the subprocess’s stdin. If used it must be a byte sequence, or a string if universal_newlines=True. When used, the internal Popen object is automatically created withstdin=PIPE, and the stdin argument may not be used as well.

If check is True, and the process exits with a non-zero exit code, a CalledProcessError exception will be raised. Attributes of that exception hold the arguments, the exit code, and stdout and stderr if they were captured.


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>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"]) # doesn‘t capture output

CompletedProcess(args=[‘ls‘, ‘-l‘], returncode=0)

>>> subprocess.run("exit 1", shell=True, check=True)

Traceback (most recent call last):

...

subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command ‘exit 1‘ returned non-zero exit status 1

>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)

CompletedProcess(args=[‘ls‘, ‘-l‘, ‘/dev/null‘], returncode=0,

stdout=b‘crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Jan 23 16:23 /dev/null\n‘)

调用subprocess.run(...)是推荐的常用方法，在大多数情况下能满足需求，但如果你可能需要进行一些复杂的与系统的交互的话，你还可以用subprocess.Popen(),语法如下：


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p = subprocess.Popen("find / -size +1000000 -exec ls -shl {} \;",shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)

print(p.stdout.read())

可用参数：

  • args：shell命令，可以是字符串或者序列类型（如：list，元组）
  • bufsize：指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
  • stdin, stdout, stderr：分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
  • preexec_fn：只在Unix平台下有效，用于指定一个可执行对象（callable object），它将在子进程运行之前被调用
  • close_sfs：在windows平台下，如果close_fds被设置为True，则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
    所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。
  • shell：同上
  • cwd：用于设置子进程的当前目录
  • env：用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None，子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
  • universal_newlines：不同系统的换行符不同，True -> 同意使用 \n
  • startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
    将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数，用于设置子进程的一些属性，如：主窗口的外观，进程的优先级等等

终端输入的命令分为两种：

  • 输入即可得到输出，如：ifconfig
  • 输入进行某环境，依赖再输入，如：python

需要交互的命令示例


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import subprocess

obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)

obj.stdin.write(‘print 1 \n ‘)

obj.stdin.write(‘print 2 \n ‘)

obj.stdin.write(‘print 3 \n ‘)

obj.stdin.write(‘print 4 \n ‘)

out_error_list = obj.communicate(timeout=10)

print out_error_list

　　

logging模块　　

很多程序都有记录日志的需求，并且日志中包含的信息即有正常的程序访问日志，还可能有错误、警告等信息输出，python的logging模块提供了标准的日志接口，你可以通过它存储各种格式的日志，logging的日志可以分为 debug(), info(), warning(), error() and critical() 5个级别，下面我们看一下怎么用。

最简单用法


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import logging

logging.warning("user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 times")

logging.critical("server is down")

#输出

WARNING:root:user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 times

CRITICAL:root:server is down

看一下这几个日志级别分别代表什么意思

Level When it’s used
DEBUG Detailed information, typically of interest only when diagnosing problems.
INFO Confirmation that things are working as expected.
WARNING An indication that something unexpected happened, or indicative of some problem in the near future (e.g. ‘disk space low’). The software is still working as expected.
ERROR Due to a more serious problem, the software has not been able to perform some function.
CRITICAL A serious error, indicating that the program itself may be unable to continue running.

　　

如果想把日志写到文件里，也很简单


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import logging

logging.basicConfig(filename=‘example.log‘,level=logging.INFO)

logging.debug(‘This message should go to the log file‘)

logging.info(‘So should this‘)

logging.warning(‘And this, too‘)

其中下面这句中的level=loggin.INFO意思是，把日志纪录级别设置为INFO，也就是说，只有比日志是INFO或比INFO级别更高的日志才会被纪录到文件里，在这个例子， 第一条日志是不会被纪录的，如果希望纪录debug的日志，那把日志级别改成DEBUG就行了。


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logging.basicConfig(filename=‘example.log‘,level=logging.INFO)

感觉上面的日志格式忘记加上时间啦，日志不知道时间怎么行呢，下面就来加上!


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import logging

logging.basicConfig(format=‘%(asctime)s %(message)s‘, datefmt=‘%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p‘)

logging.warning(‘is when this event was logged.‘)

#输出

12/12/2010 11:46:36 AM is when this event was logged.

　　

如果想同时把log打印在屏幕和文件日志里，就需要了解一点复杂的知识 了

The logging library takes a modular approach and offers several categories of components: loggers, handlers, filters, and formatters.

  • Loggers expose the interface that application code directly uses.
  • Handlers send the log records (created by loggers) to the appropriate destination.
  • Filters provide a finer grained facility for determining which log records to output.
  • Formatters specify the layout of log records in the final output.

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import logging

#create logger

logger = logging.getLogger(‘TEST-LOG‘)

logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

# create console handler and set level to debug

ch = logging.StreamHandler()

ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

# create file handler and set level to warning

fh = logging.FileHandler("access.log")

fh.setLevel(logging.WARNING)

# create formatter

formatter = logging.Formatter(‘%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s‘)

# add formatter to ch and fh

ch.setFormatter(formatter)

fh.setFormatter(formatter)

# add ch and fh to logger

logger.addHandler(ch)

logger.addHandler(fh)

# ‘application‘ code

logger.debug(‘debug message‘)

logger.info(‘info message‘)

logger.warn(‘warn message‘)

logger.error(‘error message‘)

logger.critical(‘critical message‘)

　　

时间： 2024-10-16 15:12:51

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