100、---------------修改表结构,添加字段------------------
alter table stu add(addr varchar2(29));
101、---------------删除字段--------------------------
alter table stu drop (addr);
102、---------------修改表字段的长度------------------
alter table stu modify (addr varchar2(50));--更改后的长度必须要能容纳原先的数据
103、----------------删除约束条件----------------
alter table stu drop constraint 约束名
104、-----------修改表结构添加约束条件---------------
alter table stu add constraint stu_class_fk foreign key (class) references class (id);
105、---------------数据字典表----------------
desc dictionary;
--数据字典表共有两个字段 table_name comments
--table_name主要存放数据字典表的名字
--comments主要是对这张数据字典表的描述
105、---------------查看当前用户下面所有的表、视图、约束-----数据字典表user_tables---
select table_name from user_tables;
select view_name from user_views;
select constraint_name from user-constraints;
106、-------------索引------------------
create index idx_stu_email on stu (email);-- 在stu这张表的email字段上建立一个索引:idx_stu_email
107、---------- 删除索引 ------------------
drop index index_stu_email;
108、---------查看所有的索引----------------
select index_name from user_indexes;
109、---------创建视图-------------------
create view v$stu as selesct id,name,age from stu;
视图的作用: 简化查询 保护我们的一些私有数据,通过视图也可以用来更新数据,但是我们一般不这么用 缺点:要对视图进行维护
110、-----------创建序列------------
create sequence seq;--创建序列
select seq.nextval from dual;-- 查看seq序列的下一个值
drop sequence seq;--删除序列
111、------------数据库的三范式--------------
(1)、要有主键,列不可分
(2)、不能存在部分依赖:当有多个字段联合起来作为主键的时候,不是主键的字段不能部分依赖于主键中的某个字段
(3)、不能存在传递依赖
==============================================PL/SQL==========================
112、-------------------在客户端输出helloworld-------------------------------
set serveroutput on;--默认是off,设成on是让Oracle可以在客户端输出数据
113、begin
dbms_output.put_line(‘helloworld‘);
end;
/
114、----------------pl/sql变量的赋值与输出----
declare
v_name varchar2(20);--声明变量v_name变量的声明以v_开头
begin
v_name := ‘myname‘;
dbms_output.put_line(v_name);
end;
/
115、-----------pl/sql对于异常的处理(除数为0)-------------
declare
v_num number := 0;
begin
v_num := 2/v_num;
dbms_output.put_line(v_num);
exception
when others then
dbms_output.put_line(‘error‘);
end;
/
116、----------变量的声明----------
binary_integer:整数,主要用来计数而不是用来表示字段类型 比number效率高
number:数字类型
char:定长字符串
varchar2:变长字符串
date:日期
long:字符串,最长2GB
boolean:布尔类型,可以取值true,false,null--最好给一初值
117、----------变量的声明,使用 ‘%type‘属性
declare
v_empno number(4);
v_empno2 emp.empno%type;
v_empno3 v_empno2%type;
begin
dbms_output.put_line(‘Test‘);
end;
/
--使用%type属性,可以使变量的声明根据表字段的类型自动变换,省去了维护的麻烦,而且%type属性,可以用于变量身上
118、---------------Table变量类型(table表示的是一个数组)-------------------
declare
type type_table_emp_empno is table of emp.empno%type index by binary_integer;
v_empnos type_table type_table_empno;
begin
v_empnos(0) := 7345;
v_empnos(-1) :=9999;
dbms_output.put_line(v_empnos(-1));
end;
119、-----------------Record变量类型
declare
type type_record_dept is record
(
deptno dept.deptno%type,
dname dept.dname%type,
loc dept.loc%type
);
begin
v_temp.deptno:=50;
v_temp.dname:=‘aaaa‘;
v_temp.loc:=‘bj‘;
dbms_output.put_line(v temp.deptno || ‘ ‘ || v temp.dname);
end;
120、-----------使用 %rowtype声明record变量
declare
v_temp dept%rowtype;
begin
v_temp.deptno:=50;
v_temp.dname:=‘aaaa‘;
v_temp.loc:=‘bj‘;
dbms_output.put_line(v temp.deptno || ‘‘ || v temp.dname)
end;
121、--------------sql%count 统计上一条sql语句更新的记录条数
122、--------------sql语句的运用
declare
v_ename emp.ename%type;
v_sal emp.sal%type;
begin
select ename,sal into v_ename,v_sal from emp where empno = 7369;
dbms_output.put_line(v_ename || ‘‘ || v_sal);
end;
123、 -------- pl/sql语句的应用
declare
v_emp emp%rowtype;
begin
select * into v_emp from emp where empno=7369;
dbms_output_line(v_emp.ename);
end;
124、-------------pl/sql语句的应用
declare
v_deptno dept.deptno%type := 50;
v_dname dept.dname%type :=‘aaa‘;
v_loc dept.loc%type := ‘bj‘;
begin
insert into dept2 values(v_deptno,v_dname,v_loc);
commit;
end;
125、-----------------ddl语言,数据定义语言
begin
execute immediate ‘create table T (nnn varchar(30) default ‘‘a‘‘)‘;
end;
126、------------------if else的运用
declare
v_sal emp.sal%type;
begin
select sal into v_sal from emp where empno = 7369;
if(v_sal < 2000) then
dbms_output.put_line(‘low‘);
elsif(v_sal > 2000) then
dbms_output.put_line(‘middle‘);
else
dbms_output.put_line(‘height‘);
end if;
end;
127、-------------------循环 =====do while
declare
i binary_integer := 1;
begin
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i);
i := i + 1;
exit when (i>=11);
end loop;
end;
128、---------------------while
declare
j binary_integer := 1;
begin
while j < 11 loop
dbms_output.put_line(j);
j:=j+1;
end loop;
end;
129、---------------------for
begin
for k in 1..10 loop
dbms_output.put_line(k);
end loop;
for k in reverse 1..10 loop
dbms_output.put_line(k);
end loop;
end;
130、-----------------------异常(1)
declare
v_temp number(4);
begin
select empno into v_temp from emp where empno = 10;
exception
when too_many_rows then
dbms_output.put_line(‘太多记录了‘);
when others then
dbms_output.put_line(‘error‘);
end;
131、-----------------------异常(2)
declare
v_temp number(4);
begin
select empno into v_temp from emp where empno = 2222;
exception
when no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_line(‘太多记录了‘);
end;
132、----------------------创建序列
create sequence seq_errorlog_id start with 1 increment by 1;
133、-----------------------错误处理(用表记录:将系统日志存到数据库便于以后查看)
-- 创建日志表:
create table errorlog
(
id number primary key,
errcode number,
errmsg varchar2(1024),
errdate date
);
declare
v_deptno dept.deptno%type := 10;
v_errcode number;
v_errmsg varchar2(1024);
begin
delete from dept where deptno = v_deptno;
commit;
exception
when others then
rollback;
v_errcode := SQLCODE;
v_errmsg := SQLERRM;
insert into errorlog values (seq_errorlog_id.nextval, v_errcode,v_errmsg, sysdate);
commit;
end;
133---------------------PL/SQL中的重点cursor(游标)和指针的概念差不多
declare
cursor c is
select * from emp; --此处的语句不会立刻执行,而是当下面的open c的时候,才会真正执行
v_emp c%rowtype;
begin
open c;
fetch c into v_emp;
dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename); --这样会只输出一条数据 134将使用循环的方法输出每一条记录
close c;
end;
134----------------------使用do while 循环遍历游标中的每一个数据
declare
cursor c is
select * from emp;
v_emp c%rowtype;
begin
open c;
loop
fetch c into v_emp;
(1) exit when (c%notfound); --notfound是oracle中的关键字,作用是判断是否还有下一条数据
(2) dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename); --(1)(2)的顺序不能颠倒,最后一条数据,不会出错,会把最后一条数据,再次的打印一遍
end loop;
close c;
end;
135------------------------while循环,遍历游标
declare
cursor c is
select * from emp;
v_emp emp%rowtype;
begin
open c;
fetch c into v_emp;
while(c%found) loop
dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename);
fetch c into v_emp;
end loop;
close c;
end;
136--------------------------for 循环,遍历游标
declare
cursor c is
select * from emp;
begin
for v_emp in c loop
dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename);
end loop;
end;
137---------------------------带参数的游标
declare
cursor c(v_deptno emp.deptno%type, v_job emp.job%type)
is
select ename, sal from emp where deptno=v_deptno and job=v_job;
--v_temp c%rowtype;此处不用声明变量类型
begin
for v_temp in c(30, ‘click‘) loop
dbms_output.put_line(v_temp.ename);
end loop;
end;
138-----------------------------可更新的游标
declare
cursor c --有点小错误
is
select * from emp2 for update;
-v_temp c%rowtype;
begin
for v_temp in c loop
if(v_temp.sal < 2000) then
update emp2 set sal = sal * 2 where current of c;
else if (v_temp.sal =5000) then
delete from emp2 where current of c;
end if;
end loop;
commit;
end;
139-----------------------------------procedure存储过程(带有名字的程序块)
create or replace procedure p
is--这两句除了替代declare,下面的语句全部都一样
cursor c is
select * from emp2 for update;
begin
for v_emp in c loop
if(v_emp.deptno = 10) then
update emp2 set sal = sal +10 where current of c;
else if(v_emp.deptno =20) then
update emp2 set sal = sal + 20 where current of c;
else
update emp2 set sal = sal + 50 where current of c;
end if;
end loop;
commit;
end;
--执行存储过程的两种方法:
(1)exec p;(p是存储过程的名称)
(2)
begin
p;
end;
/
140-------------------------------带参数的存储过程
create or replace procedure p
(v_a in number, v_b number, v_ret out number, v_temp in out number)
is
begin
if(v_a > v_b) then
v_ret := v_a;
else
v_ret := v_b;
end if;
v_temp := v_temp + 1;
end;
141----------------------调用140
declare
v_a number := 3;
v_b number := 4;
v_ret number;
v_temp number := 5;
begin
p(v_a, v_b, v_ret, v_temp);
dbms_output.put_line(v_ret);
dbms_output.put_line(v_temp);
end;
142------------------删除存储过程
drop procedure p;
143------------------------创建函数计算个人所得税
create or replace function sal_tax
(v_sal number)
return number
is
begin
if(v_sal < 2000) then
return 0.10;
elsif(v_sal <2750) then
return 0.15;
else
return 0.20;
end if;
end;
----144-------------------------创建触发器(trigger) 触发器不能单独的存在,必须依附在某一张表上
--创建触发器的依附表
create table emp2_log
(
ename varchar2(30) ,
eaction varchar2(20),
etime date
);
create or replace trigger trig
after insert or delete or update on emp2 ---for each row 加上此句,每更新一行,触发一次,不加入则值触发一次
begin
if inserting then
insert into emp2_log values(USER, ‘insert‘, sysdate);
elsif updating then
insert into emp2_log values(USER, ‘update‘, sysdate);
elsif deleting then
insert into emp2_log values(USER, ‘delete‘, sysdate);
end if;
end;
145-------------------------------通过触发器更新数据
create or replace trigger trig
after update on dept
for each row
begin
update emp set deptno =:NEW.deptno where deptno =: OLD.deptno;
end;
------只编译不显示的解决办法 set serveroutput on;
145-------------------------------通过创建存储过程完成递归
create or replace procedure p(v_pid article.pid%type,v_level binary_integer) is
cursor c is select * from article where pid = v_pid;
v_preStr varchar2(1024) := ‘‘;
begin
for i in 0..v_leave loop
v_preStr := v_preStr || ‘****‘;
end loop;
for v_article in c loop
dbms_output.put_line(v_article.cont);
if(v_article.isleaf = 0) then
p(v_article.id);
end if;
end loop;
end;
146-------------------------------查看当前用户下有哪些表---
--首先,用这个用户登录然后使用语句:
select * from tab;
147-----------------------------用Oracle进行分页!--------------
--因为Oracle中的隐含字段rownum不支持‘>‘所以:
select * from (
select rownum rn, t.* from (
select * from t_user where user_id <> ‘root‘
) t where rownum <6
) where rn >3
148------------------------Oracle下面的清屏命令----------------
clear screen; 或者 cle scr;
149-----------将创建好的guohailong的这个用户的密码改为abc--------------
alter user guohailong identified by abc
--当密码使用的是数字的时候可能会不行
--使用在10 Oracle以上的正则表达式在dual表查询
with test1 as(
select ‘ao‘ name from dual union all
select ‘yang‘ from dual union all
select ‘feng‘ from dual )
select distinct regexp_replace(name,‘[0-9]‘,‘‘) from test1
------------------------------------------
with tab as (
select ‘hong‘ name from dual union all
select ‘qi‘ name from dual union all
select ‘gong‘ name from dual)
select translate(name,‘\\0123456789‘,‘\\‘) from tab;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE
calc(i_birth VARCHAR2) IS
s VARCHAR2(8);
o VARCHAR2(8);
PROCEDURE cc(num VARCHAR2, s OUT VARCHAR2) IS
BEGIN
FOR i
IN REVERSE 2 .. length(num) LOOP
s := s || substr(substr(num, i, 1) + substr(num, i - 1, 1), -1);
END LOOP;
SELECT REVERSE(s) INTO s FROM dual;
END;
BEGIN o := i_birth;
LOOP
cc(o, s);
o := s;
dbms_output.put_line(s);
EXIT WHEN length(o) < 2;
END LOOP;
END;
set serveroutput on;
exec calc(‘19880323‘);