尊重原创: http://blog.csdn.net/yuanzeyao/article/details/46765113
差不多半年没有写博客了,一是因为工作比较忙,二是觉得没有什么内容值得写,三是因为自己越来越懒了吧,不过最近我对Android中View的绘制机制有了一些新的认识,所以想记录下来并分享给大家。在之后的几篇博客中,我会给大家分享如下的内容:
1、View中measure(),layout(),draw()函数执行过程分析,带领大家详细分析View的尺寸测量过程,位置计算,并最终绘制到UI上的过程
2、以LinearLayout为例讲解ViewGroup尺寸计算,位置计算,以及绘制过程
3、更深层次的理解LayoutParams的意义
4、LayoutInflater创建View的过程分析,详细分析inflate(int resource, ViewGroup root, boolean attachToRoot)方法中各个参数的意义
掌握上面几个知识点对于自定义View有非常重要的意义的,而且据我所知自定义View在面试过程中是必问知识点。
以上内容都是Android中View系统比较重要的一些内容,View系统的功能主要包括用户输入消息到消息处理的整个过程,以及UI的绘制,用户输入消息以及消息处理的部分我之前也有写过几篇文章,如果读者用兴趣可以去了解下:
Android 系统Touch事件传递机制 上:http://blog.csdn.net/yuanzeyao/article/details/37961997
Android 系统Touch事件传递机制 下:http://blog.csdn.net/yuanzeyao/article/details/38025165
Android 系统Key事件传递机制 上:http://blog.csdn.net/yuanzeyao/article/details/13630909
Android 系统Key事件传递机制 下:http://blog.csdn.net/yuanzeyao/article/details/13631139
由于涉及的内容比较多,所以我打算使用 多篇文章来讲解上述内容,敬请期待。
那么现在就开始学习View的measure过程吧,measure过程主要作用就是计算一个View的大小,这个其实很好理解,因为任何一个View在绘制到UI上时,必须事先知道这个View的大小,不然是无法绘制的。
平时我们在指定一个view的大小时,通常就是在xml文件中设置layout_width和layout_hegiht属性,这里我要提出一个问题:为什么View的宽度和高度对应的属性名前面有layout而不是直接叫width和height?先记住这个问题吧,等你看完本文的内容相信你就明白了。其实measuer过程就将layout_width和layout_height这些属性变为具体的数字大小。
当我们想要将一个xml文件显示到UI上时,通常就是将该xml文件的id传入到Activity的setContentView中去,其实最终就会调用到ViewRoot的performTraversals方法,此方法承担了Android的View的绘制工作,这个方法代码非常多,但是逻辑非常简单,主要包含了三个阶段:
第一个阶段就是我们今天要学习的measure,第二个阶段就是layout,第三个阶段就是draw,measure阶段就是得到每个View的大小,layout阶段就是计算每个View在UI上的坐标,draw阶段就是根据前面两个阶段的数据进行UI绘制。
首先我们看看ViewRoot的performTraversals方法的部分代码(使用的2.3代码,选择2.3代码的原因是因为2.3的版本逻辑比4.x版本简单,而且主要逻辑还是一样的)
private void performTraversals() { // Section one mView就是DecorView, final View host = mView; //Section two int desiredWindowWidth; int desiredWindowHeight; int childWidthMeasureSpec; int childHeightMeasureSpec; ... Rect frame = mWinFrame; if (mFirst) { fullRedrawNeeded = true; mLayoutRequested = true; DisplayMetrics packageMetrics = mView.getContext().getResources().getDisplayMetrics(); //Section three desiredWindowWidth = packageMetrics.widthPixels; desiredWindowHeight = packageMetrics.heightPixels; // For the very first time, tell the view hierarchy that it // is attached to the window. Note that at this point the surface // object is not initialized to its backing store, but soon it // will be (assuming the window is visible). ... } else { //Section four desiredWindowWidth = frame.width(); desiredWindowHeight = frame.height(); if (desiredWindowWidth != mWidth || desiredWindowHeight != mHeight) { if (DEBUG_ORIENTATION) Log.v("ViewRoot", "View " + host + " resized to: " + frame); fullRedrawNeeded = true; mLayoutRequested = true; windowResizesToFitContent = true; } } boolean insetsChanged = false; if (mLayoutRequested) { // Execute enqueued actions on every layout in case a view that was detached // enqueued an action after being detached getRunQueue().executeActions(attachInfo.mHandler); ... //Section five childWidthMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(desiredWindowWidth, lp.width); childHeightMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(desiredWindowHeight, lp.height); // Ask host how big it wants to be if (DEBUG_ORIENTATION || DEBUG_LAYOUT) Log.v("ViewRoot", "Measuring " + host + " in display " + desiredWindowWidth + "x" + desiredWindowHeight + "..."); //Section six host.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec); if (DBG) { System.out.println("======================================"); System.out.println("performTraversals -- after measure"); host.debug(); } } .... }
上面的代码就是第一阶段的主要代码,请看代码中的Section one部分,这里定义了一个View 类型的变量host,它被赋值mView,这里我想说的仅仅是mView就是一个界面的DecorView,如果你还不熟悉DecorView可以看看我的另外一篇文章:
《窗口的创建过程》,Section two分别定义了4个int 类型的变量,前面两个变量在Section three部分或者Section four部分赋值,通常第一次进来是在Section three里面进行赋值,也就是说desiredWindowWidth和disireWindowHeight分别是手机屏幕的宽和高(当然并不总是这样的,这里我们只用考虑简单的一种情况),在Section five部分分别对childWidthMeasureSpec和childHeightMeasureSpec进行赋值,这里调用了一个getRootMeasureSpec的方法,我们后面再分析它。在Setion six部分调用host.measure来计算View的大小,到这里performTraversals中mersure的调用过程就算结束了,但是getRootMeasureSpec和host的measure方法我们还不清楚它们到底做了什么,下面就来分析这两个方法吧:
先看看getRootMeasureSpec方法吧。
private int getRootMeasureSpec(int windowSize, int rootDimension) { int measureSpec; switch (rootDimension) { case ViewGroup.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT: // Window can‘t resize. Force root view to be windowSize. measureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(windowSize, MeasureSpec.EXACTLY); break; case ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT: // Window can resize. Set max size for root view. measureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(windowSize, MeasureSpec.AT_MOST); break; default: // Window wants to be an exact size. Force root view to be that size. measureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(rootDimension, MeasureSpec.EXACTLY); break; } return measureSpec; }
看了实现之后,你是不是觉得这个方法实现超简单,以getRootMeasureSpec(desiredWindowWidth,lp.width)为例,我们知道第一个参数就是屏幕的宽度,第二个参数是一个View的LayoutParams中的width属性,其实这个参数是在Activity的
void makeVisible() { if (!mWindowAdded) { ViewManager wm = getWindowManager(); wm.addView(mDecor, getWindow().getAttributes()); mWindowAdded = true; } mDecor.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE); }
makeVisible方法传入的,makeVisible是在Activity的onResume里面调用,我们先不关心这个,我们关心的是这个lp是怎么创建的,我们看看getWindow.getAttributes()做了什么吧
// The current window attributes. private final WindowManager.LayoutParams mWindowAttributes = new WindowManager.LayoutParams();
通过源码,找到Window的getAttributes方法,该方法返回mWindowAttributes值,我们看看WindowManager.LayoutParams这个类的空构造函数吧
public LayoutParams() { super(LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT, LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT); type = TYPE_APPLICATION; format = PixelFormat.OPAQUE; }
看了构造函数后,我们发现layout_width和laout_height都是MATCH_PARENT。关于lp这个参数我们先看到这里,我们继续看getRootMeasureSpec这个方法,
这里出现了一个MeasureSpec的陌生类,先看看MeasureSpec是何方圣神。MeasureSpec是定义在View中的一个内部类,这个类里面有几个比较重要的常量:
private static final int MODE_SHIFT = 30; private static final int MODE_MASK = 0x3 << MODE_SHIFT; /** * Measure specification mode: The parent has not imposed any constraint * on the child. It can be whatever size it wants. */ public static final int UNSPECIFIED = 0 << MODE_SHIFT; /** * Measure specification mode: The parent has determined an exact size * for the child. The child is going to be given those bounds regardless * of how big it wants to be. */ public static final int EXACTLY = 1 << MODE_SHIFT; /** * Measure specification mode: The child can be as large as it wants up * to the specified size. */ public static final int AT_MOST = 2 << MODE_SHIFT;
我们知道java中的int类型占用32位,随意这几个变量在内存中的表现形式如下:
MODE_MASK: 11000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
UNSPECIFIED: 000000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
EXACTLY: 01000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
AT_MOST: 10000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
也就是说每个高2位表示的model,第30位才真正表示尺寸的大小
有了上面的基础之后,相信理解下面三个方法就不难了
/** * Creates a measure specification based on the supplied size and mode. * * The mode must always be one of the following: * <ul> * <li>{@link android.view.View.MeasureSpec#UNSPECIFIED}</li> * <li>{@link android.view.View.MeasureSpec#EXACTLY}</li> * <li>{@link android.view.View.MeasureSpec#AT_MOST}</li> * </ul> * * @param size the size of the measure specification * @param mode the mode of the measure specification * @return the measure specification based on size and mode */ public static int makeMeasureSpec(int size, int mode) { return size + mode; } /** * Extracts the mode from the supplied measure specification. * * @param measureSpec the measure specification to extract the mode from * @return {@link android.view.View.MeasureSpec#UNSPECIFIED}, * {@link android.view.View.MeasureSpec#AT_MOST} or * {@link android.view.View.MeasureSpec#EXACTLY} */ public static int getMode(int measureSpec) { return (measureSpec & MODE_MASK); } /** * Extracts the size from the supplied measure specification. * * @param measureSpec the measure specification to extract the size from * @return the size in pixels defined in the supplied measure specification */ public static int getSize(int measureSpec) { return (measureSpec & ~MODE_MASK); }
第一个方法makeMeasureSpec就是讲size和mode相加返回其结果,第二个getMode就是获取高2位的值,getSize就是获取低30位的值
看明白了这里,我们就回到getRootMeasureSpec吧,我们知道lp.width属性通常有三种:match_parent(fill_parent),wrap_content,具体一个大小(如100dip),而这里通过我们上面的分析,知道宽和高均是match_parent。通过代码我们知道这三种情况对应的mode分别是:
EXACTLY,AT_MOST,EXACTLY,也就是说math_parent和具体的大小(100dip)对应的都是EXACTLY。最后根据得到的mode和屏幕的宽度调用makeMeasureSpec方法得到一个int类型的值赋值给childWidthMeasureSpec,同理得到了childHeightMeasureSpec,并将这两个值传入measure中。下面我们就看看measure做了什么
由于这里调用的是host的measure,而host其实是一个FrameLayout,所以我不打算继续使用这个例子将View的测量过程了,但是ViewGroup是没有改写measure的,所以其实调用的还是View的measure方法,measure方法的源码如下:
public final void measure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) { if ((mPrivateFlags & FORCE_LAYOUT) == FORCE_LAYOUT || widthMeasureSpec != mOldWidthMeasureSpec || heightMeasureSpec != mOldHeightMeasureSpec) { // first clears the measured dimension flag mPrivateFlags &= ~MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET; if (ViewDebug.TRACE_HIERARCHY) { ViewDebug.trace(this, ViewDebug.HierarchyTraceType.ON_MEASURE); } // measure ourselves, this should set the measured dimension flag back onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec); // flag not set, setMeasuredDimension() was not invoked, we raise // an exception to warn the developer if ((mPrivateFlags & MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET) != MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET) { throw new IllegalStateException("onMeasure() did not set the" + " measured dimension by calling" + " setMeasuredDimension()"); } mPrivateFlags |= LAYOUT_REQUIRED; } mOldWidthMeasureSpec = widthMeasureSpec; mOldHeightMeasureSpec = heightMeasureSpec; }
我们看到measure方法其实是final的,所以ViewGroup是无法改写此方法的。通常一个具体的ViewGroup都是改写onMeasure方法,这点你可以去看看LinearLayout和FrameLayout,他们在onMeasure方法里面都间接调用了ViewGroup的measureChildWithMargins方法,今天我们就以measureChildWithMargins这个方法为入口分析View的测量过程。measureChildWithMargins方法的源码如下:
protected void measureChildWithMargins(View child, int parentWidthMeasureSpec, int widthUsed, int parentHeightMeasureSpec, int heightUsed) { final MarginLayoutParams lp = (MarginLayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams(); final int childWidthMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec(parentWidthMeasureSpec, mPaddingLeft + mPaddingRight + lp.leftMargin + lp.rightMargin + widthUsed, lp.width); final int childHeightMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec(parentHeightMeasureSpec, mPaddingTop + mPaddingBottom + lp.topMargin + lp.bottomMargin + heightUsed, lp.height); child.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec); }
这里我们简化下情况,我们假设ViewGroup里面所有的孩子都是View,没有ViewGroup。
下面我们分三步来分析measureChildWithMargins方法:
1、获取孩子的LayoutParams
2、调用getChildMeasureSpec方法得到孩子的measureSpec(包括widthSpec和heightSpec)
我们看看getChildMeasureSpec做了什么,先看看它的几个参数,以获取孩子的widthSpec为例 ,第一个参数是ViewGroup的widthSpec,第二个参数是ViewGroup已经被使用的width,第三个是lp.width,接下来看看源码:
*/ public static int getChildMeasureSpec(int spec, int padding, int childDimension) { int specMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(spec); int specSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(spec); int size = Math.max(0, specSize - padding); int resultSize = 0; int resultMode = 0; switch (specMode) { // Parent has imposed an exact size on us case MeasureSpec.EXACTLY: if (childDimension >= 0) { resultSize = childDimension; resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY; } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) { // Child wants to be our size. So be it. resultSize = size; resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY; } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) { // Child wants to determine its own size. It can‘t be // bigger than us. resultSize = size; resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST; } break; // Parent has imposed a maximum size on us case MeasureSpec.AT_MOST: if (childDimension >= 0) { // Child wants a specific size... so be it resultSize = childDimension; resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY; } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) { // Child wants to be our size, but our size is not fixed. // Constrain child to not be bigger than us. resultSize = size; resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST; } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) { // Child wants to determine its own size. It can‘t be // bigger than us. resultSize = size; resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST; } break; // Parent asked to see how big we want to be case MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED: if (childDimension >= 0) { // Child wants a specific size... let him have it resultSize = childDimension; resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY; } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) { // Child wants to be our size... find out how big it should // be resultSize = 0; resultMode = MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED; } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) { // Child wants to determine its own size.... find out how // big it should be resultSize = 0; resultMode = MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED; } break; } return MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(resultSize, resultMode); }
相信有了前面的基础,看这段代码应该很容易,其实就是根据ViewGroup的mode和size以及lp.width的值来创建View的measureSpec。现在知道我前面提的问题的答案了吗,为什么width前面要加一个layout,因为子View的大小时自己(子View)和ViewGroup(父View)共同决定的。
回到measureChildWithMargins 看第三步:调用了child.measure。并且参数就是第二步中得到的,另外注意这个child就是一个普通的View(因为我们已经假设ViewGroup里面没有ViewGroup,只有View)
由于是View调用measure,所以measure中调用onMeasure也是View中的,我们看看View的onMeasuere方法吧
protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) { setMeasuredDimension(getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumWidth(), widthMeasureSpec), getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumHeight(), heightMeasureSpec)); }
这里出现了一个重要的方法getDefaultSize,其代码如下:
public static int getDefaultSize(int size, int measureSpec) { int result = size; int specMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(measureSpec); int specSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(measureSpec); switch (specMode) { case MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED: result = size; break; case MeasureSpec.AT_MOST: case MeasureSpec.EXACTLY: result = specSize; break; } return result; }
该方法根据measureSpec的mode决定返回值是size还是specSize。在多数情况下载mode是AT_MOST或者EXACTLY,(UNSPECIFIED通常出现在我们为了获得某个view的大小时,调用此view.measure(0,0)的时候出现.),在onMeasure中会调用setMeasuredDimension()方法将得到的大小分别赋值给mMeasuredWidth,mMeasuredHeight,从而View的大小就测量完成了。
代码如下:
protected final void setMeasuredDimension(int measuredWidth, int measuredHeight) { mMeasuredWidth = measuredWidth; mMeasuredHeight = measuredHeight; mPrivateFlags |= MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET; }
到这里View的测量过程告一段落了,至于ViewGroup的测量过程在下篇文章中使用LinearLayout分析一下吧。
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