Things You‘ll Need

• Proficiency in C++
• C++ compiler
• Debugger and other investigative software tools

1

Understand the operator basics. The C++ operator "new" allocates heap memory. The "delete" operator frees heap memory. For every "new," you should use a "delete" so that you free the same memory you allocated:

char* str = new char [30]; // Allocate 30 bytes to house a string.

delete [] str; // Clear those 30 bytes and make str point nowhere.

2

Reallocate memory only if you‘ve deleted. In the code below, str acquires a new address with the second allocation. The first address is lost irretrievably, and so are the 30 bytes that it pointed to. Now they‘re impossible to free, and you have a memory leak:

char* str = new char [30]; // Give str a memory address.

// delete [] str; // Remove the first comment marking in this line to correct.

str = new char [60]; /* Give str another memory address with
                                                    the first one gone forever.*/

delete [] str; // This deletes the 60 bytes, not just the first 30.

3

Watch those pointer assignments. Every dynamic variable (allocated memory on the heap) needs to be associated with a pointer. When a dynamic variable becomes disassociated from its pointer(s), it becomes impossible to erase. Again, this results in a memory leak:

char* str1 = new char [30];

char* str2 = new char [40];

strcpy(str1, "Memory leak");

str2 = str1; // Bad! Now the 40 bytes are impossible to free.

delete [] str2; // This deletes the 30 bytes.

delete [] str1; // Possible access violation. What a disaster!

4

Be careful with local pointers. A pointer you declare in a function is allocated on the stack, but the dynamic variable it points to is allocated on the heap. If you don‘t delete it, it will persist after the program exits from the function:

void Leak(int x){

char* p = new char [x];

// delete [] p; // Remove the first comment marking to correct.

}

5

Pay attention to the square braces after "delete." Use "delete" by itself to free a single object. Use "delete" [] with square brackets to free a heap array. Don‘t do something like this:

char* one = new char;

delete [] one; // Wrong

char* many = new char [30];

delete many; // Wrong!

6

If the leak yet allowed - I‘m usually seeking it with deleaker (check it here: http://deleaker.com).

Thanks!

发生内存错误是件非常麻烦的事情。编译器不能自动发现这些错误，通常是在程序运行时才能捕捉到。而这些错误大多没有明显的症状，时隐时现，增加了改错的难度。

常见的内存错误及其对策如下：

(1)      内存分配未成功，却使用了它。

编程新手常犯这种错误，因为他们没有意识到内存分配会不成功。常用解决办法是，在使用内存之前检查指针是否为NULL。如果指针p是函数的参数，那么在函数的入口处用assert(p!=NULL)进行检查。如果是用malloc或new来申请内存，应该用if(p==NULL) 或if(p!=NULL)进行防错处理。

(2)      内存分配虽然成功，但是尚未初始化就引用它。

犯这种错误主要有两个起因：一是没有初始化的观念；二是误以为内存的缺省初值全为零，导致引用初值错误（例如数组）。 内存的缺省初值究竟是什么并没有统一的标准，尽管有些时候为零值，我们宁可信其无不可信其有。所以无论用何种方式创建数组，都别忘了赋初值，即便是赋零值也不可省略，不要嫌麻烦。

(3)      内存分配成功并且已经初始化，但操作越过了内存的边界。

例如在使用数组时经常发生下标“多1”或者“少1”的操作。特别是在for循环语句中，循环次数很容易搞错，导致数组操作越界。

(4)      忘记了释放内存，造成内存泄露。

含有这种错误的函数每被调用一次就丢失一块内存。刚开始时系统的内存充足，你看不到错误。终有一次程序突然死掉，系统出现提示：内存耗尽。

动态内存的申请与释放必须配对，程序中malloc与free的使用次数一定要相同，否则肯定有错误（new/delete同理）。

(5)      释放了内存却继续使用它。

有三种情况：

A.        程序中的对象调用关系过于复杂，实在难以搞清楚某个对象究竟是否已经释放了内存，此时应该重新设计数据结构，从根本上解决对象管理的混乱局面。

B.        函数的return语句写错了，注意不要返回指向“栈内存”的“指针”或者“引用”，因为该内存在函数体结束时被自动销毁。

C.        使用free或delete释放了内存后，没有将指针设置为NULL。导致产生“野指针”。