一、RTFSC
java.lang.ThreadLocal<T>的具体实现
那么到底ThreadLocal类是如何实现这种“为每个线程提供不同的变量拷贝”的呢？先来看一下ThreadLocal的set()方法的源码是如何实现的：
[java] view plaincopyprint?
- /**
- * Sets the current thread‘s copy of this thread-local variable
- * to the specified value. Most subclasses will have no need to
- * override this method, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue}
- * method to set the values of thread-locals.
- *
- * @param value the value to be stored in the current thread‘s copy of
- * this thread-local.
- */
- public void set(T value) {
- Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
- ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
- if (map != null)
- map.set(this, value);
- else
- createMap(t, value);
- }
<span style="font-size:14px;"> /**
* Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable
* to the specified value. Most subclasses will have no need to
* override this method, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue}
* method to set the values of thread-locals.
*
* @param value the value to be stored in the current thread's copy of
* this thread-local.
*/
public void set(T value) {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
}</span>
在这个方法内部我们看到，首先通过getMap(Thread t)方法获取一个和当前线程相关的ThreadLocalMap，然后将变量的值设置到这个ThreadLocalMap对象中，当然如果获取到的ThreadLocalMap对象为空，就通过createMap方法创建。
线程隔离的秘密，就在于ThreadLocalMap这个类。ThreadLocalMap是ThreadLocal类的一个静态内部类，它实现了键值对的设置和获取（对比Map对象来理解），每个线程中都有一个独立的ThreadLocalMap副本，它所存储的值，只能被当前线程读取和修改。ThreadLocal类通过操作每一个线程特有的ThreadLocalMap副本，从而实现了变量访问在不同线程中的隔离。因为每个线程的变量都是自己特有的，完全不会有并发错误。还有一点就是，ThreadLocalMap存储的键值对中的键是this对象指向的ThreadLocal对象，而值就是你所设置的对象了。
为了加深理解，我们接着看上面代码中出现的getMap和createMap方法的实现：
[java] view plaincopyprint?
- /**
- * Get the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
- * InheritableThreadLocal.
- *
- * @param t the current thread
- * @return the map
- */
- ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
- return t.threadLocals;
- }
- /**
- * Create the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
- * InheritableThreadLocal.
- *
- * @param t the current thread
- * @param firstValue value for the initial entry of the map
- * @param map the map to store.
- */
- void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
- t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
- }
<span style="font-size:14px;"> /**
* Get the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
* InheritableThreadLocal.
*
* @param t the current thread
* @return the map
*/
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
return t.threadLocals;
}
/**
* Create the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
* InheritableThreadLocal.
*
* @param t the current thread
* @param firstValue value for the initial entry of the map
* @param map the map to store.
*/
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}</span>
接下来再看一下ThreadLocal类中的get()方法:
[java] view plaincopyprint?
- /**
- * Returns the value in the current thread‘s copy of this
- * thread-local variable. If the variable has no value for the
- * current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
- * by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
- *
- * @return the current thread‘s value of this thread-local
- */
- public T get() {
- Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
- ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
- if (map != null) {
- ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
- if (e != null)
- return (T)e.value;
- }
- return setInitialValue();
- }
<span style="font-size:14px;"> /**
* Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this
* thread-local variable. If the variable has no value for the
* current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
* by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
*
* @return the current thread's value of this thread-local
*/
public T get() {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null)
return (T)e.value;
}
return setInitialValue();
}</span>
再来看setInitialValue()方法：
[java] view plaincopyprint?
- /**
- * Variant of set() to establish initialValue. Used instead
- * of set() in case user has overridden the set() method.
- *
- * @return the initial value
- */
- private T setInitialValue() {
- T value = initialValue();
- Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
- ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
- if (map != null)
- map.set(this, value);
- else
- createMap(t, value);
- return value;
- }
<span style="font-size:14px;"> /**
* Variant of set() to establish initialValue. Used instead
* of set() in case user has overridden the set() method.
*
* @return the initial value
*/
private T setInitialValue() {
T value = initialValue();
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
return value;
}</span>
获取和当前线程绑定的值时，ThreadLocalMap对象是以this指向的ThreadLocal对象为键进行查找的，这当然和前面set()方法的代码是相呼应的。
进一步地，我们可以创建不同的ThreadLocal实例来实现多个变量在不同线程间的访问隔离，为什么可以这么做？因为不同的ThreadLocal对象作为不同键，当然也可以在线程的ThreadLocalMap对象中设置不同的值了。通过ThreadLocal对象，在多线程中共享一个值和多个值的区别，就像你在一个HashMap对象中存储一个键值对和多个键值对一样，仅此而已。
另外看一下ThreadLocalMap中的set方法
/**
* Set the value associated with key.
*
* @param key the thread local object
* @param value the value to be set
*/
private void set(ThreadLocal key, Object value) {
// We don‘t use a fast path as with get() because it is at
// least as common to use set() to create new entries as
// it is to replace existing ones, in which case, a fast
// path would fail more often than not.
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
ThreadLocal k = e.get();
if (k == key) {
e.value = value;
return;
}
if (k == null) {
replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
return;
}
}
tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
int sz = ++size;
if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
rehash();
}
实现的是对value的浅拷贝，使用时需要注意。只有保存进去的对象不是共享的对象才没有共享问题，换句话说存进去的都是每个线程new出来的对象就没有并发问题
二、和锁机制的区别
锁机制是采用让线程排队通过的方法，而线程局部变量时为每个线程拷贝副本的方式，总结一句话就是一个是锁机制进行时间换空间，一个是存储拷贝进行空间换时间。
如果ThreadLocal.set()进去的东西本来就是多个线程共享的同一个对象，那么多个线程的ThreadLocal.get()取得的还是这个共享对象本身，还是有并发访问问题。
三、典型应用
Hibernate的文档时看到了关于使ThreadLocal管理多线程访问的部分。具体代码如下
1. public static final ThreadLocal session = new ThreadLocal();
2. public static Session currentSession() {
3. Session s = (Session)session.get();
4. //open a new session,if this session has none
5. if(s == null){
6. s = sessionFactory.openSession();
7. session.set(s);
8. }
return s;
9. }
我们逐行分析
1。 初始化一个ThreadLocal对象，ThreadLocal有三个成员方法 get()、set()、initialvalue()。
如果不初始化initialvalue，则initialvalue返回null。
3。session的get根据当前线程返回其对应的线程内部变量，也就是我们需要的net.sf.hibernate.Session（相当于对应每个数据库连接）.多线程情况下共享数据库链接是不安全的。ThreadLocal保证了每个线程都有自己的s（数据库连接）。
5。如果是该线程初次访问，自然，s（数据库连接）会是null，接着创建一个Session，具体就是行6。
6。创建一个数据库连接实例 s
7。保存该数据库连接s到ThreadLocal中。
8。如果当前线程已经访问过数据库了，则从session中get()就可以获取该线程上次获取过的连接实例。