大纲:
1.词汇
1.词汇
carbohydrate[kɑ?b?‘ha?dre?t]
an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain
saccharide糖类[‘sæk?ra?d]
N any sugar or other carbohydrate, esp a simple sugar
monosaccharide单糖 [m?n?(?)‘sæk?ra?d]
a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars; the simplest group of carbohydrates
hydrolyse[‘haidr?laiz]水解
undergo hydrolysis; decompose by reacting with water
polysaccharide多糖
any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules
disaccharide[da?‘sæk?ra?d]二糖
any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
glycogen [‘gla?k?d?(?)n]糖原
one form in which body fuel is stored; stored primarily in the liver and broken down into glucose when needed by the body
N a polysaccharide consisting of glucose units: the form in which carbohydrate is stored in the liver and muscles in man and animals. It can easily be hydrolysed to glucose 糖原 (Also called animal starch)
starch淀粉
glucose葡萄糖
2.功能
2.1能源物质
2.2组成细胞结构。
3.组成
糖类分子都是由C,H,O三张元素组成。
多数糖类分子中H原子和O原子比例是2:1,类似水分子,因为糖类又称为碳水化合物。
4.分类
单糖,二糖,多糖
单糖monosaccharide:
包括葡萄糖,果糖,半乳糖,核糖,脱氧核糖
4.1葡萄糖(C_6_H_12_O_6):
生命的燃料,细胞生命活动的主要能源物质。不能水解,可直接被细胞吸收。
二糖(C_12_H_22_O_11):
蔗糖,红糖,白糖,麦芽糖,乳糖
有两分子单糖脱水缩合而成,二糖必须水解才能被细胞吸收。
多糖polysaccharide
分子式(C6H10O5)n
淀粉,糖原,纤维素
生物体内糖类绝大多数以多糖形式存在。
淀粉
是最常见的多糖。绿色植物通过光合作用产生淀粉,作为体内能量储备,存在于细胞中。
粮食作物(玉米,小麦,水稻种子)和植物变态的茎和根以及一些植物的果实中(马铃 薯,山药,甘薯)。淀粉必须经过消化分解成葡萄糖,才能被细胞吸收。
糖原
食物中淀粉水解后变成葡萄糖,这些葡萄糖成为人和动物体内合成动物多肽---糖原的原料。
糖原分布在人和动物的肝脏和肌肉中,是人和动物细胞的储能物质。
纤维素
葡萄糖连接而成,不溶于水,人和动物体内很难消化,即使草食类动物有发达的消化器官,也许借助某些微生物的帮忙才能分解这类多糖。