一、optimizer_index_cost_adj参数
优化器计算通过索引扫描访问表数据的cost开销，可以通过这个参数进行调整。参数可用值的范围为1到10000。默认值为100，超过100后越大则越会使索引扫描的COST开销越高（计算的），从而导致查询优化器更加倾向于使用全表扫描。相反，值越小于100，计算出来的索引扫描的开销就越低。
注意：
1、这里描述的开销，仅仅为优化器评估出来的而已，而非实际执行的开销；例如同样的SQL语句，同样的执行路径，修改这个参数以后，计算出来的cost不同，但是，SQL语句执行的实际物理路径、时间、逻辑读都是一样的。
2、这个参数影响优化器评估索引访问的IO开销
3、可以参见后面的示例进一步理解这个参数
二、optimizer_index_caching参数
用于在执行in-list遍历和嵌套循环连接时，优化器评估已经存在于buffer cache中的索引块的数量（以百分比的方式）。参数的取值范围是0到100，默认值为0,取值越大就越减少优化器在评估In-list和嵌套循环连接的索引扫描的开销COST。
1、这里的描述仅仅为优化器的评估结果。换句话说，它不是用来指定数据库实际缓存的每个索引块的数量
2、可以参见后面的示例进一步理解这个参数
三、索引范围扫描的成本计算公式（与两个参数相结合）
cost = { (blevel+leaf_blocks * effective index selectivity)*(1-optimizer_index_caching/100)+
cluster_factor * effective table selectivity)*(optimizer_index_cost_adj/100) }
说明
1、blevel=索引的层数，即dba_indexes视图中的blevel列值
2、leaf_blocks为索引的叶子块数量,即dba_indexes视图中的leaf_blocks列值
3、effective index selectivity指的是SQL语句中用于索引扫描的谓词驱动条件的列字段的选择率（where条件中）
4、cluster_factor为索引的聚簇因子（表示索引数据与表数据排序后的相近程度）
5、effective table selectivity指的是SQL where条件中能够在索引上进行过滤的所有谓词列字段的选择率（可以理解为通过索引扫描后（包含驱动和过滤），最后通过rowid定位表的数量）
6、一般是4、5两个部分往往是整个计算公式中权重最大的因素。
注意
1、从上面的成本计算公式和说明，我们知道，optimizer_index_cost_adj参数对优化器的影响要远远大于optimizer_index_caching参数
2、随着优化器越来越智能这两个参数的作用已经慢慢被 系统统计信息 给替换了。
3、10gR2开始，这两个参数的值尽量保持为默认值。如果实在需要调整，请严格测试！
四、optimizer_index_cost_adj参数示例
SQL> create table t as select rownum
rn ,object_name name from dba_objects a where rownum<5000;
Table created.
SQL> create index t_idx on t(rn);
Index created.
SQL> BEGIN
2
3 DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(OWNNAME=>‘SYS‘,
4 TABNAME=>‘T‘,
5 ESTIMATE_PERCENT=>30,
6 METHOD_OPT=>‘FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 1‘,
7 NO_INVALIDATE=>FALSE,
8 CASCADE=>TRUE,
9 DEGREE => 4);
10 END;
11 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> explain plan for select * from t where rn<200;
Explained.
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 470836197
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 199 | 4179 |
3 (0)| 00:00:35 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID|
T | 199 | 4179 | 3 (0)| 00:00:35 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 199 | | 2
(0)| 00:00:24 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access("RN"<200)
14 rows selected.
SQL> alter session set optimizer_index_cost_adj=50;
Session altered.
SQL> explain plan for select * from t where rn<200;
Explained.
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 470836197
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 199 | 4179 |
2 (0)| 00:00:18 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID|
T | 199 | 4179 | 2 (0)| 00:00:18 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 199 | | 1
(0)| 00:00:12 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access("RN"<200)
14 rows selected.
SQL> alter session set optimizer_index_cost_adj=500;
Session altered.
SQL> explain plan for select * from t where rn<200;
Explained.
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1601196873
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 199 | 4179 |
6 (0)| 00:01:10 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T
| 199 | 4179 | 6 (0)| 00:01:10 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("RN"<200)
13 rows selected.
五、optimizer_index_caching参数示例
IN-LIST示例
SQL> set linesize 200 pagesize 9999
SQL> explain plan for select * from t where rn in (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,100,130,200,240,2000);
Explained.
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3506647781
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 12 | 252 |
4 (0)| 00:00:43 |
| 1 | INLIST ITERATOR | | | | | |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID|
T | 12 | 252 | 4 (0)| 00:00:43 |
|* 3 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 12 | | 3
(0)| 00:00:31 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
3 - access("RN"=1 OR "RN"=2 OR "RN"=3 OR "RN"=4 OR "RN"=5 OR "RN"=6 OR
"RN"=7 OR "RN"=100 OR "RN"=130 OR "RN"=200 OR "RN"=240 OR "RN"=2000)
16 rows selected.
SQL> alter session set optimizer_index_caching=10;
Session altered.
SQL> explain plan for select * from t where rn in (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,100,130,200,240,2000);
Explained.
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3506647781
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 12 | 252 |
3 (0)| 00:00:31 |
| 1 | INLIST ITERATOR | | | | | |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID|
T | 12 | 252 | 3 (0)| 00:00:31 |
|* 3 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 12 | | 2
(0)| 00:00:19 | --可以看到cost确实降低了
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
3 - access("RN"=1 OR "RN"=2 OR "RN"=3 OR "RN"=4 OR "RN"=5 OR "RN"=6 OR
"RN"=7 OR "RN"=100 OR "RN"=130 OR "RN"=200 OR "RN"=240 OR "RN"=2000)
16 rows selected
嵌套循环连接示例：
SQL> explain plan for select /*+ use_nl(a
b) */ * from t a,t b where a.rn=b.rn and b.name=‘sss‘;
Explained.
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 752965310
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 42 |
8 (0)| 00:01:34 |
| 1 | NESTED LOOPS | | | | | |
| 2 | NESTED LOOPS | | 1 | 42 | 8 (0)| 00:01:34 |
|* 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL
| T | 1 | 21 | 6 (0)| 00:01:10 |
|* 4 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 1 | | 1
(0)| 00:00:12 |
| 5 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID|
T | 1 | 21 | 2 (0)| 00:00:24 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
3 - filter("B"."NAME"=‘sss‘)
4 - access("A"."RN"="B"."RN")
18 rows selected.
SQL> alter session set optimizer_index_caching=10;
Session altered.
SQL> explain plan for select /*+ use_nl(a
b) */ * from t a,t b where a.rn=b.rn and b.name=‘sss‘;
Explained.
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 752965310
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 42 |
7 (0)| 00:01:22 |
| 1 | NESTED LOOPS | | | | | |
| 2 | NESTED LOOPS | | 1 | 42 | 7 (0)|
00:01:22 | --可以看到cost确实降低了
|* 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL
| T | 1 | 21 | 6 (0)| 00:01:10 |
|* 4 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 1 | | 0
(0)| 00:00:01 |
| 5 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID|
T | 1 | 21 | 1 (0)| 00:00:12 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
3 - filter("B"."NAME"=‘sss‘)
4 - access("A"."RN"="B"."RN")
18 rows selected.
非in-list和嵌套循环操作，调整这个参数时，不会影响oracle优化器成本的运算，如下
SQL> set linesize 200 pagesize 999
SQL> explain plan for select * from t where rn<200;
Explained.
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 470836197
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 199 | 4179 |
3 (0)| 00:00:35 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID|
T | 199 | 4179 | 3 (0)| 00:00:35 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 199 | | 2
(0)| 00:00:24 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access("RN"<200)
14 rows selected.
SQL> alter session set optimizer_index_caching=1;
Session altered.
SQL> explain plan for select * from t where rn<200;
Explained.
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 470836197
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 199 | 4179 |
3 (0)| 00:00:35 |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID|
T | 199 | 4179 | 3 (0)| 00:00:35 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 199 | | 2
(0)| 00:00:24 | --可以看到cost确实没有改变
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 - access("RN"<200)
14 rows selected.
optimizer_index_caching和optimizer_index_cost_adj两个参数说明