问题:要实现一个队列,它能够以给定的优先级对元素排序,且每次pop操作时都会返回优先级最高的那个元素;
解决方案:采用heapq模块实现一个简单的优先级队列
# example.py # # Example of a priority queue import heapq class PriorityQueue: def __init__(self): self._queue = [] self._index = 0 def push(self, item, priority): heapq.heappush(self._queue, (-priority, self._index, item)) self._index += 1 def pop(self): return heapq.heappop(self._queue)[-1] # Example use class Item: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name def __repr__(self): return ‘Item({!r})‘.format(self.name) q = PriorityQueue() q.push(Item(‘foo‘), 1) q.push(Item(‘bar‘), 5) q.push(Item(‘spam‘), 4) q.push(Item(‘grok‘), 1) print("Should be bar:", q.pop()) print("Should be spam:", q.pop()) print("Should be foo:", q.pop()) print("Should be grok:", q.pop())
Python 3.4.0 (v3.4.0:04f714765c13, Mar 16 2014, 19:24:06) [MSC v.1600 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information. >>> ================================ RESTART ================================ >>> Should be bar: Item(‘bar‘) Should be spam: Item(‘spam‘) Should be foo: Item(‘foo‘) Should be grok: Item(‘grok‘) >>>
可以看出:第一次执行pop()操作时返回的元素具有最高的优先级;对于相同优先级的两个元素(foo和gork)返回的顺序同它们插入到队列时的顺序相同。
在这段代码中,队列以元组(-priority, self._index, item)的形式组成,priority取负值是为了队列按照从高到低的顺序排列,这和堆默认的从小到大的排序相反。
变量index的作用是对相同优先级的元素以适当的顺序排列,特别对同优先级的元素间做比较操作时扮演了重要的角色。
Item实例无法进行次序比较:
a=Item(‘foo‘) b=Item(‘bar‘) print(‘a<b: ‘,a<b)
>>> Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\4autotests\02script\python-cookbook\python-cookbook-master\src\1\5.implementing_a_priority_queue\example.py", line 27, in <module> print(‘a<b: ‘,a<b) TypeError: unorderable types: Item() < Item() >>>
如果以元组(priority, item)的形式来表示元素,只要优先级不同,就可进行比较:
a=(1,Item(‘foo‘)) b=(5,Item(‘bar‘)) c=(1,Item(‘gork‘)) print(‘a<b: ‘,a<b) print(‘a<c: ‘,a<c)
>>> a<b: True Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\4autotests\02script\python-cookbook\python-cookbook-master\src\1\5.implementing_a_priority_queue\example.py", line 29, in <module> print(‘a<c: ‘,a<c) TypeError: unorderable types: Item() < Item() >>>
引入额外的索引值,以(priority, index, item)的方式建立元组,就可以避免相同优先级无法比较的问题,因为没有哪两个元组会有相同的index值;
a=(1,0,Item(‘foo‘)) b=(5,1,Item(‘bar‘)) c=(1,2,Item(‘gork‘)) print(‘a<b: ‘,a<b) print(‘a<c: ‘,a<c)
>>> a<b: True a<c: True >>>
如果想将这个队列用于线程间通信,还需要增加适当的锁和信号机制。
时间: 2024-10-13 18:10:22