线程的状态是一个很重要的东西,因此thread dump中会显示这些状态,通过对这些状态的分析,能够得出线程的运行状况,进而发现可能存在的问题。线程的状态在Thread.State这个枚举类型中定义:
public enum State { /** * Thread state for a thread which has not yet started. */ NEW, /** * Thread state for a runnable thread. A thread in the runnable * state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may * be waiting for other resources from the operating system * such as processor. */ RUNNABLE, /** * Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock. * A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock * to enter a synchronized block/method or * reenter a synchronized block/method after calling * {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}. */ BLOCKED, /** * Thread state for a waiting thread. * A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the * following methods: * <ul> * <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li> * <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li> * <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li> * </ul> * * <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to * perform a particular action. * * For example, a thread that has called <tt>Object.wait()</tt> * on an object is waiting for another thread to call * <tt>Object.notify()</tt> or <tt>Object.notifyAll()</tt> on * that object. A thread that has called <tt>Thread.join()</tt> * is waiting for a specified thread to terminate. */ WAITING, /** * Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time. * A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of * the following methods with a specified positive waiting time: * <ul> * <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li> * <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li> * <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li> * <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li> * <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li> * </ul> */ TIMED_WAITING, /** * Thread state for a terminated thread. * The thread has completed execution. */ TERMINATED; }
下面简单地介绍下这几个状态值:
1、NEW:
我们知道每一个线程,在堆内存中都有一个对应的Thread对象。Thread t = new Thread();当刚刚在堆内存中创建Thread对象,还没有调用t.start()方法之前,线程就处在NEW状态。在这个状态上,线程与普通的java对象没有什么区别,就仅仅是一个堆内存中的对象。
2、RUNNABLE
该状态表示线程具备所有运行条件,在运行队列中准备操作系统的调度,或者正在运行。 这个状态的线程比较正常,但如果线程长时间停留在在这个状态就不正常了,这说明线程运行的时间很长(存在性能问题),或者是线程一直得不得执行的机会(存在线程饥饿的问题)。
3、BLOCKED
线程正在等待获取java对象的监视器(也叫内置锁),即线程正在等待进入由synchronized保护的方法或者代码块。synchronized用来保证原子性,任意时刻最多只能由一个线程进入该临界区域,其他线程只能排队等待。
4、WAITING
处在该线程的状态,正在等待某个事件的发生,只有特定的条件满足,才能获得执行机会。而产生这个特定的事件,通常都是另一个线程。也就是说,如果不发生特定的事件,那么处在该状态的线程一直等待,不能获取执行的机会。比如说,A线程调用了obj对象的obj.wait()方法,如果没有线程调用obj.notify或obj.notifyAll,那么A线程就没有办法恢复运行;如果A线程调用了LockSupport.park(),没有别的线程调用LockSupport.unpark(A),那么A没有办法恢复运行。
5、TIMED_WAITING
我们知道J.U.C中很多与线程相关类,都提供了限时版本和不限时版本的API。TIMED_WAITING意味着线程调用了限时版本的API,正在等待时间流逝;当等待时间过去后,线程一样可以恢复运行。如果线程进入了WAITING状态,一定要特定的事件发生才能恢复运行;而处在TIMED_WAITING的线程,如果特定的事件发生或者是时间流逝完毕,都会恢复运行。
6、TERMINATED
线程执行完毕,执行完run方法正常返回,或者抛出了运行时异常而结束,线程都会停留在这个状态。这个时候线程只剩下Thread对象了,没有什么用了。
接下来我们利用JDK提供的jstack工具,查看下thread dump文件中线程的状态。NEW、RUNNABLE、TERMINATED这3个状态很容易理解,主要讲下其它3种状态。
1、显示BLOCKED状态
package jstack; public class BlockedState { private static Object object = new Object(); public static void main(String[] args) { Runnable task = new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { synchronized (object) { long begin = System.currentTimeMillis(); long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); // 让线程运行5分钟,会一直持有object的监视器 while ((end - begin) <= 5 * 60 * 1000) { } } } }; new Thread(task, "t1").start(); new Thread(task, "t2").start(); } }
先获取object的线程会执行5分钟,这5分钟内会一直持有object的监视器,另一个线程无法执行处在BLOCKED状态
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>jps 5400 Jps 3364 4752 BlockedState C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>jstack 4752 2014-09-23 19:42:28 Full thread dump Java HotSpot(TM) Server VM (20.12-b01 mixed mode): "DestroyJavaVM" prio=6 tid=0x00856c00 nid=0x1314 waiting on condition [0x00000000] java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE "t2" prio=6 tid=0x27d7a800 nid=0x1350 waiting for monitor entry [0x2833f000] java.lang.Thread.State: BLOCKED (on object monitor) at jstack.BlockedState$1.run(BlockedState.java:17) - waiting to lock <0x1cfcdc00> (a java.lang.Object) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662) "t1" prio=6 tid=0x27d79400 nid=0x1338 runnable [0x282ef000] java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE at jstack.BlockedState$1.run(BlockedState.java:22) - locked <0x1cfcdc00> (a java.lang.Object) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
通过thread dump可以看到:t2线程确实处在BLOCKED (on object monitor)。waiting for monitor entry 等待进入synchronized保护的区域。
2、显示WAITING状态
package jstack; public class WaitingState { private static Object object = new Object(); public static void main(String[] args) { Runnable task = new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { synchronized (object) { long begin = System.currentTimeMillis(); long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); // 让线程运行5分钟,会一直持有object的监视器 while ((end - begin) <= 5 * 60 * 1000) { try { // 进入等待的同时,会进入释放监视器 object.wait(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } } }; new Thread(task, "t1").start(); new Thread(task, "t2").start(); } }
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>jps 3356 Jps 3364 5784 WaitingState C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>jstack 5784 2014-09-23 19:48:43 Full thread dump Java HotSpot(TM) Server VM (20.12-b01 mixed mode): "DestroyJavaVM" prio=6 tid=0x00856c00 nid=0x1734 waiting on condition [0x00000000] java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE "t2" prio=6 tid=0x27d7e000 nid=0x17f4 in Object.wait() [0x2833f000] java.lang.Thread.State: WAITING (on object monitor) at java.lang.Object.wait(Native Method) - waiting on <0x1cfcdc00> (a java.lang.Object) at java.lang.Object.wait(Object.java:485) at jstack.WaitingState$1.run(WaitingState.java:26) - locked <0x1cfcdc00> (a java.lang.Object) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662) "t1" prio=6 tid=0x27d7d400 nid=0x17f0 in Object.wait() [0x282ef000] java.lang.Thread.State: WAITING (on object monitor) at java.lang.Object.wait(Native Method) - waiting on <0x1cfcdc00> (a java.lang.Object) at java.lang.Object.wait(Object.java:485) at jstack.WaitingState$1.run(WaitingState.java:26) - locked <0x1cfcdc00> (a java.lang.Object) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
可以发现t1和t2都处在WAITING (on object monitor),进入等待状态的原因是调用了in Object.wait()。通过J.U.C包下的锁和条件队列,也是这个效果,大家可以自己实践下。
3、显示TIMED_WAITING状态
package jstack; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; public class TimedWaitingState { // java的显示锁,类似java对象内置的监视器 private static Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); // 锁关联的条件队列(类似于object.wait) private static Condition condition = lock.newCondition(); public static void main(String[] args) { Runnable task = new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { // 加锁,进入临界区 lock.lock(); try { condition.await(5, TimeUnit.MINUTES); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } // 解锁,退出临界区 lock.unlock(); } }; new Thread(task, "t1").start(); new Thread(task, "t2").start(); } }
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>jps 5952 Jps 3364 5732 TimedWaitingState C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>jstack 5732 2014-09-23 19:59:44 Full thread dump Java HotSpot(TM) Server VM (20.12-b01 mixed mode): "DestroyJavaVM" prio=6 tid=0x00856c00 nid=0x169c waiting on condition [0x00000000] java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE "t2" prio=6 tid=0x27d7d800 nid=0xc30 waiting on condition [0x2833f000] java.lang.Thread.State: TIMED_WAITING (parking) at sun.misc.Unsafe.park(Native Method) - parking to wait for <0x1cfce5b8> (a java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer$ConditionObject) at java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport.parkNanos(LockSupport.java:196) at java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer$ConditionObject.await(AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.java:2116) at jstack.TimedWaitingState$1.run(TimedWaitingState.java:28) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662) "t1" prio=6 tid=0x280d0c00 nid=0x16e0 waiting on condition [0x282ef000] java.lang.Thread.State: TIMED_WAITING (parking) at sun.misc.Unsafe.park(Native Method) - parking to wait for <0x1cfce5b8> (a java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer$ConditionObject) at java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport.parkNanos(LockSupport.java:196) at java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer$ConditionObject.await(AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.java:2116) at jstack.TimedWaitingState$1.run(TimedWaitingState.java:28) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
可以看到t1和t2线程都处在java.lang.Thread.State: TIMED_WAITING (parking),这个parking代表是调用的JUC下的工具类,而不是java默认的监视器。内置锁和显示锁的差别,可以看我下java并发相关的文章 java并发编程专题
http://blog.csdn.net/aitangyong/article/category/2298385
接下来看下thread dump打印出的线程信息代表什么含义,每个线程的基本都是一样的,我们随便选取一个,分析下:
"t1" prio=6 tid=0x27d7d400 nid=0x17f0 in Object.wait() [0x282ef000] java.lang.Thread.State: WAITING (on object monitor) at java.lang.Object.wait(Native Method) - waiting on <0x1cfcdc00> (a java.lang.Object) at java.lang.Object.wait(Object.java:485) at jstack.WaitingState$1.run(WaitingState.java:26) - locked <0x1cfcdc00> (a java.lang.Object) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
t1 : 这个是线程名称,可以在new Thread()对象的时候指定,或者调用Thread.setName。有了这个名称,搜索thread dump的时候更加方便。这也就是为什么,一般创建线程的时候需要指定线程名称,而不是使用默认的名称。
prio=6 : 这个代表的是线程的优先级priority,也可以通过Thread类中的API修改。实际应用中,一般不会设置该属性,没有太大的用处。
tid : Java的线程Id (这个线程在当前虚拟机中的唯一标识)。
nid : 线程本地标识,是线程在操作系统中的标识。
[0x282ef000] : 对象的内存地址,通过JVM内存查看工具,能够看出线程是在哪儿个对象上等待。
java.lang.Thread.State: WAITING (on object monitor) : 显示线程当前时刻的状态,括号里面是处于该状态的原因。
最下面以at开头的是线程的调用堆栈,通过它可以看出线程执行代码的流程。
最后我们看下dump文件中Waiting for monitor entry 和 in Object.wait()的区别。首先我们需要注意一点:这2个东西都是针对Object对象的监视器而言的,只要监视器才会有这种区分,因为监视器是JVM内置支持的,所以可以想象的到,JVM内部会特殊处理这个监视器。而JDK5.0之后提供显示锁Lock不不会区分这2种状态,因为Lock对于JVM而言,就是一个普通的java对象。下面这个图,描述了线程和
Monitor之间关系,以及线程的状态转换图:
从图中可以看出,每个 Monitor在某个时刻,只能被一个线程拥有,该线程就是 “Active Thread”,而其它线程都是 “Waiting Thread”,分别在两个队列 “ Entry Set”和 “Wait
Set”里面等候。在 “Entry Set”中等待的线程状态是 “Waiting for monitor entry”,而在 “Wait Set”中等待的线程状态是 “in Object.wait()”。 简单地理解:“Entry Set”中存放的是等待进入synchronized的线程,“Wait
Set”中存放的是已经进入了synchronized但是调用了object.wait的线程。