1.概述
ArrayList是List接口的可变数组的实现。实现了所有可选列表操作,并允许包括 null 在内的所有元素。除了实现 List 接口外,此类还提供一些方法来操作内部用来存储列表的数组的大小。
每个ArrayList实例都有一个容量,该容量是指用来存储列表元素的数组的大小。它总是至少等于列表的大小(如果不指定capacity,默认是10)。
/** * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten. */ public ArrayList() { this(10); }
随着向ArrayList中不断添加元素,其容量也自动增长。自动增长会带来数据向新数组的重新拷贝(影响性能),因此,如果可预知数据量的多少,可在构造ArrayList时指定其容量。在添加大量元素前,应用程序也可以使用ensureCapacity操作来增加ArrayList实例的容量,这可以减少递增式再分配的数量。
/** * Appends the specified element to the end of this list. * * @param e element to be appended to this list * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add}) */ public boolean add(E e) { ensureCapacity(size + 1); // Increments modCount!! elementData[size++] = e; return true; }
/** * Increases the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance, if * necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements * specified by the minimum capacity argument. * * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity */ public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) { modCount++; int oldCapacity = elementData.length; if (minCapacity > oldCapacity) { Object oldData[] = elementData; int newCapacity = (oldCapacity * 3)/2 + 1; if (newCapacity < minCapacity) newCapacity = minCapacity; // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win: elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity); } }
注意,此实现不是同步的。如果多个线程同时访问一个ArrayList实例,而其中至少一个线程从结构上修改了列表,那么它必须保持外部同步。
2 Arraylist的实现
2.1 底层利用object数组实现
private transient Object[] elementData;
2.2 构造方法
public ArrayList() { this(10); } public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) { super(); if (initialCapacity < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+ initialCapacity); this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity]; } public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) { elementData = c.toArray(); size = elementData.length; // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652) if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class) elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class); }
此处也是用Arrays.copyOf实现数组的复制,重点研究一下。与生成新数组的时候一样。
2.3 存储
ArrayList提供了set(int index, E element)、add(E e)、add(int index, E element)、addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)、addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)这些添加元素的方法。下面我们一一讲解
1. set(int index, E element),取代,而非插入,返回被取代的元素
/** * Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with * the specified element. * * @param index index of the element to replace * @param element element to be stored at the specified position * @return the element previously at the specified position * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc} */ public E set(int index, E element) { RangeCheck(index); E oldValue = (E) elementData[index]; elementData[index] = element; return oldValue; }
2. add(E e) 增加元素到末尾,如果size不高,自动增长
/** * Appends the specified element to the end of this list. * * @param e element to be appended to this list * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add}) */ public boolean add(E e) { ensureCapacity(size + 1); // Increments modCount!! elementData[size++] = e; return true; }
3. add(int index, E element) 增加元素到某个位置,该索引之后的元素都后移一位
/** * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this * list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and * any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices). * * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted * @param element element to be inserted * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc} */ public void add(int index, E element) { if (index > size || index < 0) throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException( "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size); ensureCapacity(size+1); // Increments modCount!! System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1, size - index); elementData[index] = element; size++; }
3.后面两个方法都是把集合转换为数组利用c.toArray,然后利用Arrays.copyOF 方法,重点研究一下
/** * Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of * this list, in the order that they are returned by the * specified collection‘s Iterator. The behavior of this operation is * undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation * is in progress. (This implies that the behavior of this call is * undefined if the specified collection is this list, and this * list is nonempty.) * * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null */ public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) { Object[] a = c.toArray(); int numNew = a.length; ensureCapacity(size + numNew); // Increments modCount System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew); size += numNew; return numNew != 0; }
Collection 接口定义了toArray方法,如下
/** * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this collection. * If this collection makes any guarantees as to what order its elements * are returned by its iterator, this method must return the elements in * the same order. * * <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are * maintained by this collection. (In other words, this method must * allocate a new array even if this collection is backed by an array). * The caller is thus free to modify the returned array. * * <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based * APIs. * * @return an array containing all of the elements in this collection */ Object[] toArray();
下面是arraylist对其的一种实现:
/** * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list * in proper sequence (from first to last element). * * <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are * maintained by this list. (In other words, this method must allocate * a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array. * * <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based * APIs. * * @return an array containing all of the elements in this list in * proper sequence */ public Object[] toArray() { return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size); }
备注:
/**
* This class contains various methods for manipulating arrays (such as
* sorting and searching). This class also contains a static factory
* that allows arrays to be viewed as lists.
3 Arrays.copyOf 源码如下:
/** * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with nulls (if necessary) * so the copy has the specified length. For all indices that are * valid in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will * contain identical values. For any indices that are valid in the * copy but not the original, the copy will contain <tt>null</tt>. * Such indices will exist if and only if the specified length * is greater than that of the original array. * The resulting array is of the class <tt>newType</tt>. * * @param original the array to be copied * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned * @param newType the class of the copy to be returned * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with nulls * to obtain the specified length * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if <tt>newLength</tt> is negative * @throws NullPointerException if <tt>original</tt> is null * @throws ArrayStoreException if an element copied from * <tt>original</tt> is not of a runtime type that can be stored in * an array of class <tt>newType</tt> * @since 1.6 */ public static <T,U> T[] copyOf(U[] original, int newLength, Class<? extends T[]> newType) { T[] copy = ((Object)newType == (Object)Object[].class) ? (T[]) new Object[newLength] : (T[]) Array.newInstance(newType.getComponentType(), newLength); System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0, Math.min(original.length, newLength)); return copy; }
此处jdk有所优化,如果是object类型,直接new object数组,如果不是通过Array.newInstance调用native方法产生响应的数组类型,创建数组后,通过System.arrayCopy实现数组复制,System是个final类,copyof是个native方法。(如果实现,为何用native方法???)源码如下
* @param src the source array. * @param srcPos starting position in the source array. * @param dest the destination array. * @param destPos starting position in the destination data. * @param length the number of array elements to be copied. * @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if copying would cause * access of data outside array bounds. * @exception ArrayStoreException if an element in the <code>src</code> * array could not be stored into the <code>dest</code> array * because of a type mismatch. * @exception NullPointerException if either <code>src</code> or * <code>dest</code> is <code>null</code>. */ public static native void arraycopy(Object src, int srcPos, Object dest, int destPos, int length);
集合类学习之Arraylist 源码分析