转载:http://www.cnblogs.com/ikuman/archive/2013/11/04/3403073.html
1、struts2自2.1以后推荐使用Convention Plugin支持struts零配置支持(引入jar:struts2-convention-plugin-2.x.x.jar)
①convention默认扫描所有实现com.opensymphony.xwork2.Action的类和指定包路径下以Action结尾的类名
②struts.convention.package.locators指定默认的根packages,struts.convention.action.packages指定搜索的packages下的action,
struts.convention.exclude.packages指定忽略的packages
③默认视图路径:WEB-INF/content(可通过struts.convention.result.path修改)
2、results和resultcodes
①容器启动后,convention会自动加载所有action和jsp
②可以指定不同的结果页面,action-resultcode.jsp
③可以认为默认匹配顺序为actionName+resultcode+suffix>actionName+suffix
URL |
Result |
File that could match |
Result Type |
/hello |
success |
/WEB-INF/content/hello.jsp |
Dispatcher |
/hello |
success |
/WEB-INF/content/hello-success.htm |
Dispatcher |
/hello |
success |
/WEB-INF/content/hello.ftl |
FreeMarker |
/hello-world |
input |
/WEB-INF/content/hello-world-input.vm |
Velocity |
/test1/test2/hello |
error |
/WEB-INF/content/test/test2/hello-error.html |
Dispatcher |
3、chain链
①一个action调用同一个包中的另一个action
②若一个action未定义相对应的resultcode的result,且同一个包中有形如action-resultcode的action,如:
package com.example.actions; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.Action; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; public class HelloAction extends ActionSupport { @Action("foo") public String foo() { return "bar"; } @Action("foo-bar") public String bar() { return SUCCESS; } }
此时,若未定义"foo-bar"的result,则convention尝试在同一个包下寻找action名为”foo-bar”的action。如果找到这样的action,
convention将会调用并返回相关联的result。
4、XWork packages
①为了避免冲突,可将action放在一个自定义XWORK的package下
②package命名由action所在的Java包,action对应的URL中namespace部分以及action的parent XWork package三个部分组成,即:
<java-package>#<namespace>#<parent-package>
③parent XWork package 值在属性 struts.convention.default.parent.package 中指定(默认为convention-default)
<constant name="struts.convention.default.parent.package" value="convention-default"/>
5、Annotation reference
Convention使用很多注解来重写默认插件的action到url的映射和result路径。同时,也可以通过修改parent XWork package
通过使用@Action注解,Convention plugin可以改变action映射的url,同时也可以使一个action对应多个url地址,例如:
package com.example.actions; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Action; public class HelloWorld extends ActionSupport { @Action("/different/url") public String execute() { return SUCCESS; } }
这时,action映射的url地址将是/different/url,如果没有定义@Result,则该namespace下的action路径将被当作result path,即WEB-
INF/content/different/url.jsp
通过@Actions注解,一个方法可以对应多个url路径,如:
package com.example.actions; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Action; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Actions; public class HelloWorld extends ActionSupport { @Actions({ @Action("/different/url"), @Action("/another/url") }) public String execute() { return SUCCESS; } }
另外一种使用@Action和@Actions的例子是在一个Action类中定义多个方法,使用不同的注解,对应不同的url,如:
package com.example.actions; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Action; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Actions; public class HelloWorld extends ActionSupport { @Action("/different/url") public String execute() { return SUCCESS; } @Action("url") public String doSomething() { return SUCCESS; } }
第二个方法中的相对路径注解不推荐使用,它的路径将取决与package对应的namespace而不是由Action注解决定
Interceptor和interceptor stacks同样可以使用注解,下面的例子使用了validation interceptor和defaultStack interceptor stack:
package com.example.actions; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Action; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Actions; public class HelloWorld extends ActionSupport { @Action(interceptorRefs={@InterceptorRef("validation"), @InterceptorRef("defaultStack")}) public String execute() { return SUCCESS; } @Action("url") public String doSomething() { return SUCCESS; } }
InterceptorRefs可用于方法或Action类,若用于类上,则对所有方法有效
package com.example.actions; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Action; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Actions; @InterceptorRefs({ @InterceptorRef("interceptor-1"), @InterceptorRef("defaultStack") }) public class HelloWorld extends ActionSupport { @Action(value="action1", [email protected]("validation")) public String execute() { return SUCCESS; } @Action(value="action2") public String doSomething() { return SUCCESS; } }
注意:如果遇到"Unable to find interceptor class referenced by ref-name XYZ",则说明在convention扫描Action类时,没有Interceptor指定的拦截器。处理方式为:1使用@ParentPackage注解(或者指定struts.convention.default.parent.package)指定定义了该Interceptor的package;2创建一个package并继承定义了该Interceptor的package,同时使用@ParentPackage(或者 struts.convention.default.parent.package)指定该package
同时也可以指定params参数,使用 {"key0", "value0, "key1", "value1" ... "keyN", "valueN"}形式
package com.example.actions; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Action; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Actions; public class HelloWorld extends ActionSupport { @Action([email protected](value="validation",params={"programmatic", "false", "declarative", "true})) public String execute() { return SUCCESS; } @Action("url") public String doSomething() { return SUCCESS; } }
若未指定interceptors,则使用default stack
如果将@Action,@Actions用于Action类,若该类中定义了execute,则该方法将用于action映射,否则应用的方法取决于请求
对于结果注解@Results可分为全局和局部,全局@Results定义在Action类,对所有方法有效,局部@Results定义在方法上,只对该方法有效
package com.example.actions; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Action; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Actions; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Result; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Results; @Results({ @Result(name="failure", location="fail.jsp") }) public class HelloWorld extends ActionSupport { @Action(value="/different/url", results={@Result(name="success", location="http://struts.apache.org", type="redirect")} ) public String execute() { return SUCCESS; } @Action("/another/url") public String doSomething() { return SUCCESS; } }
在@Results注解中可以使用@params, {"key0", "value0, "key1", "value1" ... "keyN", "valueN"}
package com.example.actions; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Action; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Actions; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Result; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Results; public class HelloWorld extends ActionSupport { @Action(value="/different/url", results={@Result(name="success", type="httpheader", params={"status", "500", "errorMessage", "Internal Error"})} ) public String execute() { return SUCCESS; } @Action("/another/url") public String doSomething() { return SUCCESS; } }
从2.1.7版本后,@Results可以被子类继承
对于@Namespace注解可应用于Action类和packages中,在类上使用时为非完全限定
package com.example.actions; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Action; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Namespace; @Namespace("/custom") public class HelloWorld extends ActionSupport { @Action("/different/url") public String execute() { return SUCCESS; } @Action("url") public String doSomething() { return SUCCESS; } }
该Action类对应两个url: /different/url和/custom/url
@org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Namespace("/custom") package com.example.actions;
应用于package时,子包不继承该namespace
对于@ResultPath允许改变默认的结果存放地址,该注解可用于Action类和package
package com.example.actions; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Action; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.ResultPath; @ResultPath("/WEB-INF/jsps") public class HelloWorld extends ActionSupport { public String execute() { return SUCCESS; } }
经过注解,该Action类对应的result地址为/WEB-INF/jsps,而不是默认的/WEB-INF/content
对于@ParentPackage允许应用为Action类或java package定义不同的parent Struts package,也可以通过struts.convention.default.parent.package指定
package com.example.actions; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.Action; import org.apache.struts2.convention.annotation.ParentPackage; @ParentPackage("customXWorkPackage") public class HelloWorld extends ActionSupport { public String execute() { return SUCCESS; } }
对于@ExceptionMappings可以指定Action类或方法的异常映射
@ExceptionMappings({ @ExceptionMapping(exception = "java.lang.NullPointerException", result = "success", params = {"param1", "val1"}) }) public class ExceptionsActionLevelAction { public String execute() throws Exception { return null; } }
public class ExceptionsMethodLevelAction { @Action(value = "exception1", exceptionMappings = { @ExceptionMapping(exception = "java.lang.NullPointerException", result = "success", params = {"param1", "val1"}) }) public String run1() throws Exception { return null; } }
对于jar包,Convention plugin默认不会扫描其中的Action,若希望扫描,则需要配置struts.convention.action.includeJars
<constant name="struts.convention.action.includeJars" value=".*?/myjar1.*?jar(!/)?,.*?/myjar2*?jar(!/)?">
注意,此处正则表达式匹配的是jar的路径而不是文件名,该路径下应包含jar并以"!/"结尾
Convention plugin可以自动重载配置的修改,扫描Action的改动,若要启用该功能,需要配置
<constant name="struts.devMode" value="true"/> <constant name="struts.convention.classes.reload" value="true" />
生产环境下,强烈建议不使用该功能
6、Tips
①确保action的namespace与locators中的一个匹配,在locators后面的包路径后面,将作为action的namespace,同时将用于定位results。例如对于位
于"my.example.actions.orders"路径下的ViewAction将对应映射‘/orders/view.action‘,并且结果必将位于/WEB-INF/content/orders,类似/WEB-
INF/content/orders/view-success.jsp
②使用Configuration Browser查看action映射
③打开跟踪或调试,如log4j中增加:log4j.logger.org.apache.struts2.convention=DEBUG
常见问题
①‘There is no Action mapped for namespace /orders and action name view.‘这意味着URL /orders/view.action为对应任何一个action类,检查namespace和该
名称的action
②‘No result defined for action my.example.actions.orders.ViewAction and result success‘这意味者action已成功映射到Url,但是Convention插件没有找到
success result,检查视图文件是否存在,类似/WEB-INF/content/orders/view-success.jsp
③‘java.lang.Exception: Could not load org/apache/velocity/runtime/resource/loader/ClasspathResourceLoader.class‘这发生在
struts.convention.action.includeJars匹配外部jar包时
④当使用自定义interceptor stack时,发生‘Unable to find interceptor class referenced by ref-name XYZ‘这意味着convention插件在解析actions时,没有继
承该Interceptor定义的那个package,解决方式有两种1)使用 @ParentPackage(或struts.convention.default.parent.package)指定定义了该拦截器的package;2)自
定义package并继承定义了该Interceptor的package,并使用@ParentPackage(或struts.convention.default.parent.package)指定
7、重写convention实现rent.package)指定
<bean type="org.apache.struts2.convention.ActionNameBuilder" name="MyActionNameBuilder" class="example.SultansOfSwingNameBuilder"/> <constant name="struts.convention.actionNameBuilder" value="MyActionNameBuilder"/>
8、convention插件配置:
Name | Default Value | Description |
---|---|---|
struts.convention.action.alwaysMapExecute | true | Set to false, to prevent Convention from creating a default mapping to "execute" when there are other methods annotated as actions in the class |
struts.convention.action.includeJars | Comma separated list of regular expressions of jar URLs to be scanned. eg. ".*myJar-0\.2.*,.*thirdparty-0\.1.*" | |
struts.convention.action.packages | An optional list of action packages that this should create configuration for (they don‘t need to match a locator pattern) | |
struts.convention.result.path | /WEB-INF/content/ | Directory where templates are located |
struts.convention.result.flatLayout | true | If set to false, the result can be put in its own directory: resultsRoot/namespace/actionName/result.extension |
struts.convention.action.suffix | Action | Suffix used to find actions based on class names |
struts.convention.action.disableScanning | false | Scan packages for actions |
struts.convention.action.mapAllMatches | false | Create action mappings, even if no @Action is found |
struts.convention.action.checkImplementsAction | true | Check if an action implements com.opensymphony.xwork2.Action to create an action mapping |
struts.convention.default.parent.package | convention-default | Default parent package for action mappins |
struts.convention.action.name.lowercase | true | Convert action name to lowercase |
struts.convention.action.name.separator | - | Separator used to build the action name, MyAction -> my-action. This character is also used as the separator between the action name and the result in templates, like action-result.jsp |
struts.convention.package.locators | action,actions,struts,struts2 | Packages whose name end with one of these strings will be scanned for actions |
struts.convention.package.locators.disable | false | Disable the scanning of packages based on package locators |
struts.convention.exclude.packages | org.apache.struts.*, org.apache.struts2.*, org.springframework.web.struts.*, org.springframework.web.struts2.*, org.hibernate.* |
Packages excluded from the action scanning |
struts.convention.package.locators.basePackage | If set, only packages that start with its value will be scanned for actions | |
struts.convention.relative.result.types | dispatcher,velocity,freemarker | The list of result types that can have locations that are relative and the result location (which is the resultPath plus the namespace) prepended to them |
struts.convention.redirect.to.slash | true | A boolean parameter that controls whether or not this will handle unknown actions in the same manner as Apache, Tomcat and other web servers. This handling will send back a redirect for URLs such as /foo to /foo/ if there doesn‘t exist an action that responds to /foo |
struts.convention.classLoader.excludeParent | true | Exclude URLs found by the parent class loader from the list of URLs scanned to find actions (needs to be set to false for JBoss 5) |
struts.convention.action.eagerLoading | false | If set, found action classes will be instantiated by the ObjectFactory to accelerate future use, setting it up can clash with Spring managed beans |