嵌入式系统移植三部曲李炎朔

嵌入式系统移植三部曲
李炎朔 09机应一班学号0906041053

三部曲《bootloader的移植》《linux的移植》《根文件系统的移植》

一 bootloader的移植
(1)安装skyeye-1.2.6_rc1

[[email protected] Desktop]# tar -xjvf skyeye-1.2.6_rc1.tar.bz2 -C ./
[[email protected] Desktop]# cd skyeye-1.2.6_rc1
[[email protected] skyeye-1.2.6_rc1]# ls
/*
aclocal.m4 ChangeLog configure depcomp LICENSE misc REPORTING-BUGS
arch config.guess configure.in device MAINTAINERS missing TODO
AUTHORS config.h.in COPYING INSTALL Makefile.am NEWS utils
autom4te.cache config.sub dbct install-sh Makefile.in README
*/

[[email protected] skyeye-1.2.6_rc1]# ./configure //配置
[[email protected] skyeye-1.2.6_rc1]# make //编译
[[email protected] skyeye-1.2.6_rc1]# make install //将skyeye安装到/usr/local/bin/
[[email protected] skyeye-1.2.6_rc1]# ll /usr/local/bin/skyeye

// -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2544308 05-17 17:59 /usr/local/bin/skyeye

[[email protected] skyeye-1.2.6_rc1]# mv /usr/local/bin/skyeye /usr/local/bin/skyeye1.2.6 //改名

(2)创建交叉编译环境
[[email protected] Desktop]# tar -xjvf arm-linux-gcc2.95.3.tar.bz2 -C ./ //交叉编译器：arm-linux-gcc2.95.3

(3)bootloader移植
[[email protected] Desktop]# tar -xjvf u-boot-1.1.4.tar.bz2 -C ./ //Bootloader：u-boot-1.1.4
[[email protected] Desktop]# cd u-boot-1.1.4
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit Makefile //编辑u-boot根目录中的Makefile文件
/*
将
ifeq ($(ARCH),arm)
CROSS_COMPILE = arm-linux-
endif
改为
ifeq ($(ARCH),arm)
CROSS_COMPILE=/usr/local/arm/2.95.3/bin/arm-linux-
endif

在
smdk2410_config : unconfig
@./mkconfig $(@:_config=) arm arm920t smdk2410 NULL s3c24x0
后面添加
ok2410_config : unconfig
@./mkconfig $(@:_config=) arm arm920t ok2410 NULL s3c24x0
*/

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# mkdir board/ok2410 //创建ok2410移植目录
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# cp board/smdk2410/* board/ok2410/ //复制必要的文件 */
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# dir board/ok2410/

// config.mk flash.c lowlevel_init.S Makefile smdk2410.c u-boot.lds

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# mv board/ok2410/smdk2410.c board/ok2410/ok2410.c
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# cp include/configs/smdk2410.h include/configs/ok2410.h
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit include/configs/ok2410.h //编辑ok2410.h头文件
/*
将
#define CFG_PROMPT "SMDK2410 # " /* Monitor Command Prompt */
改为
#define CFG_PROMPT "OK2410 # " /* Monitor Command Prompt */
*/
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit board/ok2410/Makefile
/*
将
OBJS := smdk2410.o flash.o
改为
OBJS := ok2410.o flash.o
*/
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# make ok2410_config //编译配置文件
// Configuring for ok2410 board...
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# make
/*
.....
make -C examples all
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/Desktop/u-boot-1.1.4/examples‘
/usr/local/arm/2.95.3/bin/arm-linux-gcc -g -Os -fno-strict-aliasing -fno-common -ffixed-r8 -msoft-float -D__KERNEL__ -DTEXT_BASE=0x33F80000 -I/root/Desktop/u-boot-1.1.4/include -fno-builtin -ffreestanding -nostdinc -isystem /usr/local/arm/2.95.3/lib/gcc-lib/arm-linux/2.95.3/include -pipe -DCONFIG_ARM -D__ARM__ -march=armv4 -mabi=apcs-gnu -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -c -o hello_world.o hello_world.c
cc1: Invalid option `abi=apcs-gnu‘
make[1]: *** [hello_world.o] 错误 1
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/Desktop/u-boot-1.1.4/examples‘
make: *** [examples] 错误 2
*/
//编译出现了如上错误通过修改cpu/arm920t/config.mk文件可以解决
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit cpu/arm920t/config.mk
/*
将
PLATFORM_CPPFLAGS +=$(call cc-option,-mapcs-32,-mabi=apcs-gnu)
改成：
PLATFORM_CPPFLAGS +=$(call cc-option,-mapcs-32,$(call cc-option,-mabi=apcs-gnu,))
*/
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# make
/*
......
/usr/local/arm/2.95.3/bin/arm-linux-ar crv libstubs.a stubs.o
a - stubs.o
make[1]: *** 没有规则可以创建“all”需要的目标“hello_world.srec”。停止。
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/Desktop/u-boot-1.1.4/examples‘
make: *** [examples] 错误 2
*/
//又出现错误了不怕修改examples目录下的Makefile文件就解决啦
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit examples/Makefile
/*
将原文件的第58行开始的内容：
SREC = hello_world.srec
BIN = hello_world.bin hello_world
改为
SREC = hello_world.o
BIN = hello_world.o hello_world
*/
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# make
/*
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/Desktop/u-boot-1.1.4/common‘
UNDEF_SYM=`/usr/local/arm/2.95.3/bin/arm-linux-objdump -x lib_generic/libgeneric.a board/ok2410/libok2410.a cpu/arm920t/libarm920t.a cpu/arm920t/s3c24x0/libs3c24x0.a lib_arm/libarm.a fs/cramfs/libcramfs.a fs/fat/libfat.a fs/fdos/libfdos.a fs/jffs2/libjffs2.a fs/reiserfs/libreiserfs.a fs/ext2/libext2fs.a net/libnet.a disk/libdisk.a rtc/librtc.a dtt/libdtt.a drivers/libdrivers.a drivers/sk98lin/libsk98lin.a post/libpost.a post/cpu/libcpu.a common/libcommon.a |sed -n -e ‘s/.*$__u_boot_cmd_.*$/-u\1/p‘|sort|uniq`;\
/usr/local/arm/2.95.3/bin/arm-linux-ld -Bstatic -T /root/Desktop/u-boot-1.1.4/board/ok2410/u-boot.lds -Ttext 0x33F80000 $UNDEF_SYM cpu/arm920t/start.o \
--start-group lib_generic/libgeneric.a board/ok2410/libok2410.a cpu/arm920t/libarm920t.a cpu/arm920t/s3c24x0/libs3c24x0.a lib_arm/libarm.a fs/cramfs/libcramfs.a fs/fat/libfat.a fs/fdos/libfdos.a fs/jffs2/libjffs2.a fs/reiserfs/libreiserfs.a fs/ext2/libext2fs.a net/libnet.a disk/libdisk.a rtc/librtc.a dtt/libdtt.a drivers/libdrivers.a drivers/sk98lin/libsk98lin.a post/libpost.a post/cpu/libcpu.a common/libcommon.a --end-group -L /usr/local/arm/2.95.3/lib/gcc-lib/arm-linux/2.95.3 -lgcc \
-Map u-boot.map -o u-boot
/usr/local/arm/2.95.3/bin/arm-linux-objcopy --gap-fill=0xff -O srec u-boot u-boot.srec
/usr/local/arm/2.95.3/bin/arm-linux-objcopy --gap-fill=0xff -O binary u-boot u-boot.bin

*/ //第一小步成功了...
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# ll u-boot*
/*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 396429 05-03 18:32 u-boot
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 100156 05-03 18:32 u-boot.bin
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 48690 05-03 18:32 u-boot.map
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 300538 05-03 18:32 u-boot.srec
*/
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit skyeye.conf //编辑skyeye的配置文件里面空白添加如下内容(注释里面的)
/*

# skyeye config file for S3C2410X
cpu: arm920t
mach: s3c2410x
# physical memory
mem_bank: map=M, type=RW, addr=0x00000000, size=0x00800000, file=./u-boot.bin ,boot=yes
mem_bank: map=M, type=RW, addr=0x30000000, size=0x00800000
mem_bank: map=M, type=RW, addr=0x30800000, size=0x00800000
mem_bank: map=M, type=RW, addr=0x31000000, size=0x03000000
# all peripherals I/O mapping area
mem_bank: map=I, type=RW, addr=0x48000000, size=0x20000000
mem_bank: map=I, type=RW, addr=0x19000300, size=0x00000020

net: type=cs8900a, base=0x19000300, size=0x20,int=9, mac=08:00:3E:26:0A:5B, ethmod=tuntap, hostip=10.0.0.1
nandflash: type=s3c2410x,name=K9F1208U0B,dump=./nand.dump
#lcd:type=s3c2410x, mod=gtk
dbct:state=on

*/
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# skyeye1.2.6 //执行skyeye
/*

U-Boot 1.1.4 (May 3 2009 - 18:31:55)

U-Boot code: 33F80000 -> 33F9873C BSS: -> 33F9C814
RAM Configuration:
Bank #0: 30000000 64 MB
Flash: 512 kB
*** Warning - bad CRC, using default environment

In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
OK2410 #

*/ //出现提示符OK2410 # 执行成功可以输入"?"查看帮助

//开始移植nand
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit cpu/arm920t/start.S

将以下U－Boot的重定向语句段：
#ifndef CONFIG_SKIP_RELOCATE_UBOOT
relocate: /* relocate U-Boot to RAM */
adr r0, _start /* r0
ldr r1, _TEXT_BASE /* test if we run from flash or RAM */
cmp r0, r1 /* don‘t reloc during debug */
beq stack_setup

ldr r2, _armboot_start
ldr r3, _bss_start
sub r2, r3, r2 /* r2
add r2, r0, r2 /* r2

copy_loop:
ldmia r0!, {r3-r10} /* copy from source address [r0] */
stmia r1!, {r3-r10} /* copy to target address [r1] */
cmp r0, r2 /* until source end addreee [r2] */
ble copy_loop
#endif /* CONFIG_SKIP_RELOCATE_UBOOT */

替换成：
//#ifndef CONFIG_SKIP_RELOCATE_UBOOT
//relocate: /* relocate U-Boot to RAM */
// adr r0, _start /* r0
// ldr r1, _TEXT_BASE /* test if we run from flash or RAM */
// cmp r0, r1 /* don‘t reloc during debug */
// beq stack_setup

// ldr r2, _armboot_start
// ldr r3, _bss_start
// sub r2, r3, r2 /* r2
// add r2, r0, r2 /* r2

//copy_loop:
// ldmia r0!, {r3-r10} /* copy from source address [r0] */
// stmia r1!, {r3-r10} /* copy to target address [r1] */
// cmp r0, r2 /* until source end addreee [r2] */
// ble copy_loop
//#endif /* CONFIG_SKIP_RELOCATE_UBOOT */
#ifdef CONFIG_S3C2410_NAND_BOOT
@ reset NAND
mov r1, #NAND_CTL_BASE
ldr r2, =0xf830 @ initial value
str r2, [r1, #oNFCONF]
ldr r2, [r1, #oNFCONF]
bic r2, r2, #0x800 @ enable chip
str r2, [r1, #oNFCONF]
mov r2, #0xff @ RESET command
strb r2, [r1, #oNFCMD]

mov r3, #0 @ wait
nand1:
add r3, r3, #0x1
cmp r3, #0xa
blt nand1

nand2:
ldr r2, [r1, #oNFSTAT] @ wait ready
tst r2, #0x1
beq nand2

ldr r2, [r1, #oNFCONF]
orr r2, r2, #0x800 @ disable chip
str r2, [r1, #oNFCONF]

@ get read to call C functions (for nand_read())
ldr sp, DW_STACK_START @ setup stack pointer
mov fp, #0 @ no previous frame, so fp=0

@ copy U-Boot to RAM
ldr r0, =TEXT_BASE
mov r1, #0x0
mov r2, #0x20000
bl nand_read_ll
tst r0, #0x0
beq ok_nand_read

bad_nand_read:
loop2: b loop2 @ infinite loop

ok_nand_read:
@ verify
mov r0, #0
ldr r1, =TEXT_BASE
mov r2, #0x400 @ 4 bytes * 1024 = 4K-bytes
go_next:
ldr r3, [r0], #4
ldr r4, [r1], #4
teq r3, r4
bne notmatch
subs r2, r2, #4
beq stack_setup
bne go_next

notmatch:
loop3: b loop3 @ infinite loop

#endif /* CONFIG_S3C2410_NAND_BOOT */

在
_start_armboot: .word start_armboot
后面加入
.align 2
DW_STACK_START: .word STACK_BASE+STACK_SIZE-4

//以上将从NOR Flash启动改成从NAND Flash启动

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit board/ok2410/Makefile //修改board/ok2410/Makefile
/*
将
OBJS := ok2410.o flash.o
改为
OBJS := ok2410.o flash.o nand_read.o
*/

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit board/ok2410/nand_read.c //创建board/ok2410/nand_read.c文件添加一下内容

#include
#define __REGb(x) (*(volatile unsigned char *)(x))
#define __REGi(x) (*(volatile unsigned int *)(x))
#define NF_BASE 0x4e000000
#define NFCONF __REGi(NF_BASE + 0x0)
#define NFCMD __REGb(NF_BASE + 0x4)
#define NFADDR __REGb(NF_BASE + 0x8)
#define NFDATA __REGb(NF_BASE + 0xc)
#define NFSTAT __REGb(NF_BASE + 0x10)
#define BUSY 1
#ifndef NAND_SECTOR_SIZE
#define NAND_SECTOR_SIZE 512
#endif
#ifndef NAND_BLOCK_MASK
#define NAND_BLOCK_MASK 511
#endif

inline void wait_idle(void) {
int i;
while(!(NFSTAT & BUSY))
for(i=0; i10; i++);
}

/* low level nand read function */
int nand_read_ll(unsigned char *buf, unsigned long start_addr, int size)
{
int i, j;
if ((start_addr & NAND_BLOCK_MASK) || (size & NAND_BLOCK_MASK)) {
return -1; /* invalid alignment */
}
/* chip Enable */
NFCONF &= ~0x800;
for(i=0; i10; i++);
for(i=start_addr; i (start_addr + size);) {
/* READ0 */
NFCMD = 0;
/* Write Address */
NFADDR = i & 0xff;
NFADDR = (i >> 9) & 0xff;
NFADDR = (i >> 17) & 0xff;
NFADDR = (i >> 25) & 0xff;
wait_idle();
for(j=0; j NAND_SECTOR_SIZE; j++, i++) {
*buf = (NFDATA & 0xff);
buf++;
}
}
/* chip Disable */
NFCONF |= 0x800; /* chip disable */
return 0;
}

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit include/configs/ok2410.h //编辑include/configs/ok2410.h文件

在文件的后部添加

/****************** me add begin *******************/
/*
* Nandflash Boot
*/
#define CONFIG_S3C2410_NAND_BOOT 1
#define STACK_BASE 0x33f00000
#define STACK_SIZE 0x8000
//#define UBOOT_RAM_BASE 0x33f80000
/* NAND Flash Controller */
#define NAND_CTL_BASE 0x4E000000
#define bINT_CTL(Nb) __REG(INT_CTL_BASE + (Nb))
/* Offset */
#define oNFCONF 0x00
#define oNFCMD 0x04
#define oNFADDR 0x08
#define oNFDATA 0x0c
#define oNFSTAT 0x10
#define oNFECC 0x14
/****************** me add end *******************/

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# make
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# skyeye1.2.6 //再次执行skyeye1.2.6

Init nandflash dump file.
file size:69206016
finish init nandflash dump
dbct info: turn on dbct!
uart_mod:0, desc_in:, desc_out:, converter:
SKYEYE: use arm920t mmu ops
Loaded RAM ./u-boot.bin

*/ //到此停止不动只需执行如下命令即可

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# mknandflashdump u-boot.bin nand.dump 0 //这个命令需要从网上下载复制到/bin/下即可

// finish

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# ll nand.dump
// -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 118272 05-10 22:29 nand.dump

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# skyeye1.2.6 //再次执行skyeye1.2.6
/*
**************************** WARNING **********************************
If you want to run ELF image, you should use -e option to indicate
your elf-format image filename. Or you only want to run binary image,
you need to set the filename of the image and its entry in skyeye.conf.
***********************************************************************
Your elf file is little endian.
arch: arm
cpu info: armv4, arm920t, 41009200, ff00fff0, 2
mach info: name s3c2410x, mach_init addr 0x806bae0
ethmod num=1, mac addr=8:0:3e:26:a:5b, hostip=10.0.0.1
nandflash: dump ./nand.dump
file size:69206016
dbct info: turn on dbct!
uart_mod:0, desc_in:, desc_out:, converter:
SKYEYE: use arm920t mmu ops
Loaded RAM ./u-boot.bin
ERROR: s3c2410x_io_write_word(0x4c000000) = 0x00ffffff
ERROR: s3c2410x_io_write_word(0x4c000008) = 0x00048032

U-Boot 1.1.4 (May 3 2009 - 18:57:18)

U-Boot code: 33F80000 -> 33F988D4 BSS: -> 33F9C9AC
RAM Configuration:
Bank #0: 30000000 64 MB
Flash: 512 kB
*** Warning - bad CRC, using default environment

In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
OK2410 # ? //显示可以使用的u-boot命令

以下对u-boot添加nand指令的支持

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit include/configs/ok2410.h

在
#define CONFIG_BAUDRATE 115200
后面添加
/*********************** me add begin *************************************/
/* enable passing of ATAGs */
#define CONFIG_CMDLINE_TAG 1
#define CONFIG_SETUP_MEMORY_TAGS 1
#define CONFIG_INITRD_TAG 1
/*********************** me add end *************************************/

为了能使U-BOOT正确引导Linux内核，必须传递合适的参数给内核。引导内核时可以将bootargs传递给内核。bootargs是指ok2410.h文件中的CONFIG_BOOTARGS宏

将
/*CFG_CMD_NAND |*/ \
改为
CFG_CMD_NAND | \
将
/*#define CONFIG_BOOTARGS "root=ramfs devfs=mount console=ttySA0,9600" */
改为
#define CONFIG_BOOTARGS "noinitrd root=/dev/nfs rw nfsroot=10.0.0.1:/tmp/nfs ip=10.0.0.110:10.0.0.1:10.0.0.1:255.255.255.0 init=linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200 mem=64M"
将
/*#define CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND "tftp; bootm" */
改为
#define CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND "tftp 0x31000000 uImage;bootm 0x31000000"

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit include/configs/ok2410.h

将原来的me add begin与me add end之间的内容替换成以下内容

/****************** me add begin *******************/
// #define CFG_ENV_IS_IN_FLASH 1 /*将该行注释，添加下面一行*/
#define CFG_ENV_IS_IN_NAND 1 /*该行很重要，没有该行，saveenv命令将失效*/
#define CFG_ENV_SIZE 0x10000 /* Total Size of Environment Sector */
#define CFG_NAND_LEGACY 1
#define CFG_ENV_OFFSET 0X20000 /*环境变量在Nand Flash的0x20000处*/
#if (CONFIG_COMMANDS & CFG_CMD_NAND)
#define CFG_NAND_BASE 0x4E000000 /* physical address to access nand at CS0*/
/* Nand Flash控制器在SFR区起始寄存器地址 */
#define CFG_MAX_NAND_DEVICE 1 /*支持Nand Flash设备的最大个数*/
#define SECTORSIZE 512
#define NAND_SECTOR_SIZE SECTORSIZE
#define NAND_BLOCK_MASK 511
#define ADDR_COLUMN 1
#define ADDR_PAGE 3
#define ADDR_COLUMN_PAGE 4
#define NAND_ChipID_UNKNOWN 0x00 /* 未知芯片的ID号 */
#define NAND_MAX_FLOORS 1
#define NAND_MAX_CHIPS 1下载linux-2.6.14.7.tar.bz2 /* 板子上NAND Flash芯片的最大个数 */
/*下面7行是Nand Flash命令层底层的接口函数 */
#define WRITE_NAND_COMMAND(d, adr) {rNFCMD = d;}
#define WRITE_NAND_ADDRESS(d, adr) {rNFADDR = d;}
#define WRITE_NAND(d, adr) {rNFDATA = d;}
#define READ_NAND(adr) (rNFDATA)
#define NAND_WAIT_READY(nand) {while(!(rNFSTAT&(1
#define NAND_DISABLE_CE(nand) {rNFCONF |= (1
#define NAND_ENABLE_CE(nand) {rNFCONF &= ~(1
/* the following functions are NOP‘s because S3C24X0 handles this in hardware */
#define NAND_CTL_CLRALE(nandptr)
#define NAND_CTL_SETALE(nandptr)
#define NAND_CTL_CLRCLE(nandptr)
#define NAND_CTL_SETCLE(nandptr)
#define CONFIG_MTD_NAND_VERIFY_WRITE 1 /* 允许Nand Flash写校验 */
/*
* Nandflash Boot
*/
#define CONFIG_S3C2410_NAND_BOOT 1
#define STACK_BASE 0x33f00000
#define STACK_SIZE 0x8000
//#define UBOOT_RAM_BASE 0x33f80000
/* NAND Flash Controller */
#define NAND_CTL_BASE 0x4E000000
#define bINT_CTL(Nb) __REG(INT_CTL_BASE + (Nb))
/* Offset */
#define oNFCONF 0x00
#define oNFCMD 0x04
#define oNFADDR 0x08
#define oNFDATA 0x0c
#define oNFSTAT 0x10
#define oNFECC 0x14
#define rNFCONF (*(volatile unsigned int *)0x4e000000)
#define rNFCMD (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x4e000004)
#define rNFADDR (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x4e000008)
#define rNFDATA (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x4e00000c)
#define rNFSTAT (*(volatile unsigned int *)0x4e000010)
#define rNFECC (*(volatile unsigned int *)0x4e000014)
#define rNFECC0 (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x4e000014)
#define rNFECC1 (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x4e000015)
#define rNFECC2 (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x4e000016)
#endif /* CONFIG_COMMANDS & CFG_CMD_NAND*/
/****************** me add end *******************/

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit board/ok2410/ok2410.c

在文件的尾部添加如下内容：

/****************** me add begin *******************/
#if (CONFIG_COMMANDS & CFG_CMD_NAND)
typedef enum {
NFCE_LOW,
NFCE_HIGH
} NFCE_STATE;

static inline void NF_Conf(u16 conf)
{
S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND();
nand->NFCONF = conf;
}

static inline void NF_Cmd(u8 cmd)
{
S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND();
nand->NFCMD = cmd;
}

static inline void NF_CmdW(u8 cmd)
{
NF_Cmd(cmd);
udelay(1);
}

static inline void NF_Addr(u8 addr)
{
S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND();
nand->NFADDR = addr;
}

static inline void NF_SetCE(NFCE_STATE s)
{
S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND();
switch (s) {
case NFCE_LOW:
nand->NFCONF &= ~(111);
break;
case NFCE_HIGH:
nand->NFCONF |= (111);
break;
}
}

static inline void NF_WaitRB(void)
{
S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND();
while (!(nand->NFSTAT & (10)));
}

static inline void NF_Write(u8 data)
{
S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND();
nand->NFDATA = data;
}

static inline u8 NF_Read(void)
{
S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND();
return(nand->NFDATA);
}

static inline void NF_Init_ECC(void)
{
S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND();
nand->NFCONF |= (112);
}

static inline u32 NF_Read_ECC(void)
{
S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND();
return(nand->NFECC);
}

#endif
/*
* NAND flash initialization.
*/
#if (CONFIG_COMMANDS & CFG_CMD_NAND)
extern ulong nand_probe(ulong physadr);

static inline void NF_Reset(void)
{
int i;
NF_SetCE(NFCE_LOW);
NF_Cmd(0xFF); /* reset command */
for(i = 0; i 10; i++); /* tWB = 100ns. */
NF_WaitRB(); /* wait 200~500us; */
NF_SetCE(NFCE_HIGH);
}

static inline void NF_Init(void)
{
#if 0 /* a little bit too optimistic */
#define TACLS 0
#define TWRPH0 3
#define TWRPH1 0
#else
#define TACLS 0
#define TWRPH0 4
#define TWRPH1 2
#endif

NF_Conf((115)|(014)|(013)|(112)|(111)|(TACLS8)|(TWRPH04)|(TWRPH10));
/*nand->NFCONF = (1
/* 1 1 1 1, 1 xxx, r xxx, r xxx */
/* En 512B 4step ECCR nFCE=H tACLS tWRPH0 tWRPH1 */
NF_Reset();
}

void nand_init(void)
{
S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND();
NF_Init();
#ifdef DEBUG
printf("NAND flash probing at 0x%.8lX\n", (ulong)nand);
#endif
printf ("%4lu MB\n", nand_probe((ulong)nand) >> 20);
}
#endif
/****************** me add end *******************/

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# gedit common/cmd_nand.c

将NanD_ReadBuf函数中的
NanD_Command (nand, NAND_CMD_READ0);
改为
//NanD_Command (nand, NAND_CMD_READ0);

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# make
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# ./mknandflashdump u-boot.bin nand.dump 0 //也需将此命令复制到u-boot下
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# skyeye1.2.6

Init nandflash dump file.
file size:69206016
finish init nandflash dump
dbct info: turn on dbct!
uart_mod:0, desc_in:, desc_out:, converter:
SKYEYE: use arm920t mmu ops
Loaded RAM ./u-boot.bin
ERROR: s3c2410x_io_write_word(0x4c000000) = 0x00ffffff
ERROR: s3c2410x_io_write_word(0x4c000008) = 0x00048032

U-Boot 1.1.4 (May 03 2009 - 19:19:50)

U-Boot code: 33F80000 -> 33F9BFC8 BSS: -> 33FA00A0
RAM Configuration:
Bank #0: 30000000 64 MB
Flash: 512 kB
NAND: 64 MB //注意这行出现了对nand的支持
*** Warning - bad CRC, using default environment

In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0
OK2410 #
OK2410 # ?
? - alias for ‘help‘
……
mw - memory write (fill)
nand - NAND sub-system //新添加的nand命令，关于该命令的使用，将在后面几小节中介绍
nboot - boot from NAND device
nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol
……
OK2410 #

到此对bootloader的移植已经完毕

二 Linux的移植

//下载linux-2.6.14.7.tar.bz2 交叉编译环境arm-linux-gcc-3.4.1和cs8900网卡到桌面
[[email protected] Desktop]# tar -xjvf arm-linux-gcc-3.4.1.tar.bz2 -C ./
[[email protected] Desktop]# tar -xjvf linux-2.6.14.7.tar.bz2 -C ./
[[email protected] Desktop]# tar -xjvf cs8900.tar.gz -C ./
[[email protected] Desktop]# cd linux-2.6.14.7
[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# gedit Makefile
/*

将
ARCH ?= $(SUBARCH)
CROSS_COMPILE ?=
改为
ARCH ?= arm
CROSS_COMPILE ?= /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux- // linux2.6.14的交叉编译器为gcc-3.4.1

//将321－329行改为如下否则将出现找不到编译器的错误

AS = /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux-as
LD = /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux-ld
CC = /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux-gcc
CPP = $(CC) -E
AR = /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux-ar
NM = /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux-nm
STRIP = /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux-strip
OBJCOPY = /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux-objcopy
OBJDUMP = /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux-objdump

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# cp ../cs8900/cs8900.c drivers/net/arm/
[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# cp ../cs8900/cs8900.h drivers/net/arm/ //移植网卡
[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# gedit drivers/net/arm/Kconfig

在最后添加如下内容：
config ARM_CS8900
tristate "CS8900 support"
depends on NET_ETHERNET && ARM && ARCH_SMDK2410
help
Support for CS8900A chipset based Ethernet cards. If you have a network
(Ethernet) card of this type, say Y and read the Ethernet-HOWTO, available
from as well as .To compile this driver as a module, choose M here and read.
The module will be called cs8900.o.

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# gedit drivers/net/arm/Makefile

在文件最后添加如下内容：
o bj-$(CONFIG_ARM_CS8900) += cs8900.o

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# gedit arch/arm/mach-s3c2410/mach-smdk2410.c

添加一个头文件
#include

将
static struct map_desc smdk2410_iodesc[] __initdata = {
/* nothing here yet */
};
改为
static struct map_desc smdk2410_iodesc[] __initdata = {
/* nothing here yet */
/* Map the ethernet controller CS8900A */
{ vSMDK2410_ETH_IO, pSMDK2410_ETH_IO, SZ_1M, MT_DEVICE }
};

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# gedit include/asm-arm/arch-s3c2410/smdk2410.h //创建smdk2410.h

文件的内容如下：
#ifndef _INCLUDE_SMDK2410_H_
#define _INCLUDE_SMDK2410_H_
#include
#define pSMDK2410_ETH_IO 0x19000000
#define vSMDK2410_ETH_IO 0xE0000000
#define SMDK2410_ETH_IRQ IRQ_EINT9
#endif // _INCLUDE_SMDK2410_H_

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# gedit arch/arm/mach-s3c2410/devs.c //注意将如下内容添加到头文件下面否则出错

在头文件下添加如下内容：
/*nand */
#include
#include
#include
/* NAND Controller */
/************************ 建立Nand Flash分区表 ************************/
/* 一个Nand Flash总共64MB, 按如下大小进行分区 */
/*
name：代表分区名字
size：代表Flash分区大小（单位：字节）
offset：代表Flash分区的起始地址（相对于0x0的偏移）
*/
static struct mtd_partition partition_info[] =
{
{ /* 1MB */
name: "bootloader",
size: 0x00100000,
offset: 0x0,
},
{ /* 3MB */
name: "kernel",
size: 0x00300000,
offset: 0x00100000,
},
{ /* 40MB */
name: "root",
size: 0x02800000,
offset: 0x00400000,
},
{ /* 20MB */
name: "user",
size: 0x00f00000,
offset: 0x02d00000,
}
};
/************************ 加入Nand Flash分区 ************************/
/*
nr_partitions：指明partition_info中定义的分区数目
partitions：分区信息表
*/
struct s3c2410_nand_set nandset =
{
nr_partitions: 4, /* the number of partitions */
partitions: partition_info, /* partition table */
};
/************************ 建立Nand Flash芯片支持 ************************/
/*
tacls, twrph0, twrph1的意思见S3C2410手册的63,
这3个值最后会被设置到NFCONF中,见S3C2410手册66.
sets：支持的分区集
nr_set：分区集的个数
*/
struct s3c2410_platform_nand superlpplatform=
{
tacls:0,
twrph0:30,
twrph1:0,
sets: &nandset,
nr_sets: 1,
};

另外，还要修改该文件中s3c_device_nand结构体变量，添加对dev成员的赋值。
struct platform_device s3c_device_nand = {
.name = "s3c2410-nand", /* device name */
.id = -1, /* device id */
.num_resources = ARRAY_SIZE(s3c_nand_resource),
.resource = s3c_nand_resource, /* Nand Flash Controller Registers */
.dev = /* Add the Nand Flash device */
{
.platform_data = &superlpplatform
}
};

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# gedit arch/arm/mach-s3c2410/mach-smdk2410.c

//修改smdk2410_devices[]，指明初始化时，包括前面设置的Flash分区信息。

static struct platform_device *smdk2410_devices[] __initdata = {
&s3c_device_usb,
&s3c_device_lcd,
&s3c_device_wdt,
&s3c_device_i2c,
&s3c_device_iis,
/* 添加如下语句 */
&s3c_device_nand,
};

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# gedit drivers/mtd/nand/s3c2410.c

在s3c2410_nand_init_chip()函数中。
将
chip->eccmode = NAND_ECC_SOFT;
改为
chip->eccmode = NAND_ECC_NONE;

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# gedit fs/Kconfig

找到menu "Pseudo filesystems"

添加如下语句：
config DEVFS_FS
bool "/dev file system support (OBSOLETE)"
default y
config DEVFS_MOUNT
bool "Automatically mount at boot"
default y
depends on DEVFS_FS

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# cp arch/arm/configs/smdk2410_defconfig .config
[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# make smdk2410_defconfig
[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# make menuconfig //开始配置内核

//在弹出的TUI界面中，进行如下的配置（在smdk2410_defconfig的基础上）。

Loadable module support --->
[*] Enable loadable module support

# 设置内核启动参数
Boot options >
将
(root=1f04 mem=32M) Default kernel command string
改为
noinitrd mem=64M root=/dev/mtdblock2 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200
#说明：
# mtdblock2代表第3个Flash分区，是rootfs
# console=ttySAC0,115200使kernel启动期间的信息全部输出到串口0上
# 2.6内核对于串口的命名改为ttySAC0，但这不影响用户空间的串口编程，用户空间的串口编程针对的仍是/dev/ttyS0等

Floating point emulation --->
[*] NWFPE math emulation
//This is necessary to run most binaries!!!

#接下来要做的是对内核MTD子系统的设置
Device Drivers --->
Memory Technology Devices (MTD) --->
Memory Technology Device (MTD) support
[*] MTD partitioning support
#支持MTD分区，这样我们在前面设置的分区才有意义
[*] Command line partition table parsing
#支持从命令行设置flash分区信息，灵活
RAM/ROM/Flash chip drivers --->
Detect flash chips by Common Flash Interface (CFI) probe
Detect non-CFI AMD/JEDEC-compatible flash chips
[ ] Flash chip driver advanced configuration options
Support for Intel/Sharp flash chips
Support for AMD/Fujitsu flash chips
(0) Retry failed commands (erase/program) (NEW)
> Support for ST (Advanced Architecture) flash chips
> Support for RAM chips in bus mapping
Support for ROM chips in bus mapping
> Support for absent chips in bus mapping
> XIP aware MTD support

NAND Flash Device Drivers --->
NAND Device Support
NAND Flash support for S3C2410/S3C2440 SoC

# 内核支持从Ramdisk启动
Device Drivers --->
Block devices --->
Loopback device support
Network block device support
RAM disk support
(16) Default number of RAM disks
(4096) Default RAM disk size (kbytes)
[*] Initial RAM disk (initrd) support

# 设置CS8900的支持, 将前面添加的网卡驱动程序，以静态的方式添加到内核中
Device Drivers --->
Network device support --->
Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit) --->
[*] Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit)
CS8900 support

#接下来要做的是对串口的设置
Device Drivers --->
Character devices --->
[*] Non-standard serial port support
[*] S3C2410 RTC Driver

#接下来要做的是针对文件系统的设置
File systems --->
Second extended fs support
ROM file system support #支持romfs
Pseudo filesystems --->
[*] /dev file system support (OBSOLETE)
[*] Automatically mount at boot (NEW)
[*] /proc file system support
[*] Virtual memory file system support (former shm fs)
Miscellaneous filesystems --->
Journalling Flash File System (JFFS) support #支持JFFS
(0) JFFS debugging verbosity (0 = quiet, 3 = noisy) (NEW)
[*] JFFS stats available in /proc filesystem
Journalling Flash File System v2 (JFFS2) support #支持JFFS2
(0) JFFS2 debugging verbosity (0 = quiet, 2 = noisy) (NEW)
[*] JFFS2 write-buffering support (NEW)
[ ] Advanced compression options for JFFS2 (NEW)
Compressed ROM file system support (cramfs) #支持cramfs
Network File Systems --->
NFS file system support
[*] Provide NFSv3 client support
[*] Root file system on NFS
YAFFS2 file system support #支持YAFFS2
--- 512 byte / page devices
[ ] Use older-style on-NAND data format with pageStatus byte (NEW)
[*] Lets Yaffs do its own ECC (NEW)
[*] Use the same ecc byte order as Steven Hill‘s nand_ecc.c
--- 2048 byte (or larger) / page devices
[*] Autoselect yaffs2 format (NEW)
[*] Disable lazy loading (NEW)
[*] Turn off wide tnodes (NEW)
[*] Force chunk erase check (NEW)
[*] Cache short names in RAM (NEW)

//保存退出，产生.config文件

Image Name: linux-2.6.14.7
Created: Sun May 10 15:16:17 2009
Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
Data Size: 1009504 Bytes = 985.84 kB = 0.96 MB
Load Address: 0x30008000
Entry Point: 0x30008000

[[email protected] tools]# cp uImage ../
[[email protected] tools]# cp initrd.img ../
[[email protected] tools]# cp uImage /tftpboot/
[[email protected] tools]# cp initrd.img /tftpboot/
[[email protected] tools]# cp ../u-boot.bin /tftpboot/
[[email protected] tools]# cp initrd.img /tmp/nfs/
[[email protected] tools]# iptables -F //清空防火墙规则
[[email protected] tools]# cd ..

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# skyeye1.2.6

//出现ok2410提示符后按如下输入命令

OK2410 # setenv bootargs noinitrd mem=64M root=/dev/mtdblock2 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200
OK2410 # tftp 0x31000000 uImage
OK2410 # bootm 31000000
## Booting image at 31000000 ...
Image Name: linux-2.6.14.7
Created: 2009-05-10 14:48:03 UTC
Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
Data Size: 1009504 Bytes = 985.8 kB
Load Address: 30008000
Entry Point: 30008000
Verifying Checksum ... OK
OK
Starting kernel ...
Uncompressing Linux.................................................................... done, booting the kernel.

Error: unrecognized/unsupported machine ID (r1 = 0x00000000). //出现错误
Available machine support:
ID (hex) NAME
000000c1 SMDK2410
Please check your kernel config and/or bootloader.

//出现如上错误修改内核的arch/arm/kernel/head.S 即可解决

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# gedit arch/arm/kernel/head.S

ENTRY(stext)
/************ me add begin ************/
mov r0, #0
mov r1, #0xc1
ldr r2, =0x30000100
/************ me add end ************/
msr cpsr_c, #PSR_F_BIT | PSR_I_BIT | MODE_SVC @ ensure svc mode
@ and irqs disabled
bl __lookup_processor_type @ r5=procinfo r9=cpuid
movs r10, r5 @ invalid processor (r5=0)?
beq __error_p @ yes, error ‘p‘
bl __lookup_machine_type @ r5=machinfo
movs r8, r5 @ invalid machine (r5=0)?
beq __error_a @ yes, error ‘a‘
bl __create_page_tables

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# make
[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# cp arch/arm/boot/compressed/vmlinux ../u-boot-1.1.4/tools/
[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# cd ../u-boot-1.1.4/tools/
[[email protected] tools]# ./mkimage -A arm -O linux -T kernel -C none -a 30008000 -e 30008000 -n linux-2.6.14.7 -d vmlinux uImage
[[email protected] tools]# cp uImage ../
[[email protected] tools]# cp initrd.img ../
[[email protected] tools]# cp uImage /tftpboot/
[[email protected] tools]# cp initrd.img /tftpboot/
[[email protected] tools]# cp ../u-boot.bin /tftpboot/
[[email protected] tools]# cp initrd.img /tmp/nfs/
[[email protected] tools]# iptables -F
[[email protected] tools]# cd ..
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# skyeye1.2.6
//将NAND Flash（/dev/mtdblock2）作为根文件系统

Environment size: 341/65532 bytes
OK2410 #
OK2410 # setenv bootargs noinitrd mem=64M root=/dev/mtdblock2 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200
OK2410 # tftp 0x31000000 uImage
OK2410 # bootm 31000000
## Booting image at 31000000 ...
Image Name: linux-2.6.14.7
Created: 2009-05-10 14:48:03 UTC
Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
Data Size: 1009504 Bytes = 985.8 kB
Load Address: 30008000
Entry Point: 30008000
Verifying Checksum ... OK
OK

Starting kernel ...
Uncompressing Linux................................................................ done, booting the kernel.
Linux version 2.6.14.7 ([email protected]) (gcc version 3.4.1) #1 Sun May 10 15:13:57 CST 2009
CPU: ARM920Tid(wb) [41009200] revision 0 (ARMvundefined/unknown)
Machine: SMDK2410
Warning: bad configuration page, trying to continue
Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback
CPU S3C2410 (id 0x32410000)
S3C2410: core 202.800 MHz, memory 101.400 MHz, peripheral 50.700 MHz
S3C2410 Clocks, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
CLOCK: Slow mode (1.500 MHz), fast, MPLL on, UPLL on
CPU0: D VIVT write-back cache
CPU0: I cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets
CPU0: D cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets
Built 1 zonelists
Kernel command line: noinitrd mem=64M root=/dev/mtdblock2 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200
irq: clearing pending status 00004000
irq: clearing pending status 00008000
irq: clearing pending status 00800000
irq: clearing pending status 10000000
irq: clearing subpending status 00000093
PID hash table entries: 512 (order: 9, 8192 bytes)
timer tcon=00500000, tcnt a509, tcfg 00000200,00000000, usec 00001e4c
Console: colour dummy device 80x30
Dentry cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
Memory: 64MB = 64MB total
Memory: 62720KB available (1635K code, 321K data, 92K init)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok
softlockup thread 0 started up.
NET: Registered protocol family 16
S3C2410: Initialising architecture
NetWinder Floating Point Emulator V0.97 (double precision)
devfs: 2004-01-31 Richard Gooch ([email protected])
devfs: boot_options: 0x1
Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 80x25
fb0: Virtual frame buffer device, using 1024K of video memory
S3C2410 RTC, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
s3c2410_serial0 at MMIO 0x50000000 (irq = 70) is a S3C2410
s3c2410_serial1 at MMIO 0x50004000 (irq = 73) is a S3C2410
s3c2410_serial2 at MMIO 0x50008000 (irq = 76) is a S3C2410
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler anticipatory registered
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered
RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize
Cirrus Logic CS8900A driver for Linux (Modified for SMDK2410)
eth0: CS8900A rev D at 0xe0000300 irq=53, no eeprom , addr: 08: 0:3E:26:0A:5B
S3C24XX NAND Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
s3c2410-nand: mapped registers at c4980000
s3c2410-nand: timing: Tacls 10ns, Twrph0 30ns, Twrph1 10ns
NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0x76 (Samsung NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit)
NAND_ECC_NONE selected by board driver. This is not recommended !!
Scanning device for bad blocks
Creating 4 MTD partitions on "NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit":
0x00000000-0x00100000 : "bootloader"
0x00100000-0x00400000 : "kernel"
0x00400000-0x02c00000 : "root"
0x02d00000-0x03c00000 : "user"
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 4096 bind 4096)
TCP reno registered
TCP bic registered
NET: Registered protocol family 1
Reading data from NAND FLASH without ECC is not recommended
Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(31,2)

//错误，因为mtdblock2中还没有文件系统，该问题将在第三部曲中解决

//通过NFS访问文件系统

**************************** WARNING **********************************
If you want to run ELF image, you should use -e option to indicate
your elf-format image filename. Or you only want to run binary image,
you need to set the filename of the image and its entry in skyeye.conf.
***********************************************************************
…… //部分启动信息省略
Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0
OK2410 # tftp 0x31000000 uImage
TFTP from server 10.0.0.1; our IP address is 10.0.0.110
Filename ‘uImage‘.
Load address: 0x31000000
Loading:
…… //部分信息省略
done
Bytes transferred = 1009568 (f67a0 hex)
OK2410 # bootm 31000000
…… //部分信息省略
OK
Starting kernel ...
Uncompressing Linux................................................................ done, booting the kernel.
Linux version 2.6.14.7 ([email protected]) (gcc version 3.4.1) #1 Sun May 10 15:13:57 CST 2009
CPU: ARM920Tid(wb) [41009200] revision 0 (ARMvundefined/unknown)
Machine: SMDK2410
…… //部分信息省略
Kernel command line: noinitrd root=/dev/nfs rw nfsroot=10.0.0.1:/tmp/nfs ip=10.0.0.110:10.0.0.1:10.0.0.1:255.255.255.0 init=linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200 mem=64M
…… //部分信息省略
Creating 4 MTD partitions on "NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit":
0x00000000-0x00100000 : "bootloader"
0x00100000-0x00400000 : "kernel"
0x00400000-0x02c00000 : "root"
0x02d00000-0x03c00000 : "user"
…… //部分信息省略
NET: Registered protocol family 1
IP-Config: Complete:
device=eth0, addr=10.0.0.110, mask=255.255.255.0, gw=10.0.0.1,
host=10.0.0.110, domain=, nis-domain=(none),
bootserver=10.0.0.1, rootserver=10.0.0.1, rootpath=
Looking up port of RPC 100003/2 on 10.0.0.1
Looking up port of RPC 100005/1 on 10.0.0.1
VFS: Mounted root (nfs filesystem).
Mounted devfs on /dev
Freeing init memory: 92K
Failed to execute linuxrc. Attempting defaults...
Kernel panic - not syncing: No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel.

//错误，原因可能是NFS文件系统没有准备好，或者是防火墙，该问题将在第三部曲中解决

三根文件系统的移植

//首先建立YAFFS2根文件
//由于linux-2.6.14.7内核中没有yaffs2的相关代码，因此，要向内核添加支持yaffs2文件系统的源代码
//下载yaffs2文件系统源代码—yaffs2.tar.gz

[[email protected] Desktop]# tar -xzvf yaffs2.tar.gz -C ./
[[email protected] Desktop]# cp -av yaffs2 linux-2.6.14.7/fs/
[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# cp fs/yaffs2/Makefile.kernel fs/yaffs2/Makefile
[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# gedit fs/Kconfig

在最后一行（endmenu）的前面添加如下一行。
source "fs/yaffs2/Kconfig"

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# gedit fs/Makefile

在文件的最后添加如下一行。
obj-$(CONFIG_YAFFS_FS) +=yaffs2/

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# make menuconfig

File systems --->
YAFFS2 file system support
--- 512 byte / page devices
[ ] Use older-style on-NAND data format with pageStatus byte (NEW)
[*] Lets Yaffs do its own ECC (NEW)
[*] Use the same ecc byte order as Steven Hill‘s nand_ecc.c
--- 2048 byte (or larger) / page devices
[*] Autoselect yaffs2 format (NEW)
[*] Disable lazy loading (NEW)
[*] Turn off wide tnodes (NEW)
[*] Force chunk erase check (NEW)
[*] Cache short names in RAM (NEW)

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# make //至此，支持yaffs2文件系统的Linux内核映像（vmlinux）已经生成

[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# cp arch/arm/boot/compressed/vmlinux ../u-boot-1.1.4/tools/
[[email protected] linux-2.6.14.7]# cd ../u-boot-1.1.4/tools/
[[email protected] tools]# ./mkimage -A arm -O linux -T kernel -C none -a 30008000 -e 30008000 -n linux-2.6.14.7 -d vmlinux uImage

Image Name: linux-2.6.14.7
Created: Sun May 24 12:10:15 2009
Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
Data Size: 1126256 Bytes = 1099.86 kB = 1.07 MB
Load Address: 0x30008000
Entry Point: 0x30008000

[[email protected] tools]# cp uImage /tftpboot/ //将制作好的Linux内核映像（uImage）复制到tftp服务器根目录（/tftpboot）中。这样，可以通过tftp协议将其下载的目标板中

[[email protected] tools]#cd /root/Desktop/yaffs2/utils
[[email protected] utils]# ll

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1739 2007-03-07 Makefile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13689 2007-02-14 mkyaffs2image.c
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 14968 2007-02-14 mkyaffsimage.c

[[email protected] utils]# make //编译
[[email protected] utils]# ll mkyaffs* //列出生成的工具

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 14270 05-24 12:15 mkyaffs2image
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 13480 05-24 12:15 mkyaffsimage

[[email protected] utils]# cp mkyaffs2image /bin/ //复制到命令搜索路径中
[[email protected] utils]# cp mkyaffsimage /bin/

[ro[email protected] utils]#cd /tmp/[[email protected] tmp]# mkyaffsimage nfs rootfs.yaffs
[[email protected] tmp]# mkyaffs2image nfs rootfs.yaffs2
[[email protected] tmp]# ll rootfs.yaffs*

-rw-rw-rw- 1 root root 4532880 05-24 18:35 rootfs.yaffs
-rw-rw-rw- 1 root root 5121600 05-24 18:34 rootfs.yaffs2

[[email protected] tmp]# cp rootfs.yaffs* /tftpboot/
[[email protected] tmp]# chmod 666 /tftpboot/rootfs.yaffs* //将yaffs文件系统映像复制到/tftpboot目录

//下载busybox-1.13.4.tar.bz2
[[email protected] Desktop]# tar -xjvf busybox-1.13.4.tar.bz2 -C ./
[[email protected] Desktop]# cd busybox-1.13.4
[[email protected] busybox-1.13.4]# gedit Makefile
/*

将
CROSS_COMPILE ?=
改为
CROSS_COMPILE ?=/usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux-

将
ARCH ?= $(SUBARCH)
改为
ARCH ?= arm

[[email protected] busybox-1.13.4]# make defconfig //恢复默认配置
[[email protected] busybox-1.13.4]# make menuconfig

在弹出的TUI界面中进行如下配置：
检查Miscellaneous Utilities--->
taskset 是否去除
同时设置如下：
Busybox Settings --->
Build Options --->
[*]Build BusyBox as a static binry (no shared libs) //选用静态连接
[*]Build with Large File Support (for accessing files > 2 GB)
(/usr/local/arm/3.4.1/bin/arm-linux-) Cross Compiler prefix
Installation Options --->
[*] Don‘t use /usr
(./_install) BusyBox installation prefix //安装路径
Busybox Library Tuning --->
(6) Minimum password length
(2) MD5: Trade Bytes for Speed
[*] Faster /proc scanning code (+100 bytes)
[ ] Support for /etc/networks
[*] Command line editing
(1024) Maximum length of input
[*] vi-style line editing commands
(15) History size
[*] History saving
[*] Tab completion
[*] Username completion
[*] Fancy shell prompts //Setting this option allows for prompts to use things like \w and
// \$ and escape codes.
[ ] Give more precise messages when copy fails (cp, mv etc)
(4) Copy buffer size, in kilobytes
[ ] Use clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) syscall
[*] Use ioctl names rather than hex values in error messages
[*] Support infiniband HW
//设置完毕后，保存、退出。

[[email protected] busybox-1.13.4]# make

......
CC networking/inetd.o
CC networking/interface.o
networking/interface.c:818: error: `ARPHRD_INFINIBAND‘ undeclared here (not in a function)
networking/interface.c:818: error: initializer element is not constant
networking/interface.c:818: error: (near initialization for `ib_hwtype.type‘)
make[1]: *** [networking/interface.o] 错误 1
make: *** [networking] 错误 2

//编译出错，此时需要编辑networking/interface.c文件

[[email protected] busybox-1.13.4]# gedit networking/interface.c

//将networking/interface.c文件的818行修改为“.type = -1”，然后再次编译。

[[email protected] busybox-1.13.4]# make

......
CC util-linux/volume_id/volume_id.o
CC util-linux/volume_id/xfs.o
AR util-linux/volume_id/lib.a
LINK busybox_unstripped
Trying libraries: crypt m
Library crypt is not needed, excluding it
Library m is needed, can‘t exclude it (yet)
Final link with: m
DOC busybox.pod
DOC BusyBox.txt
DOC BusyBox.1
DOC BusyBox.html

[[email protected] busybox-1.13.4]# make install

//成功，但是会出现如下信息：
--------------------------------------------------
You will probably need to make your busybox binary
setuid root to ensure all configured applets will
work properly.
--------------------------------------------------

//解决办法是修改_install/bin/busybox文件的属性

[[email protected] busybox-1.13.4]# chmod 4755 ./_install/bin/busybox //修改busybox属性

[[email protected] busybox-1.13.4]# cd /tmp/nfs
[[email protected] nfs]# mkdir -p bin sbin lib/modules etc/init.d dev usr/bin usr/sbin usr/lib proc sys home root boot mnt/etc mnt/jffs2 mnt/yaffs mnt/data mnt/temp var/lib var/lock var/log var/run var/tmp tmp
//注意：其中bin、dev、etc、lib、proc、sbin、sys、usr是必备的8个目录
[[email protected] nfs]# chmod 1777 tmp
[[email protected] nfs]# chmod 1777 var/tmp
[[email protected] nfs]# cd dev/
[[email protected] dev]# mknod -m 600 console c 5 1
[[email protected] dev]# mknod -m 666 null c 1 3
[[email protected] dev]# cd /root/Desktop/busybox-1.13.4/_install
[[email protected] _install]# cp -a bin /tmp/nfs/
[[email protected] _install]# cp -a sbin /tmp/nfs/
[[email protected] _install]# ll linuxrc

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 05-11 17:41 linuxrc -> bin/busybox

[[email protected] _install]# cp -a linuxrc /tmp/nfs/
[[email protected] _install]# ll /tmp/nfs/linuxrc

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 05-11 17:43 /tmp/nfs/linuxrc -> bin/busybox

[[email protected] _install]# cd /root/Desktop/busybox-1.13.4
[[email protected] busybox-1.13.4]# cp -a examples/bootfloppy/etc/* /tmp/nfs/etc/ */
[[email protected] busybox-1.13.4]# ls /tmp/nfs/etc/

fstab init.d inittab profile

[[email protected] busybox-1.13.4]# cd /tmp/nfs
[[email protected] nfs]# gedit etc/inittab
//文件内容如下：
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS #指定系统初始化脚本文件
::respawn:-/bin/login #加上-语句会在登陆终端之后调用/etc/目录下的profile文件
::restart:/sbin/init #指定系统重启时执行的初始化程序

tty0::respawn:-/bin/login

::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r #指定关机时执行的操
::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a

[[email protected] nfs]# ll etc/inittab

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 309 05-11 18:28 etc/inittab

[[email protected] nfs]# chmod 755 etc/inittab
[[email protected] nfs]# gedit etc/init.d/rcS
//文件内容如下：
#!/bin/sh
# mount all filesystem defined in "fstab"
echo "#mount all......."
/bin/mount -a

/bin/mknod -m 600 /dev/console c 5 1
/bin/mknod -m 666 /dev/null c 1 3
/bin/mknod -m 666 /dev/tty0 c 4 0
/bin/mknod -m 666 /dev/mtdblock0 b 31 0
/bin/mknod -m 666 /dev/mtdblock1 b 31 1
/bin/mknod -m 666 /dev/mtdblock2 b 31 2
/bin/mknod -m 666 /dev/mtdblock3 b 31 3
#/bin/mount -t ext2 /dev/mtdblock3 /mnt/temp/

echo "******************************************************************"
echo " OK 2410 Rootfs made by liyanshuo, 2009.05"
echo "******************************************************************"

[[email protected] nfs]# ll etc/init.d/rcS

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 92 05-11 18:27 etc/init.d/rcS

[[email protected] nfs]# chmod 755 etc/init.d/rcS

[[email protected] nfs]# gedit etc/fstab
//文件内容如下：
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
none /tmp ramfs defaults 0 0
mdev /dev ramfs defaults 0 0

[[email protected] nfs]# ll etc/fstab

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 59 05-11 18:30 etc/fstab

[[email protected] nfs]# chmod 755 etc/fstab
[[email protected] nfs]# gedit etc/proflie
//文件内容如下：
# /etc/profile: system-wide .profile file for the Bourne shells
echo
echo -n "Processing /etc/profile... "
# no-op
# Set search library path
echo "Set search library path in /etc/profile"
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/lib:/usr/lib

# Set user path
echo "Set user path in /etc/profile"
export PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin #设置命令搜索路径
export HISTSIZE=100
export PS1=‘[\[email protected]\h \W]\$ ‘
alias ll=‘ls -l‘

#/sbin/ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.22 netmask 255.255.255.0
/sbin/ifconfig lo 127.0.0.1
echo "Configure net done"

echo "All Done"
echo

[[email protected] nfs]# cp /etc/passwd etc/ ;cp /etc/shadow etc/ ;cp /etc/group etc/ //创建密码文件、修改其权限
[[email protected] nfs]# chmod 600 etc/shadow
[[email protected] nfs]# gedit etc/passwd
内容是：root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/sh //将此句中的x删除即可删除引导密码
[[email protected] nfs]# gedit etc/shadow
内容是：root:$1$zs2zr2N4$15U99ll5tUm3DwOvKnCVV1:14335:0:99999:7:::
[[email protected] nfs]# gedit etc/group
内容是：root:x:0:root

[[email protected] nfs]# gedit etc/mdev.conf //为mdev创建配置文件
内容是：空

[[email protected] nfs]# ll etc/

总计 60
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 117 05-11 19:28 fstab
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 14 05-11 20:09 group
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 05-11 20:04 init.d
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 184 05-11 19:33 inittab
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 05-11 20:09 mdev.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 30 05-11 20:07 passwd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 801 05-11 19:42 proflie
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 59 05-11 20:08 shadow

[[email protected] nfs]# rm etc/*~ etc/init.d/*~ //删除备份文件 */

[[email protected] nfs]# gedit copy_lib.sh //编写脚本文件copy_lib.sh 复制常用的库文件
//文件内容如下：
#!/bin/bash
#You should put this file cp.sh in /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/arm-linux/lib/
ROOTFS_LIB=/tmp/nfs/lib/
for file in libc libcrypt libdl libm libpthread libresolv libutil
do
cp $file-*.so ${ROOTFS_LIB}
cp -d $file.so.[*0-9] ${ROOTFS_LIB}
done
cp -d ld*.so* ${ROOTFS_LIB}

[[email protected] nfs]# ll copy_lib.sh

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 303 05-11 20:18 copy_lib.sh

[[email protected] nfs]# chmod a+x copy_lib.sh
[[email protected] nfs]# cp copy_lib.sh /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/arm-linux/lib/
[[email protected] nfs]# cd /usr/local/arm/3.4.1/arm-linux/lib/
[[email protected] lib]# ./copy_lib.sh
[[email protected] lib]# cd -
/tmp/nfs
[[email protected] nfs]# ll lib
总计 2516
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 131480 05-11 20:19 ld-2.3.2.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 05-11 20:19 ld-linux.so.2 -> ld-2.3.2.so
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1560352 05-11 20:19 libc-2.3.2.so
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 30155 05-11 20:19 libcrypt-2.3.2.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 05-11 20:19 libcrypt.so.1 -> libcrypt-2.3.2.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 05-11 20:19 libc.so.6 -> libc-2.3.2.so
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 15736 05-11 20:19 libdl-2.3.2.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 05-11 20:19 libdl.so.2 -> libdl-2.3.2.so
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 546854 05-11 20:19 libm-2.3.2.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 05-11 20:19 libm.so.6 -> libm-2.3.2.so
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 97975 05-11 20:19 libpthread-0.10.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 05-11 20:19 libpthread.so.0 -> libpthread-0.10.so
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 81495 05-11 20:19 libresolv-2.3.2.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 05-11 20:19 libresolv.so.2 -> libresolv-2.3.2.so
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 13689 05-11 20:19 libutil-2.3.2.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 05-11 20:19 libutil.so.1 -> libutil-2.3.2.so
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 05-11 11:23 modules
[[email protected] nfs]# //一个基本的根文件系统（通过NFS挂载）构建完成

[[email protected] nfs]#cd
[[email protected] ~]# cd Desktop/
[[email protected] Desktop]# gedit /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
//tftp文件内容如下：
1 # default: off
2 # description: The tftp server serves files using the trivial file transfer \
3 # protocol. The tftp protocol is often used to boot diskless \
4 # workstations, download configuration files to network-aware printers, \
5 # and to start the installation process for some operating systems.
6 service tftp
7 {
8 socket_type = dgram
9 protocol = udp
10 wait = yes
11 user = root
12 server = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd
13 server_args = -s /tftpboot
14 disable = no
15 per_source = 11
16 cps = 100 2
17 flags = IPv4
18 }

[[email protected] Desktop]# service xinetd restart //重启tftp服务器
[[email protected] Desktop]# gedit /etc/exports
//exports文件内容如下：
/tmp/nfs *(rw,sync,no_root_squash)

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# service nfs restart //重启NFS服务器

[[email protected] Desktop]# cd u-boot-1.1.4
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# exportfs

/tmp/nfs

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# exportfs -ra //重新扫描配置文件

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# skyeye1.2.6 //使用NFS文件系统

Starting kernel ...

Uncompressing Linux.......................................................................... done, booting the kernel.
Linux version 2.6.14.7 ([email protected]) (gcc version 3.4.1) #6 Sun May 24 19:22:08 CST 2009
CPU: ARM920Tid(wb) [41009200] revision 0 (ARMvundefined/unknown)
Machine: SMDK2410
Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback
CPU S3C2410 (id 0x32410000)
S3C2410: core 202.800 MHz, memory 101.400 MHz, peripheral 50.700 MHz
S3C2410 Clocks, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
CLOCK: Slow mode (1.500 MHz), fast, MPLL on, UPLL on
CPU0: D VIVT write-back cache
CPU0: I cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets
CPU0: D cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets
Built 1 zonelists
Kernel command line: noinitrd root=/dev/nfs rw nfsroot=10.0.0.1:/tmp/nfs ip=10.0.0.110:10.0.0.1:10.0.0.1:255.255.255.0 init=linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200 mem=64M
…… //部分启动信息省略
Memory: 64MB = 64MB total
Memory: 62464KB available (1888K code, 393K data, 92K init)
…… //部分启动信息省略
JFFS version 1.0, (C) 1999, 2000 Axis Communications AB
JFFS2 version 2.2. (NAND) (C) 2001-2003 Red Hat, Inc.
yaffs May 24 2009 19:21:42 Installing.
Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 80x25
fb0: Virtual frame buffer device, using 1024K of video memory
…… //部分启动信息省略
RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize
Cirrus Logic CS8900A driver for Linux (Modified for SMDK2410)
eth0: CS8900A rev D at 0xe0000300 irq=53, no eeprom , addr: 08: 0:3E:26:0A:5B
S3C24XX NAND Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
s3c2410-nand: mapped registers at c4980000
s3c2410-nand: timing: Tacls 10ns, Twrph0 30ns, Twrph1 10ns
NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0x76 (Samsung NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit)
NAND_ECC_NONE selected by board driver. This is not recommended !!
Scanning device for bad blocks
Bad eraseblock 7 at 0x0001c000
Creating 4 MTD partitions on "NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit":
0x00000000-0x00100000 : "bootloader"
0x00100000-0x00400000 : "kernel"
0x00400000-0x02c00000 : "root"
0x02d00000-0x03c00000 : "user"
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
NET: Registered protocol family 2
…… //部分启动信息省略
IP-Config: Complete:
device=eth0, addr=10.0.0.110, mask=255.255.255.0, gw=10.0.0.1,
host=10.0.0.110, domain=, nis-domain=(none),
bootserver=10.0.0.1, rootserver=10.0.0.1, rootpath=
Looking up port of RPC 100003/2 on 10.0.0.1
Looking up port of RPC 100005/1 on 10.0.0.1
VFS: Mounted root (nfs filesystem).
Mounted devfs on /dev
Freeing init memory: 92K
#mount all.......
******************************************************************
OK 2410 Rootfs made by liyanshuo, 2009.05
******************************************************************
ztg login: root
login[25]: root login on ‘console‘

Processing /etc/profile... Set search library path in /etc/profile
Set user path in /etc/profile
Configure net done
All Done

~ # printenv
USER=root
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/lib:/usr/lib
HOME=/root
PS1=[\[email protected]\h \W]\$
LOGNAME=root
TERM=vt102
PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
HISTSIZE=100
SHELL=/bin/sh
PWD=/root
~ # ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:3E:26:0A:5B
inet addr:10.0.0.110 Bcast:10.0.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:1826 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:730 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:2386884 (2.2 MiB) TX bytes:116644 (113.9 KiB)
Interrupt:53 Base address:0x300

lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

~ # ping -c 2 10.0.0.1
PING 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.034 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.021 ms

--- 10.0.0.1 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 0.021/0.027/0.034 ms

~ #

//成功移植

//以下使用/dev/mtdblock2中的文件系统

[[email protected] tmp]# pwd

/tmp

[[email protected] tmp]# mkfs.cramfs nfs ok2410.cramfs
[[email protected] tmp]# ll ok2410.cramfs

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2199552 05-13 08:18 ok2410.cramfs

[[email protected] tmp]# cp ok2410.cramfs /tftpboot/ //复制ok2410.cramfs到tftp服务器根目录
[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# pwd

/root/Desktop/u-boot-1.1.4

[[email protected] u-boot-1.1.4]# skyeye1.2.6

NAND erase: device 0 offset 4194304, size 3145728 ... OK
OK2410 # nand write 31000000 400000 0x218000

NAND write: device 0 offset 4194304, size 2195456 ... 2195456 bytes written: OK
OK2410 # setenv bootargs noinitrd mem=64M root=/dev/mtdblock2 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200
OK2410 # run bootcmd
…… //启动信息省略

//到此嵌入式系统移植三部曲移植成功

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