Python模块学习之logging

logging模块是在2.3新引进的功能，下面是一些常用的类和模块级函数

模块级函数

logging.getLogger([name]):返回一个logger对象，如果没有指定名字将返回root logger

logging.debug()、logging.info()、logging.warning()、logging.error()、logging.critical()：设定root logger的日志级别

logging.basicConfig():用默认Formatter为日志系统建立一个StreamHandler，设置基础配置并加到root logger中

import logging
import sys

LEVELS = {‘debug‘: logging.DEBUG,
          ‘info‘: logging.INFO,
          ‘warning‘: logging.WARNING,
          ‘error‘: logging.ERROR,
          ‘critical‘: logging.CRITICAL}

if len(sys.argv) > 1:
    level_name = sys.argv[1]
    level = LEVELS.get(level_name, logging.NOTSET)
    logging.basicConfig(level=level)

logging.debug(‘This is a debug message‘)
logging.info(‘This is an info message‘)
logging.warning(‘This is a warning message‘)
logging.error(‘This is an error message‘)
logging.critical(‘This is a critical error message‘)

运行结果如下:

$ python logging_level_example.py debug
DEBUG:root:This is a debug message
INFO:root:This is an info message
WARNING:root:This is a warning message
ERROR:root:This is an error message
CRITICAL:root:This is a critical error message

$ python logging_level_example.py info
INFO:root:This is an info message
WARNING:root:This is a warning message
ERROR:root:This is an error message
CRITICAL:root:This is a critical error message

Loggers

Logger.setLevel(lel):指定最低的日志级别，低于lel的级别将被忽略。debug是最低的内置级别，critical为最高

Logger.addFilter(filt)、Logger.removeFilter(filt):添加或删除指定的filter

Logger.addHandler(hdlr)、Logger.removeHandler(hdlr)：增加或删除指定的handler

Logger.debug()、Logger.info()、Logger.warning()、Logger.error()、Logger.critical()：可以设置的日志级别

import logging

# create logger
logger = logging.getLogger("simple_example")
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

# create console handler and set level to debug
ch = logging.StreamHandler()
ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

# create formatter
formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s")

# add formatter to ch
ch.setFormatter(formatter)

# add ch to logger
logger.addHandler(ch)

# "application" code
logger.debug("debug message")
logger.info("info message")
logger.warn("warn message")
logger.error("error message")
logger.critical("critical message")

运行结果如下:

$ python simple_logging_module.py
2005-03-19 15:10:26,618 - simple_example - DEBUG - debug message
2005-03-19 15:10:26,620 - simple_example - INFO - info message
2005-03-19 15:10:26,695 - simple_example - WARNING - warn message
2005-03-19 15:10:26,697 - simple_example - ERROR - error message
2005-03-19 15:10:26,773 - simple_example - CRITICAL - critical message

Handlers

handler对象负责发送相关的信息到指定目的地。可以通过addHandler()方法添加多个多handler

Handler.setLevel(lel):指定被处理的信息级别，低于lel级别的信息将被忽略

Handler.setFormatter()：给这个handler选择一个格式

Handler.addFilter(filt)、Handler.removeFilter(filt)：新增或删除一个filter对象

Formatters

Formatter对象设置日志信息最后的规则、结构和内容，默认的时间格式为%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S，下面是Formatter常用的一些信息

再来一个例子:

import logging

# set up logging to file - see previous section for more details
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
                    format=‘%(asctime)s %(name)-12s %(levelname)-8s %(message)s‘,
                    datefmt=‘%m-%d %H:%M‘,
                    filename=‘/temp/myapp.log‘,
                    filemode=‘w‘)
# define a Handler which writes INFO messages or higher to the sys.stderr
console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
# set a format which is simpler for console use
formatter = logging.Formatter(‘%(name)-12s: %(levelname)-8s %(message)s‘)
# tell the handler to use this format
console.setFormatter(formatter)
# add the handler to the root logger
logging.getLogger(‘‘).addHandler(console)

# Now, we can log to the root logger, or any other logger. First the root...
logging.info(‘Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.‘)

# Now, define a couple of other loggers which might represent areas in your
# application:

logger1 = logging.getLogger(‘myapp.area1‘)
logger2 = logging.getLogger(‘myapp.area2‘)

logger1.debug(‘Quick zephyrs blow, vexing daft Jim.‘)
logger1.info(‘How quickly daft jumping zebras vex.‘)
logger2.warning(‘Jail zesty vixen who grabbed pay from quack.‘)
logger2.error(‘The five boxing wizards jump quickly.‘)

运行后，在终端看到的结果

root        : INFO     Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.
myapp.area1 : INFO     How quickly daft jumping zebras vex.
myapp.area2 : WARNING  Jail zesty vixen who grabbed pay from quack.
myapp.area2 : ERROR    The five boxing wizards jump quickly.

在日志文件中的结果

10-22 22:19 root         INFO     Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.
10-22 22:19 myapp.area1  DEBUG    Quick zephyrs blow, vexing daft Jim.
10-22 22:19 myapp.area1  INFO     How quickly daft jumping zebras vex.
10-22 22:19 myapp.area2  WARNING  Jail zesty vixen who grabbed pay from quack.
10-22 22:19 myapp.area2  ERROR    The five boxing wizards jump quickly.

发现DEBUG信息只有在文件中出现，这是因为StreamHandler中setLevel是INFO，可以看出Logger.setLevel()和handler.setLevel()的区别

详细信息请参阅 http://docs.python.org/library/logging.html