Description
Given n different objects, you want to take k of them. How many ways to can do it?
For example, say there are 4 items; you want to take 2 of them. So, you can do it 6 ways.
Take 1, 2
Take 1, 3
Take 1, 4
Take 2, 3
Take 2, 4
Take 3, 4
Input
Input starts with an integer T (≤ 2000), denoting the number of test cases.
Each test case contains two integers n (1 ≤ n ≤ 106), k (0 ≤ k ≤ n).
Output
For each case, output the case number and the desired value. Since the result can be very large, you have to print the result modulo 1000003.
Sample Input
3
4 2
5 0
6 4
Sample Output
Case 1: 6
Case 2: 1
Case 3: 15
知识点：乘法逆元,扩展欧几里得。
题意：求C(n,m)%mod
难点:理解乘法逆元。
扩展：乘法逆元定义：如果a*b=1(mod n),那么b就是a关于模n的乘法逆元,此时，也可称作a与b互为乘法逆元。
思路：1.C(n,m)%mod=n!/m!*(n-m)!%mod除以一个数并取模等价于乘以这个数的逆元然后再去模.可将n!/m!*(n-m)!%mod等价于n!/m!%mod*1/(n-m)!%mod.再等价于n!*inv[m!]%mod(m!的逆元）*inv[(n-m)!]((n-m!)的逆元).
2.也就是说，求出逆元即可求解。c*x=1(mod n)=1-k*n等价于c*x+k*n=1所以可以用扩展欧几里得算法求得x(逆元）的值。为了保证x是正整数，通常需要加上：x=(x%n+n)%n.
1 #include<cstdlib>
2 #include<cstdio>
3 #include<iostream>
4 #include<algorithm>
5 #include<cstring>
6 using namespace std;
7 #define m 1000003
8 long long f[1000005];
9 long long inv[1000005];
10 long long x,y,gcd;
11 void extend_gcd(long long a, long long b)
12 {
13 if(b == 0)
14 {
15 x = 1;
16 y = 0;
17 gcd = a;
18 }
19 else {
20 extend_gcd(b, a%b);
21 long long temp = x;
22 x = y;
23 y = temp - a/b*y;
24 }
25 }
26 void factorial()
27 {
28 f[0]=1;inv[0]=1;
29 for(int i=1;i<=1000000;i++)
30 {
31 f[i]=f[i-1]*i%m;
32 extend_gcd(f[i],m);
33 inv[i]=(x%m+m)%m;
34 }
35 }
36 int main()
37 {
38 factorial();
39 int t;
40 int cnt=0;
41 scanf("%d\n",&t);
42 int a1,b1;
43 while(t--)
44 {
45 scanf("%d%d",&a1,&b1);
46 long long ans=f[a1]*inv[b1]%m*inv[a1-b1]%m;
47 printf("Case %d: %lld\n",++cnt,ans);
48
49 }
50
51 return 0;
52 }
53 //3
54 //
55 //4 2
56 //
57 //5 0
58 //
59 //6 4
60
61 //3
62 //1 1
63 //2 3
64 //4 3