用户管理
AAA:
Authentication: 身份验证
Authorization: 权限管理
Audition: 审计
authentication
预定义的系统用户:
SQL> select USERNAME, ACCOUNT_STATUS from dba_users;
open状态的用户:
SQL> select USERNAME, ACCOUNT_STATUS from dba_users ACCOUNT_STATUS=‘OPEN‘;
系统管理账号:
SYS SYSTEM DBSNMP SYSMAN
3种身份验证方式:
password验证:验证A:口令(数据库内部)/外部/全局
浏览器中创建用户user01
或者用命令创建:
SQL> create user user01 identified by password;
SQL> grant create session to user01; //授权
测试:
$ sqlplus user01/password
外部验证:
external(os)验证:
操作系统中创建用户:
$ su -
Password:
[[email protected] ~]# useradd osuser
[[email protected] ~]# passwd osuser
$ sqlplus / as sysdba
外部用户使用固定的前缀:os_
SQL> show parameter os_auth
SQL> create user ops$osuser identified externally;
SQL> grant create session to ops$osuser; //授权
不要su - osuser,环境变量保留:
$ su osuser
Password:
[[email protected] admin]$ sqlplus /
SQL> show user
USER is "OPS$OSUSER"
管理员的身份验证:(重点)
本地连接:
本地连接,预先设置ORACLE_SID,操作系统用户是dba群组的成员
环境变量
$ id
uid=1001(oracle) gid=1000(oinstall) groups=1000(oinstall),1031(dba),1032(oper)
$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> show user
USER is "SYS"
$ su -
# usermod -G oper oracle 或
[[email protected] ~]# unset
报错,权限不够 ORACLE_SID
[[email protected] ~]# echo $ORACLE_SID // 检查是否操作成功 或
# gpasswd -d oracle dba
# exit
$ sqlplus / as sysdba
只要是dba群组中的成员,就可以不需要知道sys的口令,直接以sqlplus / as sysdba登录
并且身份为sys。
恢复:
[[email protected] ~]# export ORACLE_SID=orcl
[[email protected] ~]# echo $ORACLE_SID //检查是否恢复成功 或
# gpasswd -a oracle dba
远程客户端连接:
$ sqlplus sys/[email protected] as sysdba
$ ls $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapworcl
$ orapwd
Authorization
Grant:授予权限
Revoke:收回权限
系统权限:
sys执行授权:
预先创建测试表
SQL> create table t1(x int);
SQL> create user user01 identified by password;
SQL> grant create session to user01;
SQL> grant select any table to user01;
user01测试:
$ sqlplus user01/password
SQL> select count(*) from hr.employees(hr.departments scott.emp);
SQL> delete from scott.emp; 失败!
SQL> select * from sys.t1; 失败!
select any table n-1模式
sys再次授权:
SQL> grant select any dictionary to user01;
user01测试:
SQL> select * from sys.t1; 成功
select any table(n-1)+select any dictionary(1) //(n-1):除sys以外
sys授权:
SQL> grant create table to user01;
user01测试:
SQL> create table t1(x int);
sys授权:
SQL> grant unlimited tablespace to user01;
user01测试:
SQL> insert into t1 values (1);
对象权限:
表的参照权限:
dept
deptno(pk) dname
10 sales
20 market
my_emp
empno deptno(fk)
100 10
sys授权:
SQL> grant select on hr.employees to user01;
user01测试:
SQL> select count(*) from hr.employees;
SQL> delete from hr.employees; 失败
SQL> select count(*) from hr.departments; 失败
sys授权:
SQL> grant index on hr.employees to user01;
SQL> grant unlimited tablespace to user01;
user01测试:
SQL> create index emp_sal_idx on hr.employees(salary);
SQL> select index_name from user_indexes where table_name=‘EMPLOYEES‘;
create any table create table
alter any table alter table
drop any table drop table
权限的级联删除:
系统权限:
sys准备工作:
SQL> drop user user01 cascade;
SQL> drop user user02 cascade;
SQL> create user user01 identified by password;
SQL> create user user02 identified by password;
SQL> grant create session to user01;
SQL> grant create session to user02;
sys授权:
SQL> grant select any table to user01 with admin option;
user01测试成功并授权给user02:
SQL> select count(*) from hr.employees;
SQL> grant select any table to user02 with admin option;
user02测试成功:
SQL> select count(*) from hr.employees;
sys收回权限:
SQL> revoke select any table from user01;
user01操作失败:
SQL> select count(*) from hr.employees;
user02测试成功:
SQL> select count(*) from hr.employees;
对象权限:
SQL> grant select on hr.employees to user01 with grant option;
dba+sysdba=sys
role
角色就是数据库中的群组!
角色的作用:简化权限的管理,动态更新用户的权限。
预定义的角色:
SQL> select role from dba_roles;
创建角色:
SQL> create role hr_mgr;
SQL> create role hr_clerk;
SQL> grant select any table to hr_mgr;
SQL> grant select on hr.employees to hr_clerk;
SQL> grant hr_mgr to user01;
SQL> grant hr_clerk to user02;
user01/user02测试:
角色生效必须重新登录
Profile:概要文件
profile主要控制两个方面:
1 用户的资源消耗
2 用户的口令安全
SQL> select * from dba_profiles where profile=‘DEFAULT‘;
SQL> select username, profile from dba_users;
SQL> show parameter resource_limit 资源管理的开关参数
查看复杂性函数的脚本:
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin
$ vi utlpwdmg.sql
$ cp utlpwdmg.sql /home/oracle/utlpwdmg.sql
$ vi /home/oracle/utlpwdmg.sql 只保留校验函数部分
$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> @/home/oracle/utlpwdmg.sql
sys创建概要文件:
SQL> CREATE PROFILE HR_PROFILE LIMIT
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 30
PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME 7
PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX 3
PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME unlimited
PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME 5/1440
FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 3
PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION verify_function_11G;
和用户关联:
SQL> ALTER USER HR PROFILE HR_PROFILE;
测试:
$ sqlplus hr/hr
SQL> alter user hr identified by password123 replace hr;