【本文谢绝转载】
【泛型编程】
函数模板
为什么会有函数模板
现象：
函数的业务逻辑一样
函数的参数类型不一样
【最常用】函数模板 显式的调用
【不常用】类型推导
多个参数，参数定义了必须要用
函数模板，实现int类型数组，char字符串排序：
函数模板 与 普通函数的本质区别
函数模板 和 普通函数在一起 的调用型研究：
C++是如何支持函数模板机制的？
函数模板机制结论
类模板
类模板的定义
类模板做函数的参数
类模板的派生成普通类
模板类的派生成模板类
复数类，所有函数都写在类的内部，运算符重载热身
复数类，所有函数都写在类的内部， 类模板
【演示】滥用友元函数的后果--正常的代码准备
复数类，所有函数都写在类的内部（一个CPP中）：问题抛出
当模板函数遇到友元函数，问题解决：
滥用友元函数的后果
【结论】：不需要友元函数，不要用友元函数
【结论】模板类的cpp文件 与 .h头文件分开写的时候，要把cpp文件也包含进来
当类模板中有static成员变量时;从类模板的实质分析，编译器你会自动为我们写成两个类
类模板 数组案例
类模板 结构体案例
作业：
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
【为什么会有函数模板】
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void swap1(int &a,int &b)
{
a = a ^ b;
b = a ^ b;
a = a ^ b;
}
void swap2(char &a,char &b)
{
a = a ^ b;
b = a ^ b;
a = a ^ b;
}
int main()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
swap1(a,b);
cout <<a <<" "<< b << endl;
char c = ‘A‘;
char d = ‘B‘;
swap2(c,d);
cout <<c <<" "<< d << endl;
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
20 10
B A
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
现象：
函数的业务逻辑一样
函数的参数类型不一样
【最常用】函数模板 显式的调用
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//template //告诉编译器，我要开始泛型编程了
template <typename T>
void myswap(T &a,T &b)
{
a = a ^ b;
b = a ^ b;
a = a ^ b;
}
int main()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
cout <<a <<" "<< b << endl;
myswap<int>(a,b);
cout <<a <<" "<< b << endl;
char c = ‘A‘;
char d = ‘B‘;
cout <<c <<" "<< d << endl;
myswap<char>(c,d);
cout <<c <<" "<< d << endl;
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
10 20
20 10
A B
B A
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
【不常用】类型推导
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//template //告诉编译器，我要开始泛型编程了
template <typename T>
void myswap(T &a,T &b)
{
a = a ^ b;
b = a ^ b;
a = a ^ b;
}
int main()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
cout <<a <<" "<< b << endl;
myswap(a,b);
cout <<a <<" "<< b << endl;
char c = ‘A‘;
char d = ‘B‘;
cout <<c <<" "<< d << endl;
myswap(c,d);
cout <<c <<" "<< d << endl;
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
10 20
20 10
A B
B A
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
多个参数，参数定义了必须要用
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//template //告诉编译器，我要开始泛型编程了
template <typename T,typename str>
void myswap(T &a,T &b,str s)
{
a = a ^ b;
b = a ^ b;
a = a ^ b;
cout << s << endl;
}
int main()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
cout <<a <<" "<< b << endl;
myswap(a,b,"Hello");
cout <<a <<" "<< b << endl;
char c = ‘A‘;
char d = ‘B‘;
cout <<c <<" "<< d << endl;
myswap(c,d,"Linux");
cout <<c <<" "<< d << endl;
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
10 20
Hello
20 10
A B
Linux
B A
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
函数模板，实现int类型数组，char字符串排序：
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
template <typename T1,typename T2>
void select_sort(T1 array[],T2 len)
{
if(array == NULL)
{
return ;
}
for(int i=0;i<len-1;i++)
{
int min = i;
for(int j=i+1;j<len;j++)
{
if(array[min] > array[j])
{
min = j ;
}
}
int tmp = array[i];
array[i] = array[min];
array[min]= tmp;
}
}
template <typename T1,typename T2>
void print_arr(T1 array[],T2 len)
{
if(array == NULL)
{
return ;
}
for(int i=0;i<len;i++)
{
cout << array[i] << " ";
}
cout << "\n";
}
int main()
{
int arr[]= {2,1,4,3,6,5,8,7,0,9};
int n =sizeof(arr)/sizeof(int);
select_sort<int ,int>(arr,n);
print_arr<int,int>(arr,n);
char str[]= "Hello,Linux!";
int m = strlen(str);
select_sort<char ,int>(str,m);
print_arr<char ,int>(str,m);
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
! , H L e i l l n o u x
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
函数模板 与 普通函数的本质区别
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
//swap 在 C++是个库函数
template <typename T>
void my_swap(T &a,T &b)
{
cout <<a << " " <<b<< " 我是函数模板\n";
}
void my_swap(int a,char b)
{
cout << a << " " << b << " 我是普通函数\n";
}
int main()
{
int a = 69;
char c = ‘A‘;
my_swap(a,c);
my_swap(c,a); //会隐式的自动转换
my_swap(a,a); //[本质的区别]函数模板，将严格按照类型匹配，不会自动转换
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
69 A 我是普通函数
65 E 我是普通函数
69 69 我是函数模板
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
函数模板 和 普通函数在一起 的调用型研究：
【补充】在同一作用域，可以发生函数重载
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
/*
1 函数模板可以像普通函数一样被重载
2 C++编译器优先考虑普通函数
3 如果函数模板可以产生一个更好的匹配，那么选择模板
4 可以通过空模板实参列表的语言限定编译器只通过模板匹配
*/
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
T Max(T a,T b) //不要引用类型
{
cout <<a << " " <<b<< " 我是2号函数模板\n";
return a>b?a:b;
}
template <typename T>
T Max(T a,T b,T c)
{
cout <<a << " " <<b<< " 我是3号函数模板,会调用两次max函数\n";
return Max(Max(a,b),c);
}
int Max(int a,int b)
{
cout << a << " " << b << " 我是普通函数\n";
return a>b?a:b;
}
int main()
{
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
Max(a,b); //C++编译器优先考虑普通函数
Max<>(a,b); //可以通过空模板实参列表的语言限定编译器只通过模板匹配
Max(3.5,4.4); //优先选择模板函数，因为模板函数能产生更好的匹配
Max(3.5,4.4,6.8);//只有函数模板能匹配
Max(‘A‘,66); //普通函数可以进行隐式转换
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
1 2 我是普通函数
1 2 我是2号函数模板
3.5 4.4 我是2号函数模板
3.5 4.4 我是3号函数模板,会调用两次max函数
3.5 4.4 我是2号函数模板
4.4 6.8 我是2号函数模板
65 66 我是普通函数
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
C++是如何支持函数模板机制的？
C++:
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
//swap 在 C++是个库函数
template <typename T>
void my_swap(T &a,T &b)
{
T c = 0;
c = a;
a = b;
b = c;
cout <<a << " " <<b<< " 我是函数模板\n";
}
int main()
{
int a = 69;
int b = 20;
my_swap<int>(a,b);
char c = ‘C‘;
char d = ‘D‘;
my_swap<char>(c,d);
return 0;
}
编译成汇编：
.file "main.c" .lcomm __ZStL8__ioinit,1,1 .def ___main; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef .text .globl _main .def _main; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef _main: LFB1025: .cfi_startproc .cfi_personality 0,___gxx_personality_v0 .cfi_lsda 0,LLSDA1025 pushl %ebp .cfi_def_cfa_offset 8 .cfi_offset 5, -8 movl %esp, %ebp .cfi_def_cfa_register 5 andl $-16, %esp subl $32, %esp call ___main movl $69, 28(%esp) movl $20, 24(%esp) leal 24(%esp), %eax movl %eax, 4(%esp) leal 28(%esp), %eax movl %eax, (%esp) LEHB0: call __Z7my_swapIiEvRT_S1_ movb $67, 23(%esp) movb $68, 22(%esp) leal 22(%esp), %eax movl %eax, 4(%esp) leal 23(%esp), %eax movl %eax, (%esp) call __Z7my_swapIcEvRT_S1_ LEHE0: movl $0, %eax jmp L5 L4: movl %eax, (%esp) LEHB1: call __Unwind_Resume LEHE1: L5: leave .cfi_restore 5 .cfi_def_cfa 4, 4 ret .cfi_endproc LFE1025: .def ___gxx_personality_v0; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef .section .gcc_except_table,"w" LLSDA1025: .byte 0xff .byte 0xff .byte 0x1 .uleb128 LLSDACSE1025-LLSDACSB1025 LLSDACSB1025: .uleb128 LEHB0-LFB1025 .uleb128 LEHE0-LEHB0 .uleb128 L4-LFB1025 .uleb128 0 .uleb128 LEHB1-LFB1025 .uleb128 LEHE1-LEHB1 .uleb128 0 .uleb128 0 LLSDACSE1025: .text .section .rdata,"dr" LC0: .ascii " \0" LC1: .ascii " \316\322\312\307\272\257\312\375\304\243\260\345\12\0" .section .text$_Z7my_swapIiEvRT_S1_,"x" .linkonce discard .globl __Z7my_swapIiEvRT_S1_ .def __Z7my_swapIiEvRT_S1_; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef __Z7my_swapIiEvRT_S1_: LFB1026: .cfi_startproc pushl %ebp .cfi_def_cfa_offset 8 .cfi_offset 5, -8 movl %esp, %ebp .cfi_def_cfa_register 5 pushl %ebx subl $36, %esp .cfi_offset 3, -12 movl $0, -12(%ebp) movl 8(%ebp), %eax movl (%eax), %eax movl %eax, -12(%ebp) movl 12(%ebp), %eax movl (%eax), %edx movl 8(%ebp), %eax movl %edx, (%eax) movl 12(%ebp), %eax movl -12(%ebp), %edx movl %edx, (%eax) movl 12(%ebp), %eax movl (%eax), %ebx movl 8(%ebp), %eax movl (%eax), %eax movl %eax, (%esp) movl $__ZSt4cout, %ecx call __ZNSolsEi subl $4, %esp movl $LC0, 4(%esp) movl %eax, (%esp) call __ZStlsISt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIcT_ES5_PKc movl %ebx, (%esp) movl %eax, %ecx call __ZNSolsEi subl $4, %esp movl $LC1, 4(%esp) movl %eax, (%esp) call __ZStlsISt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIcT_ES5_PKc movl -4(%ebp), %ebx leave .cfi_restore 5 .cfi_restore 3 .cfi_def_cfa 4, 4 ret .cfi_endproc LFE1026: .section .text$_Z7my_swapIcEvRT_S1_,"x" .linkonce discard .globl __Z7my_swapIcEvRT_S1_ .def __Z7my_swapIcEvRT_S1_; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef __Z7my_swapIcEvRT_S1_: LFB1027: .cfi_startproc pushl %ebp .cfi_def_cfa_offset 8 .cfi_offset 5, -8 movl %esp, %ebp .cfi_def_cfa_register 5 pushl %ebx subl $36, %esp .cfi_offset 3, -12 movb $0, -9(%ebp) movl 8(%ebp), %eax movzbl (%eax), %eax movb %al, -9(%ebp) movl 12(%ebp), %eax movzbl (%eax), %edx movl 8(%ebp), %eax movb %dl, (%eax) movl 12(%ebp), %eax movzbl -9(%ebp), %edx movb %dl, (%eax) movl 12(%ebp), %eax movzbl (%eax), %eax movsbl %al, %ebx movl 8(%ebp), %eax movzbl (%eax), %eax movsbl %al, %eax movl %eax, 4(%esp) movl $__ZSt4cout, (%esp) call __ZStlsISt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIcT_ES5_c movl $LC0, 4(%esp) movl %eax, (%esp) call __ZStlsISt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIcT_ES5_PKc movl %ebx, 4(%esp) movl %eax, (%esp) call __ZStlsISt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIcT_ES5_c movl $LC1, 4(%esp) movl %eax, (%esp) call __ZStlsISt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIcT_ES5_PKc addl $36, %esp popl %ebx .cfi_restore 3 popl %ebp .cfi_restore 5 .cfi_def_cfa 4, 4 ret .cfi_endproc LFE1027: .text .def ___tcf_0; .scl 3; .type 32; .endef ___tcf_0: LFB1033: .cfi_startproc pushl %ebp .cfi_def_cfa_offset 8 .cfi_offset 5, -8 movl %esp, %ebp .cfi_def_cfa_register 5 subl $8, %esp movl $__ZStL8__ioinit, %ecx call __ZNSt8ios_base4InitD1Ev leave .cfi_restore 5 .cfi_def_cfa 4, 4 ret .cfi_endproc LFE1033: .def __Z41__static_initialization_and_destruction_0ii; .scl 3; .type 32; .endef __Z41__static_initialization_and_destruction_0ii: LFB1032: .cfi_startproc pushl %ebp .cfi_def_cfa_offset 8 .cfi_offset 5, -8 movl %esp, %ebp .cfi_def_cfa_register 5 subl $24, %esp cmpl $1, 8(%ebp) jne L9 cmpl $65535, 12(%ebp) jne L9 movl $__ZStL8__ioinit, %ecx call __ZNSt8ios_base4InitC1Ev movl $___tcf_0, (%esp) call _atexit L9: leave .cfi_restore 5 .cfi_def_cfa 4, 4 ret .cfi_endproc LFE1032: .def __GLOBAL__sub_I_main; .scl 3; .type 32; .endef __GLOBAL__sub_I_main: LFB1034: .cfi_startproc pushl %ebp .cfi_def_cfa_offset 8 .cfi_offset 5, -8 movl %esp, %ebp .cfi_def_cfa_register 5 subl $24, %esp movl $65535, 4(%esp) movl $1, (%esp) call __Z41__static_initialization_and_destruction_0ii leave .cfi_restore 5 .cfi_def_cfa 4, 4 ret .cfi_endproc LFE1034: .section .ctors,"w" .align 4 .long __GLOBAL__sub_I_main .ident "GCC: (rev2, Built by MinGW-builds project) 4.8.0" .def __Unwind_Resume; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef .def __ZNSolsEi; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef .def __ZStlsISt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIcT_ES5_PKc; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef .def __ZStlsISt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIcT_ES5_c; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef .def __ZNSt8ios_base4InitD1Ev; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef .def __ZNSt8ios_base4InitC1Ev; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef .def _atexit; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef
类模板：
类模板用于实现类所需数据的类型参数化
类模板在表示如数组、表、图等数据结构显得特别重要，
类模板的定义
类末班的使用
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
class A
{
public:
A(T a)
{
this->a = a;
}
void printf()
{
cout << "a= "<<a <<endl;
}
private:
T a;
};
int main()
{
//类本身就是一个抽象的
A <int>a(11); //模板类是抽象类 必须指定具体的类型,告诉编译器给我分配多少内存
a.printf();
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
a= 11
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
类模板做函数的参数
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
class A
{
public:
A(T a)
{
this->a = a;
}
void printf()
{
cout << "a= "<<a <<endl;
}
private:
T a;
};
//类模板做函数的参数
void useA(A<int> &a)//这里如果来个变量，会进行拷贝构造，引用就不会
{
a.printf();
}
int main()
{
A <int> a(11); //定义一个变量
A <int> b(22),c(33);
useA(a); //来模板做函数的参数
useA(b);
useA(c);
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
a= 11
a= 22
a= 33
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
类模板的派生成普通类
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
class A
{
public:
A(T a)
{
this->a = a;
}
void printf()
{
cout << "a= "<<a <<endl;
}
protected:
T a;
};
class B :public A<int>
{
public:
B(int a,int b):A<int>(a)
{
this->b = b;
}
void printf()
{
cout << "a="<<a << " b=" << b << " \n";
}
private:
int b;
};
int main()
{
B b(1,2);
b.printf();
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
a=1 b=2
模板类的派生成模板类
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
class A
{
public:
A(T a)
{
this->a = a;
}
void printf()
{
cout << "a= "<<a <<endl;
}
protected:
T a;
};
template <typename T>
class C:public A<T>
{
public:
C(T c,T a):A<T>(a)
{
this->c = a;
}
void printf()
{
cout << "c=" << c<< endl;
}
private:
T c;
};
int main()
{
C <int> c1(1,2); c1.printf();
C <char> c2(66,65); c2.printf();
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
c=2
c=A
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
复数类，所有函数都写在类的内部，运算符重载热身
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
class Complex
{
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream &out,Complex &c);
public:
Complex(int a = 0,int b = 0)
{
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
void printf()
{
cout << "a= "<<a <<" b="<<b <<endl;
}
Complex operator+(Complex &c2)
{
//cout << "this->a=" << this->a << " c2.a="<<c2.a<<endl;
//cout << "this->b=" << this->b << " c2.b="<<c2.b<<endl;
Complex tmp(this->a + c2.a,this->b+c2.b);
return tmp;
}
protected:
int a;
int b;
};
//为输出类的信息，实现操作符重载
ostream& operator<<(ostream &out,Complex &c)
{
cout <<"a="<<c.a<<" b="<<c.b<< " ";
return out;
}
int main()
{
Complex c1(2,4);
Complex c2(3,5);
Complex c3 = c1 +c2; c3.printf();
cout << c3 << endl; //在得不到cout的源代码下，只能使用友元函数
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
a= 5 b=9
a=5 b=9
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
复数类，所有函数都写在类的内部， 类模板
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
/*
运算符重载的正规写法
重载<< >> 只能用友元函数，其他操作符都要写成成员函数，不要滥用友元函数
*/
template <typename T>
class Complex
{
//为输出类的信息，实现操作符重载
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream &out,Complex &c)
{
cout << "进入<<操作符重载 -> ";
out <<"a="<<c.a<<" b="<<c.b<< " ";
return out;
}
public:
Complex (T a ,T b)
{
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
void printf()
{
cout << "a= "<<a <<" b="<<b <<endl;
}
Complex operator+(Complex &c2)
{
//cout << "this->a=" << this->a << " c2.a="<<c2.a<<endl;
//cout << "this->b=" << this->b << " c2.b="<<c2.b<<endl;
Complex tmp(this->a + c2.a,this->b+c2.b);
return tmp;
}
protected:
T a;
T b;
};
/*
ostream& operator<<(ostream &out,Complex &c)
{
cout <<"a="<<c.a<<" b="<<c.b<< " ";
return out;
}
*/
int main()
{
//要把模板类具体化才能分配内存
Complex<int> c1(2,4);
Complex<int> c2(3,5);
Complex<int> c3 = c1 +c2; c3.printf();
cout << c3 << endl; //在得不到cout的源代码下，只能使用友元函数
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
a= 5 b=9
进入<<操作符重载 -> a=5 b=9
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
【演示】滥用友元函数的后果--正常的代码准备
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
/*
运算符重载的正规写法
重载<< >> 只能用友元函数，其他操作符都要写成成员函数，不要滥用友元函数
*/
template <typename T>
class Complex
{
//为输出类的信息，实现操作符重载
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream &out,Complex &c)
{
cout << "进入<<操作符重载 -> ";
out <<"a="<<c.a<<" b="<<c.b<< " ";
return out;
}
friend Complex MySub(Complex& c1,Complex&c2)
{
cout << "进入MySub 函数 \n";
Complex tmp(c1.a - c2.a,c1.b - c2.b);
return tmp;
}
public:
Complex (T a ,T b)
{
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
void printf()
{
cout << "a= "<<a <<" b="<<b <<endl;
}
Complex operator+(Complex &c2)
{
//cout << "this->a=" << this->a << " c2.a="<<c2.a<<endl;
//cout << "this->b=" << this->b << " c2.b="<<c2.b<<endl;
Complex tmp(this->a + c2.a,this->b+c2.b);
return tmp;
}
protected:
T a;
T b;
};
/*
ostream& operator<<(ostream &out,Complex &c)
{
cout <<"a="<<c.a<<" b="<<c.b<< " ";
return out;
}
*/
int main()
{
//要把模板类具体化才能分配内存
Complex<int> c1(2,4);
Complex<int> c2(3,5);
Complex<int> c4 = MySub(c1,c2);
cout << c4 << endl;
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
进入MySub 函数
进入<<操作符重载 -> a=-1 b=-1
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
复数类，所有函数都写在类的内部（一个CPP中）：问题抛出
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
class Complex
{
//为输出类的信息，实现操作符重载
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream &out,Complex &c);
friend Complex MySub(Complex& c1,Complex&c2)
{
cout << "进入MySub 函数 \n";
Complex tmp(c1.a - c2.a,c1.b - c2.b);
return tmp;
}
public:
Complex (T a ,T b);
void printf();
Complex operator+(Complex &c2);
protected:
T a;
T b;
};
/*
问题的本质是：模板是两次编译，
第一次生成的函数头 和第二次生成的不一样
*/
template <typename T>
ostream& operator<<(ostream &out,Complex &c)
{
out <<"a="<<c.a<<" b="<<c.b<< " ";
return out;
}
template <typename T>
//函数的返回的类型要具体化
//函数的实参也要具体化
Complex<T> Complex<T>:: operator+(Complex<T> &c2)
{
cout << "进入外部 operator+ \n";
//Complex<T> tmp(this->a + c2.a,this->b+c2.b);
Complex tmp(this->a + c2.a,this->b+c2.b);
return tmp;
}
template <typename T>
Complex<T>::Complex (T a ,T b)
{
cout << "进入外部Complex函数 a=" <<a<<" b="<< b<< endl; ;
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
template <typename T>
void Complex<T>::printf()
{
cout << "进入外部printf函数 ";
cout << "a="<<a <<" b="<<b <<endl;
}
int main()
{
Complex<int> c1(2,4); c1.printf();
Complex<int> c2(3,5);
Complex<int> c3 = c1 + c2;
Complex<int> c4 = MySub(c1,c2);
cout << c4 << endl;
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
main.cpp:10:52: warning: friend declaration ‘std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, Complex<T>&)’ declares a non-template function [-Wnon-template-friend]
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream &out,Complex &c);
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
当模板函数遇到友元函数，问题解决：
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat haha.cpp
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
class Complex
{
friend std::ostream& operator << <T>(std::ostream& os, const Complex<T>& c);
public:
Complex(T a, T b);
protected:
T a;
T b;
};
template <typename T>
std::ostream& operator <<(std::ostream& os, const Complex<T>& c)
{
os << "a="<<c.a <<" b= "<< c.b<<std::endl;
return os;
}
template <typename T>
Complex<T>::Complex(T a, T b)
{
cout << "进入外部Complex函数 a=" << a << " b=" << b << endl;;
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
int main()
{
Complex<int> c1(2, 4);
cout << c1 << endl;
return 0;
}
VS下编译，通过：
C:\Users\chunli\Documents\c_c++\ConsoleApplication2\Debug>ConsoleApplication2.exe
进入外部Complex函数 a=2 b=4
a=2 b= 4
Linux GCC 编译 不通过：
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run haha.cpp && ./run
haha.cpp: In instantiation of ‘class Complex<int>’:
haha.cpp:33:17: required from here
haha.cpp:7:23: error: template-id ‘operator<< <int>’ for ‘std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const Complex<int>&)’ does not match any template declaration
friend std::ostream& operator << <T>(std::ostream& os, const Complex<T>& c);
^
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
滥用友元函数的后果
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
class Complex;
template <typename T>
Complex<T> MySub(Complex<T> &c1, Complex<T> &c2);
template <typename T>
class Complex
{
friend std::ostream& operator << <T>(std::ostream& os, const Complex<T>& c);
friend Complex<T> MySub<T>(Complex<T> &c1, Complex<T> &c2);
public:
Complex(T a, T b);
protected:
T a;
T b;
};
template <typename T>
Complex<T> MySub(Complex<T> &c1, Complex <T>&c2)
{
Complex <T> tmp(c1.a - c2.a, c1.b - c2.b);
return tmp;
}
template <typename T>
std::ostream& operator <<(std::ostream& os, const Complex<T>& c)
{
os << "a="<<c.a <<" b= "<< c.b<<std::endl;
return os;
}
template <typename T>
Complex<T>::Complex(T a, T b)
{
cout << "进入外部Complex函数 a=" << a << " b=" << b << endl;;
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
int main()
{
Complex<int> c1(2, 4);
Complex<int> c2(1, 2);
Complex<int> c3 = MySub<int>(c1,c2);
cout << c3 << endl;
return 0;
}
Linux GCC编译不通过
VS 编译OK
C:\Users\chunli\Documents\c_c++\ConsoleApplication2\Debug>ConsoleApplication2.exe
进入外部Complex函数 a=2 b=4
进入外部Complex函数 a=1 b=2
进入外部Complex函数 a=1 b=2
a=1 b= 2
【结论】：不需要友元函数，不要用友元函数
【结论】模板类的cpp文件 与 .h头文件分开写的时候，要把cpp文件也包含进来
当类模板中有static成员变量时;
从类模板的实质分析，编译器你会自动为我们写成两个类
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ cat main.cpp
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
class A
{
public:
static T a;
};
template <typename T>
T A<T>::a = 0;
int main()
{
A<int> a1; a1.a++;
A<int> a2; a2.a++;
A<int> a3; a3.a++;
cout << "a3="<<a3.a << "\n";
A<double> b1; b1.a += 3.5;
A<double> b2; b2.a += 3.5;
A<double> b3; b3.a += 3.5;
cout << "b3="<<b3.a << "\n";
return 0;
}
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$ g++ -g -o run main.cpp && ./run
a3=3
b3=10.5
[email protected]://990487026.blog.51cto.com~/c++$
类模板 数组案例
1主函数：
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "MyVector.cpp"
void main()
{
MyVector<int> myv1(10);
for (int i = 0; i<myv1.getLen(); i++)
{
myv1[i] = i + 1;
cout << myv1[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
MyVector<int> myv2 = myv1;
for (int i = 0; i<myv2.getLen(); i++)
{
cout << myv2[i] << " ";
}
cout << myv2 << endl;
cout << "hello..." << endl;
system("pause");
return;
}
2头文件：MyVector
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
class MyVector
{
friend ostream & operator<< <T>(ostream &out, const MyVector &obj);
public:
MyVector(int size = 0); //构造函数
MyVector(const MyVector &obj); // 拷贝构造函数
~MyVector(); //析构函数
public:
T& operator[] (int index);
// a3 = a2 = a1;
MyVector &operator=(const MyVector &obj);
public:
int getLen()
{
return m_len;
}
protected:
T *m_space;
int m_len;
};
类函数实现文件 MyVector.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "MyVector.h"
template <typename T>
ostream & operator<<(ostream &out, const MyVector<T> &obj)
{
for (int i = 0; i<obj.m_len; i++)
{
out << obj.m_space[i] << " ";
//out << t1;
}
out << endl;
return out;
}
//MyVector<int> myv1(10);
template <typename T>
MyVector<T>::MyVector(int size) //构造函数
{
m_space = new T[size];
m_len = size;
}
//MyVector<int> myv2 = myv1;
template <typename T>
MyVector<T>::MyVector(const MyVector &obj) // 拷贝构造函数
{
//根据myv1的大小分配内存
m_len = obj.m_len;
m_space = new T[m_len];
//copy数据
for (int i = 0; i<m_len; i++)
{
m_space[i] = obj.m_space[i];
}
}
template <typename T>
MyVector<T>::~MyVector() //析构函数
{
if (m_space != NULL)
{
delete[] m_space;
m_space = NULL;
m_len = 0;
}
}
template <typename T>
T& MyVector<T>::operator[] (int index)
{
return m_space[index];
}
// a3 = a2 = a1;
template <typename T>
MyVector<T> & MyVector<T>::operator=(const MyVector<T> &obj)
{
//先把a2的旧的内存释放掉
if (m_space != NULL)
{
delete[] m_space;
m_space = NULL;
m_len = 0;
}
//根据a1分配内存
m_len = obj.m_len;
m_space = new T[m_len];
//copy数据
for (int i = 0; i<m_len; i++)
{
m_space[i] = obj[i];
}
return *this; // a2 = a1; 返回给a2 的自身
}
VS环境编译运行： C:\Users\chunli\Documents\c_c++\ConsoleApplication2\Debug>ConsoleApplication2.exe 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 hello... 请按任意键继续. . .
类模板 结构体案例
类函数实现文件 MyVector.h 内容不变
类函数实现文件 MyVector.cpp内容不变
主函数修改为：
main.cpp
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "MyVector.cpp"
class Teacher
{
public:
Teacher()
{
age = 33;
strcpy(name, "");
}
Teacher(char *name, int age)
{
this->age = age;
strcpy(this->name, name);
}
void printT()
{
cout << name << ", " << age << endl;
}
private:
int age;
char name[32];
};
void main()
{
Teacher t1("t1", 31), t2("t2", 32), t3("t3", 33), t4("t4", 34);
MyVector<Teacher> tArray(4);
tArray[0] = t1;
tArray[1] = t2;
tArray[2] = t3;
tArray[3] = t4;
for (int i = 0; i<4; i++)
{
Teacher tmp = tArray[i];
tmp.printT();
}
}
VS编译运行：
C:\Users\chunli\Documents\c_c++\ConsoleApplication2\Debug>ConsoleApplication2.exe
t1, 31
t2, 32
t3, 33
t4, 34
C:\Users\chunli\Documents\c_c++\ConsoleApplication2\Debug>
作业：
在上面这个程序的基础之上：
1 优化Teacher类, 属性变成 char *panme, 购置函数里面 分配内存
2 优化Teacher类,析构函数 释放panme指向的内存空间
3 优化Teacher类,避免浅拷贝 重载= 重写拷贝构造函数
4 优化Teacher类,在Teacher增加 <<
5 在模板数组类中,存int char Teacher Teacher*(指针类型)
时间： 2024-09-30 06:44:59