转自阿凡卢原文C#自定义工业控件开发
由于工作需要，调研过一段时间的工业控制方面的“组态软件”（SCADA）的开发，组态软件常用于自动化工业控制领域，其中包括实时数据采集、数据储存、设备控制和数据展现等功能。其中工控组件的界面展现的实现类似于Windows系统下的各种开发控件，通过各种控件的组装，和硬件协议的集成，就可以实现对相应设备的控制和实时状态的显示。
每个对应的硬件UI展示都可以用一个自定义控件来实现，如下图的一个温度计，就可以使用UserControl来实现。
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace HMIControls
{
public partial class ThermometerControl : UserControl
{
/// <summary>
/// 初始化控件
/// 预设绘图方式：双缓冲、支持透明背景色、自定义绘制
/// </summary>
public ThermometerControl()
{
SetStyle(ControlStyles.AllPaintingInWmPaint, true);
SetStyle(ControlStyles.OptimizedDoubleBuffer, true);
SetStyle(ControlStyles.ResizeRedraw, true);
SetStyle(ControlStyles.Selectable, true);
SetStyle(ControlStyles.SupportsTransparentBackColor, true);
SetStyle(ControlStyles.UserPaint, true);
InitializeComponent();
}
// 温度
private float temperature = 0;
[Category("温度"), Description("当前温度")]
public float Temperature
{
set { temperature = value; }
get { return temperature; }
}
// 最高温度
private float highTemperature = 50;
[Category("温度"), Description("最高温度")]
public float HighTemperature
{
set { highTemperature = value; }
get { return highTemperature; }
}
// 最低温度
private float lowTemperature = -20;
[Category("温度"), Description("最低温度")]
public float LowTemperature
{
set { lowTemperature = value; }
get { return lowTemperature; }
}
// 当前温度数值的字体
private Font tempFont = new Font("宋体", 12);
[Category("温度"), Description("当前温度数值的字体")]
public Font TempFont
{
set { tempFont = value; }
get { return tempFont; }
}
// 当前温度数值的颜色
private Color tempColor = Color.Black;
[Category("温度"), Description("当前温度数值的颜色")]
public Color TempColor
{
set { tempColor = value; }
get { return tempColor; }
}
// 大刻度线数量
private int bigScale = 5;
[Category("刻度"), Description("大刻度线数量")]
public int BigScale
{
set { bigScale = value; }
get { return bigScale; }
}
// 小刻度线数量
private int smallScale = 5;
[Category("刻度"), Description("小刻度线数量")]
public int SmallScale
{
set { smallScale = value; }
get { return smallScale; }
}
// 刻度字体
private Font drawFont = new Font("Aril", 9);
[Category("刻度"), Description("刻度数字的字体")]
public Font DrawFont
{
get { return drawFont; }
set { drawFont = value; }
}
// 字体颜色
private Color drawColor = Color.Black;
[Category("刻度"), Description("刻度数字的颜色")]
public Color DrawColor
{
set { drawColor = value; }
get { return drawColor; }
}
// 刻度盘最外圈线条的颜色
private Color dialOutLineColor = Color.Gray;
[Category("背景"), Description("刻度盘最外圈线条的颜色")]
public Color DialOutLineColor
{
set { dialOutLineColor = value; }
get { return dialOutLineColor; }
}
// 刻度盘背景颜色
private Color dialBackColor = Color.Gray;
[Category("背景"), Description("刻度盘背景颜色")]
public Color DialBackColor
{
set { dialBackColor = value; }
get { return dialBackColor; }
}
// 大刻度线颜色
private Color bigScaleColor = Color.Black;
[Category("刻度"), Description("大刻度线颜色")]
public Color BigScaleColor
{
set { bigScaleColor = value; }
get { return bigScaleColor; }
}
// 小刻度线颜色
private Color smallScaleColor = Color.Black;
[Category("刻度"), Description("小刻度线颜色")]
public Color SmallScaleColor
{
set { smallScaleColor = value; }
get { return smallScaleColor; }
}
// 温度柱背景颜色
private Color mercuryBackColor = Color.LightGray;
[Category("刻度"), Description("温度柱背景颜色")]
public Color MercuryBackColor
{
set { mercuryBackColor = value; }
get { return mercuryBackColor; }
}
// 温度柱颜色
private Color mercuryColor = Color.Red;
[Category("刻度"), Description("温度柱颜色")]
public Color MercuryColor
{
set { mercuryColor = value; }
get { return mercuryColor; }
}
/// <summary>
/// 变量
/// </summary>
private float X;
private float Y;
private float H;
private Pen p, s_p;
private Brush b;
/// <summary>
/// 绘制温度计
/// </summary>
/// <param name="sender"></param>
/// <param name="e"></param>
private void ThermometerControl_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e)
{
// 温度值是否在温度表最大值和最小值范围内
if (temperature > highTemperature)
{
//MessageBox.Show("温度值超出温度表范围,系统自动设置为默认值!");
temperature = highTemperature;
}
if (temperature < lowTemperature)
{
temperature = lowTemperature;
}
e.Graphics.SmoothingMode = System.Drawing.Drawing2D.SmoothingMode.HighQuality;
e.Graphics.TranslateTransform(2, 2);
X = this.Width - 4;
Y = this.Height - 4;
// 绘制边框(最外边的框)
p = new Pen(dialOutLineColor, 2);
e.Graphics.DrawLine(p, 0, X / 2, 0, (Y - X / 2));
e.Graphics.DrawLine(p, X, X / 2, X, (Y - X / 2));
e.Graphics.DrawArc(p, 0, 0, X, X, 180, 180);
e.Graphics.DrawArc(p, 0, (Y - X), X, X, 0, 180);
// 绘制背景色
X = X - 8;
Y = Y - 8;
b = new SolidBrush(dialBackColor);
e.Graphics.TranslateTransform(4, 4);
e.Graphics.FillRectangle(b, 0, X / 2, X, (Y - X));
e.Graphics.FillEllipse(b, 0, 0, X, X);
e.Graphics.FillEllipse(b, 0, (Y - X), X, X);
// 绘制指示柱
b = new SolidBrush(mercuryBackColor);
e.Graphics.FillEllipse(b, X * 2 / 5, (X / 2 - X / 10), X / 5, X / 5);
b = new SolidBrush(mercuryColor);
e.Graphics.FillEllipse(b, X / 4, (Y - X * 9 / 16), X / 2, X / 2);
e.Graphics.FillRectangle(b, X * 2 / 5, (X / 2 + 1), X / 5, (Y - X));
// 在温度计底部,绘制当前温度数值
b = new SolidBrush(tempColor);
StringFormat format = new StringFormat();
format.LineAlignment = StringAlignment.Center;
format.Alignment = StringAlignment.Center;
e.Graphics.DrawString((temperature.ToString() + "℃"), tempFont, b, X / 2, (Y - X / 4), format);
// 绘制大刻度线,线宽为2
// 绘制小刻度线,线宽为1
// 绘制刻度数字,字体,字号,字的颜色在属性中可改
p = new Pen(bigScaleColor, 2); // 设置大刻度线的颜色,线粗
s_p = new Pen(smallScaleColor, 1); // 设置小刻度线的颜色,线粗
SolidBrush drawBrush = new SolidBrush(drawColor); // 设置绘制数字的颜色
format.Alignment = StringAlignment.Near; // 设置数字水平对齐为中间,垂直对其为左边
// 计算要绘制数字的数值
int interval = (int)(highTemperature - lowTemperature) / bigScale;
int tempNum = (int)highTemperature;
for (int i = 0; i <= bigScale; i++)
{
float b_s_y = X / 2 + i * ((Y - X - X / 2) / bigScale); // 绘制大刻度线的垂直位置
e.Graphics.DrawLine(p, X / 5, b_s_y, (X * 2 / 5 - 2), b_s_y); // 绘制大刻度线
e.Graphics.DrawString(tempNum.ToString(), drawFont, drawBrush, X * 3 / 5, b_s_y, format); // 绘制刻度数字
tempNum -= interval; // 计算下一次要绘制的数值
// 绘制小刻度线
if (i < bigScale)
{
for (int j = 1; j < smallScale; j++)
{
float s_s_y = b_s_y + ((X / 2 + (i + 1) * ((Y - X - X / 2) / bigScale) - b_s_y) / smallScale) * j;
e.Graphics.DrawLine(s_p, (X * 3 / 10), s_s_y, (X * 2 / 5 - 2), s_s_y);
}
}
}
// 计算当前温度的位置
float L = Y - X * 3 / 2;
H = L * (temperature - lowTemperature) / (highTemperature - lowTemperature);
// 绘制当前温度的位置
b = new SolidBrush(mercuryBackColor);
e.Graphics.FillRectangle(b, X * 2 / 5, X / 2, X / 5, (L - H));
}
}
类似的一些实现，如下图：
对应一些动态线条的绘制，可以采用ZedGraph这个开源的控件来实现，如下图：
模拟的一些随时间变化的温度曲线图，一些参考代码如下：
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using ZedGraph;
namespace HMIControls
{
public partial class AirMachine : UserControl
{
private bool isValveOn;
private Timer timer;
private double temperature;
private Random random = new Random();
private Point arrowLocation1;
private Point arrowLocation2;
private Point arrowLocation3;
// Starting time in milliseconds
int tickStart = 0;
public AirMachine()
{
InitializeComponent();
InitUI();
}
private void InitUI()
{
isValveOn = false;
this.labelTemperature.Text = "0";
this.button1.Text = "开";
this.button1.BackColor = Color.Snow;
timer = new Timer();
timer.Interval = 1000;
timer.Tick += new EventHandler(timer_Tick);
this.Load += new EventHandler(AirMachine_Load);
this.labelArrow1.Visible = false;
this.labelArrow2.Visible = false;
this.labelArrow3.Visible = false;
arrowLocation1 = this.labelArrow1.Location;
arrowLocation2 = this.labelArrow2.Location;
arrowLocation3 = this.labelArrow3.Location;
this.button1.Click += new EventHandler(button1_Click);
}
private void CreateGraph()
{
zedGraphControl1.IsEnableZoom = false;
zedGraphControl1.IsShowContextMenu = false;
// Get a reference to the GraphPane
GraphPane myPane = zedGraphControl1.GraphPane;
// Set the titles
myPane.Title.Text = "实时数据";
myPane.YAxis.Title.Text = "数据";
myPane.XAxis.Title.Text = "时间";
// Change the color of the title
myPane.Title.FontSpec.FontColor = Color.Green;
myPane.XAxis.Title.FontSpec.FontColor = Color.Green;
myPane.YAxis.Title.FontSpec.FontColor = Color.Green;
// Save 1200 points. At 50 ms sample rate, this is one minute
// The RollingPointPairList is an efficient storage class that always
// keeps a rolling set of point data without needing to shift any data values
RollingPointPairList list = new RollingPointPairList(1200);
// Initially, a curve is added with no data points (list is empty)
// Color is blue, and there will be no symbols
LineItem myCurve = myPane.AddCurve("温度值", list, Color.Blue, SymbolType.None);
// Fill the area under the curves
myCurve.Line.Fill = new Fill(Color.White, Color.Blue, 45F);
myCurve.Line.IsSmooth = true;
myCurve.Line.SmoothTension = 0.5F;
// Increase the symbol sizes, and fill them with solid white
myCurve.Symbol.Size = 8.0F;
myCurve.Symbol.Fill = new Fill(Color.Red);
myCurve.Symbol.Type = SymbolType.Circle;
// Just manually control the X axis range so it scrolls continuously
// instead of discrete step-sized jumps
myPane.XAxis.Scale.Min = 0;
myPane.XAxis.Scale.Max = 100;
myPane.XAxis.Scale.MinorStep = 1;
myPane.XAxis.Scale.MajorStep = 5;
// Add gridlines to the plot
myPane.XAxis.MajorGrid.IsVisible = true;
myPane.XAxis.MajorGrid.Color = Color.LightGray;
myPane.YAxis.MajorGrid.IsVisible = true;
myPane.YAxis.MajorGrid.Color = Color.LightGray;
// Scale the axes
zedGraphControl1.AxisChange();
// Save the beginning time for reference
tickStart = Environment.TickCount;
}
void AirMachine_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
CreateGraph();
}
private void UpdateZedGraph(double yValue)
{
// Make sure that the curvelist has at least one curve
if (zedGraphControl1.GraphPane.CurveList.Count <= 0)
return;
// Get the first CurveItem in the graph
LineItem curve = zedGraphControl1.GraphPane.CurveList[0] as LineItem;
if (curve == null)
return;
// Get the PointPairList
IPointListEdit list = curve.Points as IPointListEdit;
// If this is null, it means the reference at curve.Points does not
// support IPointListEdit, so we won‘t be able to modify it
if (list == null)
return;
// Time is measured in seconds
double time = (Environment.TickCount - tickStart) / 1000.0;
// 3 seconds per cycle
//list.Add(time, Math.Sin(2.0 * Math.PI * time / 3.0));
list.Add(time, yValue);
// Keep the X scale at a rolling 30 second interval, with one
// major step between the max X value and the end of the axis
Scale xScale = zedGraphControl1.GraphPane.XAxis.Scale;
if (time > xScale.Max - xScale.MajorStep)
{
xScale.Max = time + xScale.MajorStep;
xScale.Min = xScale.Max - 100.0;
}
// Make sure the Y axis is rescaled to accommodate actual data
zedGraphControl1.AxisChange();
// Force a redraw
zedGraphControl1.Invalidate();
}
private void UpdataArrowPosition()
{
this.labelArrow1.Location = new Point(this.labelArrow1.Location.X + 30, this.labelArrow1.Location.Y);
if (this.labelArrow1.Location.X >= this.panelPic.Location.X + this.panelPic.Width)
{
this.labelArrow1.Location = arrowLocation1;
}
this.labelArrow2.Location = new Point(this.labelArrow2.Location.X + 30, this.labelArrow2.Location.Y);
if (this.labelArrow2.Location.X >= this.panelPic.Location.X + this.panelPic.Width)
{
this.labelArrow2.Location = arrowLocation2;
}
this.labelArrow3.Location = new Point(this.labelArrow3.Location.X + 30, this.labelArrow3.Location.Y);
if (this.labelArrow3.Location.X >= this.panelPic.Location.X + this.panelPic.Width)
{
this.labelArrow3.Location = arrowLocation3;
}
}
void timer_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
temperature = random.NextDouble() * 100;
this.labelTemperature.Text = Convert.ToInt32(temperature).ToString();
UpdateZedGraph(temperature);
UpdataArrowPosition();
}
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
isValveOn = !isValveOn;
if (isValveOn)
{
timer.Start();
this.button1.Text = "关";
this.button1.BackColor = Color.LawnGreen;
this.labelTemperature.BackColor = Color.LawnGreen;
this.labelArrow1.Visible = isValveOn;
this.labelArrow2.Visible = isValveOn;
this.labelArrow3.Visible = isValveOn;
}
else
{
timer.Stop();
this.button1.Text = "开";
this.button1.BackColor = Color.Snow;
this.labelTemperature.Text = "0";
this.labelTemperature.BackColor = Color.Snow;
this.labelArrow1.Visible = isValveOn;
this.labelArrow2.Visible = isValveOn;
this.labelArrow3.Visible = isValveOn;
}
}
}
}
整个组态软件的开发，从底层硬件相关的设备协议到上层的展现都是比较有难度的，特别是现在硬件协议不统一，业界没有统一的标准，虽然有OPC和BACnet等一些标准协议，但是在实际项目中，有很多的设备是没有实现OPC的，都是自己的私有协议，要基于这类的硬件做二次开发，需要向商家买协议，这也是成本的问题。
代码下载：http://download.csdn.net/detail/luxiaoxun/8256371
组态界面开发的一些参考资源：
http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/36116/Industrial-Controls
http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/17559/A-fast-and-performing-gauge
http://dashboarding.codeplex.com/
时间： 2024-11-06 13:30:20