写在前面:本文主要是python高级练习部分,介绍了一些高级用法,这些都是零散的小知识,这些可以与函数式编程合在一起使用。
函数式编程1:Python中提供的函数式编程主要有:
- map(函数,可迭代式)映射函数
- filter(函数,可迭代式)过滤函数
- reduce(函数,可迭代式)规约函数
- lambda函数
- 列表推导式
- zip()函数
generator 生成
词汇
generator 英[?d?en?re?t?(r)] 美[?d??n??ret?]
n. 发电机,发生器; 电力公司; 生产者,创始者; [乐] 基础低音
My understanding
关于生成器的基本概念,我没有详述,因为有关它的描述,网上一搜,一大把,在我看来,学习最有效的方法就是自己运行案例,通过案例反映生成器的作用。
比如,【点这里】,哈哈这也是总结的。
案例1:元组推导式自动生成 generator
s = (x * x for x in range(5))
print(s)
<generator object <genexpr> at 0x000001343C239F10>
for x in s:
print(x, end=',')
0,1,4,9,16,
案例2:Fibonacci sequence
def fib(maximum):
n, a, b = 0, 0, 1
while n < maximum:
yield b
a, b = b, a+b
n += 1
return 'done'
f = fib(10)
print('fib(10)', f)
fib(10) <generator object fib at 0x000001343C239E08>
for x in f:
print(x, end=' ')
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55
g = fib(5)
while 1:
try:
x = next(g)
print('g:', x)
except StopIteration as e:
print('Generator return value:', e.value)
break
g: 1
g: 1
g: 2
g: 3
g: 5
Generator return value: done
iter 迭代
其实,迭代有可迭代的与迭代器,一个是形容词,一个是名词,所以他们是与区别的。
如果要使用需要导入from collections import Iterable, Iterator
案例1:可迭代的
from collections import Iterable, Iterator
def g():
yield 1
yield 2
yield 3
print('Iterable? [1, 2, 3]:', isinstance([1, 2, 3], Iterable))
print('Iterable? \'abc\':', isinstance('abc', Iterable))
print('Iterable? 123:', isinstance(123, Iterable))
print('Iterable? g():', isinstance(g(), Iterable))
Iterable? [1, 2, 3]: True
Iterable? 'abc': True
Iterable? 123: False
Iterable? g(): True
综上:
- 列表是可迭代的
- 字符串是可迭代的
- 数字是不可迭代的的
- 自定义的g()函数是可迭代的
案例2:迭代器
如果我们使用iter()
函数作用,可将列表and元组转化为迭代器。
print('Iterator? [1, 2, 3]:', isinstance([1, 2, 3], Iterator))
print('Iterator? iter([1, 2, 3]):', isinstance(iter([1, 2, 3]), Iterator))
print('Iterator? \'abc\':', isinstance('abc', Iterator))
print('Iterator? 123:', isinstance(123, Iterator))
print('Iterator? g():', isinstance(g(), Iterator))
print('Iterator? (1, 2, 3):', isinstance((1, 2, 3), Iterator))
print('Iterator? iter((1, 2, 3)):', isinstance(iter((1, 2, 3)), Iterator))
Iterator? [1, 2, 3]: False
Iterator? iter([1, 2, 3]): True
Iterator? 'abc': False
Iterator? 123: False
Iterator? g(): True
Iterator? (1, 2, 3): False
Iterator? iter((1, 2, 3)): True
综上:
- 列表 not is 迭代器
- 采用iter()转化的列表 is 迭代器
- 字符串not is 迭代器
- 数字not is 迭代器
- 自定义的g()函数is 迭代器
- 元组 not is 迭代器
- 采用iter()转化的元组 is 迭代器
案例3:迭代元素
例子1
print('for x in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:')
for x in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:
print(x)
for x in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:
1
2
3
4
5
例子2
print('for x in iter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]):')
for x in iter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]):
print(x)
for x in iter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]):
1
2
3
4
5
例子3
print('next():')
it = iter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(next(it))
print(next(it))
print(next(it))
print(next(it))
print(next(it))
next():
1
2
3
4
5
案例4:字典迭代
想知道,字典的情况【点我】
构造字典
key = 'a', 'b', 'c'
value = 1, 2, 3
d = dict(zip(key, value))
迭代字典的键
print('iter key:', d)
for k in d.keys():
print('key:', k)
iter key: {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
key: a
key: b
key: c
迭代字典的值
print('iter value:', d)
for v in d.values():
print('value:', v)
iter value: {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
value: 1
value: 2
value: 3
迭代字典的键值对
print('iter item:', d)
for k, v in d.items():
print('item:', k, v)
iter item: {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
item: a 1
item: b 2
item: c 3
列表迭代与推导
列表操作原理,【点我】
列表迭代
for i, value in enumerate(['A', 'B', 'C']):
print(i, value)
0 A
1 B
2 C
for x, y in [(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9)]:
print(x, y)
1 1
2 4
3 9
列表推导式
print([x*x for x in range(1, 11)])
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
print([x*x for x in range(1, 11) if x%2 == 0])
[4, 16, 36, 64, 100]
print([m + n for m in 'ABC' for n in 'XYZ'])
['AX', 'AY', 'AZ', 'BX', 'BY', 'BZ', 'CX', 'CY', 'CZ']
d = {'x':'A', 'y':'B', 'z':'C'}
print([k + '=' + v for k, v in d.items()])
['x=A', 'y=B', 'z=C']
L = ['Hello', 'World', 'Apple', 'IBM']
print([s.lower() for s in L])
['hello', 'world', 'apple', 'ibm']
切片
L = ['Michael', 'Sarah', 'Tracy', 'Bob', 'Jack']
for i, value in enumerate(L):
print("L列表中元素的序:{}-->{}-->{}".format(i, value, i-len(L)))
L列表中元素的序:0-->Michael-->-5
L列表中元素的序:1-->Sarah-->-4
L列表中元素的序:2-->Tracy-->-3
L列表中元素的序:3-->Bob-->-2
L列表中元素的序:4-->Jack-->-1
print('L[0:3] =', L[0:3])
print('L[:3] =', L[:3])
print('L[1:3] =', L[1:3])
print('L[-2:] =', L[-2:])
L[0:3] = ['Michael', 'Sarah', 'Tracy']
L[:3] = ['Michael', 'Sarah', 'Tracy']
L[1:3] = ['Sarah', 'Tracy']
L[-2:] = ['Bob', 'Jack']
R = list(range(100))
print('R[:10] =', R[:10])
print('R[-10:] =', R[-10:])
print('R[10:20] =', R[10:20])
print('R[:10:2] =', R[:10:2])
print('R[::5] =', R[::5])
R[:10] = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
R[-10:] = [90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99]
R[10:20] = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]
R[:10:2] = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
R[::5] = [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95]
关于yeild的例子
完整的代码
def each_ascii(s):
for ch in s:
yield ord(ch)
return '%s chars' % len(s)
def yield_from(s):
r = yield from each_ascii(s)
print(r)
def main():
for x in each_ascii('abc'):
print(x) # => 'a', 'b', 'c'
it = each_ascii('xyz')
try:
while True:
print(next(it)) # => 'x', 'y', 'z'
except StopIteration as s:
print(s.value) # => '3 chars'
# using yield from in main() will change main() from function to generator:
# r = yield from each_ascii('hello')
for ch in yield_from('hello'):
pass
main()
代码分析
def each_ascii(s):
for ch in s:
yield ord(ch)
return '%s chars' % len(s)
def yield_from(s):
r = yield from each_ascii(s)
print(r)
for x in each_ascii('abc'):
print(x)
97
98
99
it = each_ascii('xyz')
try:
while True:
print(next(it))
except StopIteration as s:
print(s.value)
120
121
122
3 chars
for ch in yield_from('hello'):
pass
5 chars
总结
有时候,对编程不感冒,但是把一个复杂的知识点多运行几遍,太复杂了,把代码分成小代码运行,最后综合理解,并整理成文。当然,这涉及到调试代码部分,现在我还是个小菜鸟,调试用的不太熟,当然代码量很大的时候可能要用到调试部分。
End
- 我总结的一些笔记?
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/brightyuxl/p/10015456.html
时间: 2024-10-09 13:29:14