第六章 基于fMRI生理噪声抑制方法知识的应用研究
6.1 引言
生理噪声抑制研究的应用可分为两个方向,纵向研究应用和横向研究应用。将生理噪声抑制操作融入fMRI信号分析的预处理环节中,属于纵向研究应用。比如,Kelley等人[74]利用python编程语言编写的生理噪声处理工具包PhysioNoise;牛津大学功能磁共振研究中心推出的FSL(FMRIB Software Library)软件包[75]融入了生理噪声抑制预处理组件PNM(Physiological Noise Modelling)[76]。在横向研究上,可利用生理噪声研究所取得的成果为其他fMRI信号分析算法或模型提供支持[77]。本文第三章和第四章所提的方法都属于纵向研究。此外,本文设计了一个具体的横向研究应用:将生理噪声知识融入到ICA的成分排序问题上。通过对ICA分解后的独立成分去除生理噪声,可得到一个新的特征。利用该特征可较好地解决ICA排序中需要先验知识的问题,实现了对fMRI信号的盲分析。
Youssef等人在文献[78]中提出一种利用CCA对独立成分进行排序的方法。虽然Youssef等人的方法可以对分解后的独立成分进行合理排序,但是却需要引入如实验设计相关等参考信息。同样基于典型相关分析,王世杰等人[77]提出利用大脑灰质区域和脑脊液区域中包含成分的差异性,先分别对灰质数据和和脑脊液数据进行ICA分解,得到两个独立成分集合,然后对这两个独立成分集合进行CCA排序的方法。这种方法是直接从脑脊液数据中提取生理噪声成分,不需要任何先验知识。但在实际fMRI数据中,解剖学分割得到的脑脊液模板往往过大从而可能导致提取的生理噪声成分也有可能包含功能信号成分,此时基于CCA排序得到的结果并不一定能得到真实数据中的激活成分,使得方法不够鲁棒。若可以构造一个与生理噪声基本正交的数据集,然后衡量ICA成分对此数据集的依赖程度,则可得到一个较为可信的排序结果。
为此与王世杰等人的方法相比,本章提出了一种通过对(1)灰质数据和全脑数据独立成分之间的时域相关性,以及(2)与生理噪声正交的灰质数据和全脑数据独立成分之间的时域相关性,分别利用典型相关分析进行计算,最终由两种结果综合得到ICA成分的排序依据。此方法可鲁棒地对功能独立成分进行自动排序,且不需要任何先验知识。
在真实fMRI数据上进行评测,证明了所提方法的有效性。该方法不需要已知实验任务刺激范式作为先验知识,并且所得到的两个排序结果具有一定正交性,通过此方法可以得到更鲁棒的结果。
6.2 ICA的基本思想
6.3 CCA排序的基本原理
6.4 基于生理噪声知识的排序方法模型
6.5 实验
这里的实验数据集,采用3.5节中的视觉刺激实验数据,预处理方法也和3.5.1小节保持一致。后面章节在对比提取出的ICA成分时,需要与实验刺激范式进行对比,在此画出其波形图如图6-1所示:
图6-1 视觉实验刺激范式block
图6-2 提取神经组织模板示意图。(a)SPM8分割提取的灰质模板;
(b)Churchill等人方法提取的神经组织模板(二值化图);(c)两个模板叠加的结果。
6.5.2 ICA分解得到的源信号
对全脑数据进行ICA分解并估计得到19个独立的信号成分,如图6-3所示,其中第18个成分与任务刺激范式的相似度最高,可认为是激活成分:
图6-3 ICA提取全脑数据得到未排序的19个独立成分
对CSF数据进行ICA分解得到5个独立的信号成分,如图6-4所示,其中第5个成分与任务刺激范式的相似度最高,会影响最后CCA的排序结果:
图6-4 ICA提取CSF数据得到未排序的5个独立成分
对神经组织数据进行ICA分解得到5个独立的信号成分,如图6-5所示,其中第3个成分与任务刺激范式的相似度最高,可认为是激活成分:
图6-5 ICA提取神经组织数据得到未排序的5个独立成分
对与生理噪声正交的灰质数据进行ICA分解得到5个独立的信号成分,如图6-6所示,可见基本不包含激活成分。
图6-6 ICA提取与生理噪声正交的灰质数据得到未排序的5个独立成分
6.5.3 CCA排序结果
基于CCA排序,然后分别以图6-4,图6-5及图6-6中的信号集为参考数据集,可得到图6-3中各成分对这三个数据集的依赖程度,具体排序结果如表6-1所示。表6-1只选取了各排序结果的前10个展示结果。因为剩余8个独立成分的排序结果对于最终结果不产生作用,所以这里未做展示。
其中,对CSF数据以升序进行排列,因为某个独立信号成分对CSF中的生理噪声依赖越小,则该信号成分越有可能是功能激活成分。而对神经组织及神经组织残差数据进行降序排列,若对这两个数据集中的信号依赖越大,则越有可能是功能激活成分。而从表6-1(a)中可以发现,全脑数据第18个独立成分在以CSF为参考数据时,无法有效地提取出来作为激活信号成分。
表6-1 利用CCA分别对三种参考数据集的排序结果
(a) CSF升序 Index_csf指标 |
(b) NT降序 Index_NT指标 |
(c) NT残差降序 Index_clean指标 |
|||||
M值 |
序号 |
M值 |
序号 |
M值 |
序号 |
||
0.193 |
16 |
1.361 |
18 |
1.585 |
6 |
||
0.27 |
7 |
1.36 |
14 |
1.325 |
18 |
||
0.322 |
10 |
1.331 |
3 |
1.261 |
15 |
||
0.443 |
1 |
1.265 |
2 |
1.167 |
14 |
||
0.476 |
9 |
1.181 |
6 |
1.134 |
5 |
||
0.579 |
5 |
0.961 |
15 |
0.98 |
17 |
||
0.613 |
17 |
0.873 |
13 |
0.865 |
2 |
||
0.686 |
8 |
0.856 |
12 |
0.852 |
10 |
||
0.696 |
11 |
0.823 |
19 |
0.831 |
8 |
||
0.759 |
19 |
0.81 |
5 |
0.814 |
19 |
但是,以神经组织数据集及与生理噪声正交的数据集为参考成分时,全脑数据第18个独立成分能够稳定地排序到较高位置,如表6-1(b)及6-1(c)所示。最终,综合表6-1(b)及6-1(c)的排序结果,可将第18个成分提取出来作为功能信号成分。第18个成分对应的空间激活位置如图6-7所示,枕叶位置符合本实验对应的视觉刺激试验,也和本文3.5.4小节中的结果保持一致。
图6-7 第18个独立成分对应的激活图
6.6 本章小结
本章提出了一种新的ICA排序方法,通过对神经组织数据和全脑数据独立成分之间的时域相关性,以及与生理噪声正交的神经组织数据和全脑数据独立成分之间的时域相关性,分别利用CCA计算两个集合之间相互依赖关系。该方法不需要任何实验先验信息,能够很好地识别出激活相关的功能信号成分,最终实现了对fMRI信号的盲分析。在真实fMRI视觉刺激实验数据上的测评分析,证明了该方法的有效性及可靠性。通过该方法,说明了在生理噪声抑制方法上的探索除了可以作为fMRI预处理纵向研究的一部分,也可以为fMRI横向研究应用提供支持。
谢谢我的导师曾先生,让我知道,读硕士、做学术不会投机是没有前途的,做任何事情没有RMB是没有出路的。
当时的我比较幼稚,还对学术充满了向往,还总以为自己在创造知识的新边疆,这些东西始终学不来。
所以,我是没有出路的,只能干干苦力。
那就好好做个苦力吧。
好好做个苦力。
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