很久之前写过两篇博客:
spring3.0使用annotation完全代替XML
spring3.0使用annotation完全代替XML(续)
用java config来代替XML,当时还遗留下一些问题:
- <tx:annotation-driven />声明性事务等配置无法用简单代码来实现
- web.xml无法去掉
随着servlet 3.0规范以及spring3.1.M2的发布,现在以上的问题也解决了。
先来说说web.xml,有两种方法来替代
(一)annotation
Java代码
- @WebServlet(urlPatterns="/hello")
- public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {}
servlet3.0增加了@WebServlet, @WebFilter,
@WebListener等注解,servlet容器会在classpath扫描并注册所有的标注好的servlet,
filter和listener。这种方法只针对你能访问源代码的情况,对于像spring_mvc用到的DispatcherServlet,无法在源码上加annotation,可以用第二种方法来实现bootstrap
(二)ServletContainerInitializer
这是servlet3的一个接口,我们来看看spring-web提供的实现
Java代码
- @HandlesTypes(WebApplicationInitializer.class)
- public class SpringServletContainerInitializer implements ServletContainerInitializer {
- public void onStartup(Set<Class<?>> webAppInitializerClasses,
- ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
- //implemention omitted
- }
- }
@HandlesTypes也是servlet3中的注解,这里它处理的是WebApplicationInitializer,也就是说servlet容器会扫描classpath,将所有实现了WebApplicationInitializer接口的类传给onStartup方法中的webAppInitializerClasses,并调用onStartup方法来注册servlet。具体的注册代码可以这样写:
Java代码
- public class WebInit implements WebApplicationInitializer {
- @Override
- public void onStartup(ServletContext sc) throws ServletException {
- sc.addFilter("hibernateFilter", OpenSessionInViewFilter.class).addMappingForUrlPatterns(null, false, "/*");
- // Create the ‘root‘ Spring application context
- AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext root = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext();
- root.scan("septem.config.app");
- // Manages the lifecycle of the root application context
- sc.addListener(new ContextLoaderListener(root));
- AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext webContext = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext();
- webContext.setConfigLocation("septem.config.web");
- ServletRegistration.Dynamic appServlet = sc.addServlet("appServlet", new DispatcherServlet(webContext));
- appServlet.setLoadOnStartup(1);
- appServlet.addMapping("/");
- }
- }
以上的代码分别调用了sc.addFilter, sc.addListener, sc.addServlet来注册filter, listener和servlet.
用以上的方法就能将WEB-INF/web.xml删除了.spring3.1.M2开始增加了一系列annotation来实现声明性事务及简化spring_mvc配置。WebInit中注册的DispatcherServlet所对应的配置在septem.config.web包里面:
Java代码
- @Configuration
- @ComponentScan(basePackages="septem.controller")
- @EnableWebMvc
- public class WebConfig {
- }
一行@EnableWebMvc就导入了spring_mvc需要的诸多bean,再配合@ComponentScan扫描septem.controller包里面所有的@Controller,基本的mvc配置就完成了。
声明性事务也是类似,通过spring root application context扫描包septem.config.app:
Java代码
- @Configuration
- @EnableTransactionManagement
- public class DataConfig {
- @Bean public AnnotationSessionFactoryBean sessionFactory() {
- AnnotationSessionFactoryBean sessionFactoryBean = new AnnotationSessionFactoryBean();
- sessionFactoryBean.setDataSource(dataSource());
- sessionFactoryBean.setNamingStrategy(new ImprovedNamingStrategy());
- sessionFactoryBean.setPackagesToScan("septem.model");
- sessionFactoryBean.setHibernateProperties(hProps());
- return sessionFactoryBean;
- }
- private DataSource dataSource() {
- BasicDataSource source = new BasicDataSource();
- source.setDriverClassName("org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
- source.setUrl("jdbc:hsqldb:mem:s3demo_db");
- source.setUsername("sa");
- source.setPassword("");
- return source;
- }
- @Bean public HibernateTransactionManager transactionManager() {
- HibernateTransactionManager hibernateTransactionManager = new HibernateTransactionManager();
- hibernateTransactionManager.setSessionFactory(sessionFactory().getObject());
- return hibernateTransactionManager;
- }
- private Properties hProps() {
- Properties p = new Properties();
- p.put("hibernate.dialect", "org.hibernate.dialect.HSQLDialect");
- p.put("hibernate.cache.use_second_level_cache", "true");
- p.put("hibernate.cache.use_query_cache", "true");
- p.put("hibernate.cache.provider_class",
- "org.hibernate.cache.EhCacheProvider");
- p.put("hibernate.cache.provider_configuration_file_resource_path",
- "ehcache.xml");
- p.put("hibernate.show_sql", "true");
- p.put("hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto", "update");
- p.put("hibernate.generate_statistics", "true");
- p.put("hibernate.cache.use_structured_entries", "true");
- return p;
- }
- }
DataConfig定义了所有与数据库和hibernate相关的bean,通过@EnableTransactionManagement实现声明性事务。
service是如何注册的呢?
Java代码
- @Configuration
- @ComponentScan(basePackages="septem.service")
- public class AppConfig {
- }
通过@ComponentScan扫描包septem.service里定义的所有service,一个简单service实现如下:
Java代码
- @Service @Transactional
- public class GreetingService {
- @Autowired
- private SessionFactory sessionFactory;
- @Transactional(readOnly=true)
- public String greeting() {
- return "spring without xml works!";
- }
- @Transactional(readOnly=true)
- public Book getBook(Long id) {
- return (Book) getSession().get(Book.class, id);
- }
- @Transactional(readOnly=true)
- public Author getAuthor(Long id){
- return (Author) getSession().get(Author.class, id);
- }
- public Book newBook() {
- Book book = new Book();
- book.setTitle("java");
- getSession().save(book);
- return book;
- }
- public Author newAuthor() {
- Book book = newBook();
- Author author = new Author();
- author.setName("septem");
- author.addBook(book);
- getSession().save(author);
- return author;
- }
- private Session getSession() {
- return sessionFactory.getCurrentSession();
- }
- }
这样整个项目中就没有XML文件了。在写这些代码的过程中也碰到不少问题,纪录如下:
(一)项目没有web.xml,maven的war插件要加上failOnMissingWebXml=false
Xml代码
- <plugin>
- <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
- <artifactId>maven-war-plugin</artifactId>
- <version>2.1.1</version>
- <configuration>
- <failOnMissingWebXml>false</failOnMissingWebXml>
- </configuration>
- </plugin>
(二) tomcat-embeded7.0.16还有点小BUG,不能把DispatcherServlet映射为"/",所以代码里把它映射为"/s3/"
Java代码
- appServlet.addMapping("/s3/");
(三) 如果要使用spring提供的OpenSessionInViewFilter,在定义Hibernate SessionFactory的时候,不能直接new SessionFactory出来,即以下代码是不能实现声明性事务的:
Java代码
- @Bean public SessionFactory sessionFactory() {
- org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration config = new org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration();
- config.setProperties(hProps());
- config.addAnnotatedClass(Book.class);
- return config.buildSessionFactory();
- }
必须使用spring提供的FactoryBean:
Java代码
- @Bean public AnnotationSessionFactoryBean sessionFactory() {
- AnnotationSessionFactoryBean sessionFactoryBean = new AnnotationSessionFactoryBean();
- sessionFactoryBean.setDataSource(dataSource());
- sessionFactoryBean.setNamingStrategy(new ImprovedNamingStrategy());
- sessionFactoryBean.setPackagesToScan("septem.model");
- sessionFactoryBean.setHibernateProperties(hProps());
- return sessionFactoryBean;
- }
后记:在spring3.1以servlet3中annotation已经是一等公民了,可以实现任何原先只能在xml文件中配置的功能,并具有简洁,静态检查及重构友好等优点。总体上来讲spring提供的“魔法”还是太多了,尤其是跟hibernate,事务,open
session in
view等机制结合在一起的时候,简洁代码的背后隐藏着太多的依赖关系,如果程序出了问题,排除这些魔法,一层一层地还原程序的本来面目,将是一件很需要耐心的事情