修改ibdata1大小的验证
ibdata是共享表空间，在MySQL初始化的时候就生成了。
但很多童鞋会看到网上各种大神的调优建议，在MySQL已经初始化的情况下，修改配置文件中innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:12M:autoextend。导致MySQL启动的时候报错。
下面来模拟一下：
原来的ibdata1大小为12M
# ll -h /sales3306/mysql/data/ibdata1 -rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 12M Mar 31 21:09 /sales3306/mysql/data/ibdata1
修改配置文件中的innodb_data_file_path参数，调整其大小
innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:20M:autoextend
重启数据库服务
启动数据库的过程中没有报错，但就是没有起来，查看日志信息
[ERROR] InnoDB: auto-extending data file /sales3306/mysql/data/ibdata1 is of a different size 768 pages (rounded down to MB) than specified in the .cnf file: initial 1280 pages, max 0 (relevant if non-zero) pages!
报错信息其实很明显，ibdata1实际大小和配置文件中指定的大小不一致。
遇到这种问题，如何修复呢？
其实，只需将该参数设置为等于或者小于其实际大小。
关于等于，其实不难理解，毕竟要吻合，那小于又为什么可以呢？关键在于该参数后面的autoextend选项，所以实际值比初始值大很正常。当然小于的情况只适用于带有autoextend选项的表空间，MySQL可指定多个表空间，但只有最后一个才能指定该选项。
获取其实际大小，有两种方式，
一是通过ls -l查看其具体大小，可直接写12582912（12M）
二是通过错误日志的报错信息，譬如上面很容易算出其实际大小为768*16/1024=12M
当然，如果默认的共享表空间体积太大了，可新增一个表空间
innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:12M;ibdata2:20M:autoextend
注意：共享表空间，即便把数据清理掉后，也不会回收空间，只能迁移数据，重新初始化。
mysqld_multi的使用
1. 在执行mysqld_multi时报以下错误：
/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_multi --defaults-file=/root/multi.cnf report WARNING: my_print_defaults command not found. Please make sure you have this command available and in your path. The command is available from the latest MySQL distribution. ABORT: Can‘t find command ‘my_print_defaults‘. This command is available from the latest MySQL distribution. Please make sure you have the command in your PATH.
解决方法：
在/etc/profile中添加如下内容：
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/mysql/bin/
并使其生效 source /etc/profile
2. 启动失败，通过查看mysqld_multi的错误日志/usr/local/mysql/multi.log
有如下报错信息：
Starting MySQL servers 160116 20:25:22 mysqld_safe Logging to ‘/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log‘. touch: cannot touch ‘/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log’: No such file or directory chmod: cannot access ‘/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log’: No such file or directory touch: cannot touch ‘/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log’: No such file or directory chown: cannot access ‘/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log’: No such file or directory 160116 20:25:22 mysqld_safe Logging to ‘/sales3307/mysql/log/.err‘. 160116 20:25:22 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /sales3306/mysql/data /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe: line 129: /var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log: No such file or directory /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe: line 166: /var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log: No such file or directory touch: cannot touch ‘/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log’: No such file or directory chown: cannot access ‘/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log’: No such file or directory chmod: cannot access ‘/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log’: No such file or directory 160116 20:25:22 mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid ended /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe: line 129: /var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log: No such file or directory 160116 20:25:22 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /sales3307/mysql/data 160116 20:25:23 mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid ended mysqld_multi log file version 2.16; run: Sat Jan 16 20:25:24 2016
。。。怎么会出现mariadb的信息，这个跟我的操作系统有关，CentOS 7，默认的数据库是Mariadb，而不是MysQL。
失败原因：
没有指定错误日志
指定错误日志后，log-error=/sales3307/mysql/log/error.log
重新启动，又报如下错误：
2016-01-16 20:41:09 18683 [ERROR] /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld: Can‘t create/write to file ‘/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid‘ (Errcode: 2 - No such file or directory) 2016-01-16 20:41:09 18683 [ERROR] Can‘t start server: can‘t create PID file: No such file or directory 160116 20:41:10 mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid ended
失败原因：没有指定pid文件
指定pid文件的路径
pid-file=/sales3307/mysql/run/mysqld.pid
重新启动，终于启动成功
# mysqld_multi --defaults-file=/root/multi.cnf report Reporting MySQL servers MySQL server from group: mysqld3306 is running MySQL server from group: mysqld3307 is running
最后贴一下配置文件：
mysqld的部分没有贴，这块配置是公用的
[mysqld_multi] mysqld = /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe mysqladmin = /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin #用来做关闭mysql使用 user = root log=/usr/local/mysql/multi.log ##password=‘‘ [mysqld3306] port=3306 socket=/sales3306/mysql/run/mysql.sock datadir=/sales3306/mysql/data server-id=1003306 log-bin=/sales3306/mysql/log/mysql-bin tmpdir=/sales3306/mysql/tmp/ innodb_log_group_home_dir = /sales3306/mysql/data innodb_buffer_pool_size=200M log-error=/sales3306/mysql/log/error.log pid-file=/sales3306/mysql/run/mysqld.pid [mysqld3307] port=3307 socket=/sales3307/mysql/run/mysql.sock datadir=/sales3307/mysql/data server-id=1003307 log-bin=/sales3307/mysql/log/mysql-bin tmpdir=/sales3307/mysql/tmp/ innodb_log_group_home_dir = /sales3307/mysql/data innodb_buffer_pool_size=100M log-error=/sales3307/mysql/log/error.log pid-file=/sales3307/mysql/run/mysqld.pid
在折腾过程中还是蛮多坎坷的，结论就是很个性化的定制，譬如socket，log-error，pid-file都要指定各自的路径。不然启动过程中，系统会按默认的来，多实例都按默认的来，会起冲突的。但整个排错过程还是蛮简单的，不是看mysqld_multi的错误日志，就是实例本身的日志。
下面演示一下，mysqld_multi的用法：
[[email protected] ~]# mysqld_multi --defaults-file=/root/multi.cnf stop [[email protected] ~]# mysqld_multi --defaults-file=/root/multi.cnf report Reporting MySQL servers MySQL server from group: mysqld3306 is not running MySQL server from group: mysqld3307 is not running [[email protected] ~]# mysqld_multi --defaults-file=/root/multi.cnf report 3306 Reporting MySQL servers MySQL server from group: mysqld3306 is not running [[email protected] ~]# mysqld_multi --defaults-file=/root/multi.cnf start 3306 [[email protected] ~]# mysqld_multi --defaults-file=/root/multi.cnf report Reporting MySQL servers MySQL server from group: mysqld3306 is running MySQL server from group: mysqld3307 is not running
在上述[mysqld_multi]的配置中，有个user和password，这个是用来执行mysqladmin关闭程序的。
有时候，用root权限太大，且密码以明文的方式暴露存在安全风险。
虽然mysqld_multi支持--password选项，但如果两个实例的密码不一样，又如何同时关闭实例呢？
可为两个实例创建同名账户，只赋予shutdown权限，这样可解决上述的困扰。
mysql> grant shutdown on *.* to ‘multiadmin‘@‘localhost‘ identified by ‘123456‘; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)