如何使用Scrapy框架实现网络爬虫

现在用下面这个案例来演示如果爬取安居客上面深圳的租房信息，我们采取这样策略，首先爬取所有租房信息的链接地址，然后再根据爬取的地址获取我们所需要的页面信息。访问次数多了，会被重定向到输入验证码页面，这个问题后面再解决

1. 创建项目：

　　进入项目路径，使用命令 scrapy startproject anjuke_urls

　　进入项目路径，使用命令 scrapy startproject anjuke_zufang

2. 创建爬虫文件：

　　进入项目anjuke_urls的spider路径，使用命令 scrapy genspider anjuke_urls https://sz.zu.anjuke.com/

3. 爬虫anjuke_urls代码：

　　anjuke_urls.py

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2 import scrapy
 3 from ..items import AnjukeUrlsItem
 4
 5
 6 class AnjukeGeturlsSpider(scrapy.Spider):
 7     name = ‘anjuke_getUrls‘
 8
 9     start_urls = [‘https://sz.zu.anjuke.com/‘]
10
11     def parse(self, response):
12         # 实例化类对象
13         mylink = AnjukeUrlsItem()
14         # 获取所有的链接列表
15         links = response.xpath("//div[@class=‘zu-itemmod‘]/a/@href | //div[@class=‘zu-itemmod  ‘]/a/@href").extract()
16
17         # 提取当前页面的所有租房链接
18         for link in links:
19             mylink[‘url‘] = link
20
21             yield mylink
22
23         # 判断下一页是否能够点击，如果可以，继续并发送请求处理，直到链接全部提取完
24         if len(response.xpath("//a[@class = ‘aNxt‘]")) != None:
25             yield scrapy.Request(response.xpath("//a[@class = ‘aNxt‘]/@href").extract()[0], callback= self.parse)

　　items.py

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2
 3 # Define here the models for your scraped items
 4 #
 5 # See documentation in:
 6 # http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html
 7
 8 import scrapy
 9
10
11 class AnjukeUrlsItem(scrapy.Item):
12     # define the fields for your item here like:
13     # name = scrapy.Field()
14     # 租房链接
15     url = scrapy.Field()

　　pipelines.py

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2
 3 # Define your item pipelines here
 4 #
 5 # Don‘t forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
 6 # See: http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
 7
 8
 9 class AnjukeUrlsPipeline(object):
10     # 以写入的方式打开文件link.txt，不存在会新建一个
11     def open_spider(self, spider):
12         self.linkFile = open(‘G:\Python\网络爬虫\\anjuke\data\link.txt‘, ‘w‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘)
13
14     # 将获取的所有url写进文件
15     def process_item(self, item, spider):
16         self.linkFile.writelines(item[‘url‘] + "\n")
17         return item
18
19     # 关闭文件
20     def close_spider(self, spider):
21         self.linkFile.close()

　　setting.py

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2
 3 # Scrapy settings for anjuke_urls project
 4 #
 5 # For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
 6 # commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
 7 #
 8 #     http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
 9 #     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
10 #     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
11
12 BOT_NAME = ‘anjuke_urls‘
13
14 SPIDER_MODULES = [‘anjuke_urls.spiders‘]
15 NEWSPIDER_MODULE = ‘anjuke_urls.spiders‘
16
17
18 # Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
19 USER_AGENT = ‘Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36‘
20
21 # Obey robots.txt rules
22 ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False
23
24 # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
25 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32
26
27 # Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
28 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
29 # See also autothrottle settings and docs
30 #DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3
31 # The download delay setting will honor only one of:
32 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
33 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16
34
35 # Disable cookies (enabled by default)
36 #COOKIES_ENABLED = False
37
38 # Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
39 #TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False
40
41 # Override the default request headers:
42 #DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
43 #   ‘Accept‘: ‘text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8‘,
44 #   ‘Accept-Language‘: ‘en‘,
45 #}
46
47 # Enable or disable spider middlewares
48 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
49 #SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
50 #    ‘anjuke_urls.middlewares.AnjukeUrlsSpiderMiddleware‘: 543,
51 #}
52
53 # Enable or disable downloader middlewares
54 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
55 #DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
56 #    ‘anjuke_urls.middlewares.MyCustomDownloaderMiddleware‘: 543,
57 #}
58
59 # Enable or disable extensions
60 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
61 #EXTENSIONS = {
62 #    ‘scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole‘: None,
63 #}
64
65 # Configure item pipelines
66 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
67 ITEM_PIPELINES = {
68     ‘anjuke_urls.pipelines.AnjukeUrlsPipeline‘: 300,
69 }
70
71 # Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
72 # See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
73 #AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
74 # The initial download delay
75 #AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
76 # The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
77 #AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
78 # The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
79 # each remote server
80 #AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
81 # Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
82 #AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False
83
84 # Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
85 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
86 #HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
87 #HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
88 #HTTPCACHE_DIR = ‘httpcache‘
89 #HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
90 #HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = ‘scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage‘
　　middlewares.py
 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2
 3 # Define here the models for your spider middleware
 4 #
 5 # See documentation in:
 6 # http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
 7
 8 from scrapy import signals
 9
10
11 class AnjukeUrlsSpiderMiddleware(object):
12     # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
13     # scrapy acts as if the spider middleware does not modify the
14     # passed objects.
15
16     @classmethod
17     def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
18         # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
19         s = cls()
20         crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
21         return s
22
23     def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):
24         # Called for each response that goes through the spider
25         # middleware and into the spider.
26
27         # Should return None or raise an exception.
28         return None
29
30     def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
31         # Called with the results returned from the Spider, after
32         # it has processed the response.
33
34         # Must return an iterable of Request, dict or Item objects.
35         for i in result:
36             yield i
37
38     def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):
39         # Called when a spider or process_spider_input() method
40         # (from other spider middleware) raises an exception.
41
42         # Should return either None or an iterable of Response, dict
43         # or Item objects.
44         pass
45
46     def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):
47         # Called with the start requests of the spider, and works
48         # similarly to the process_spider_output() method, except
49         # that it doesn’t have a response associated.
50
51         # Must return only requests (not items).
52         for r in start_requests:
53             yield r
54
55     def spider_opened(self, spider):
56         spider.logger.info(‘Spider opened: %s‘ % spider.name)

4. 爬虫anjuke_zufang代码：

　　anjuke_zufang.py

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2 import scrapy
 3 from ..items import AnjukeZufangItem
 4
 5 class AnjukeZufangSpider(scrapy.Spider):
 6     name = ‘anjuke_zufang‘
 7     # 初始化一个空列表
 8     start_urls = []
 9
10     # 初始化start_urls，一定需要这一步
11     def __init__(self):
12         links = open(‘G:\Python\网络爬虫\\anjuke\data\link.txt‘)
13         for line in links:
14             # 去掉换行符，如果有换行符则无法访问网址
15             line = line[:-1]
16             self.start_urls.append(line)
17
18     def parse(self, response):
19         item = AnjukeZufangItem()
20         # 直接获取页面我们需要的数据
21         item[‘roomRent‘] = response.xpath(‘//span[@class = "f26"]/text()‘).extract()[0]
22         item[‘rentMode‘] = response.xpath(‘//div[@class="pinfo"]/div/div/div[1]/dl[2]/dd/text()‘).extract()[0].strip()
23         item[‘roomLayout‘] = response.xpath(‘//div[@class="pinfo"]/div/div/div[1]/dl[3]/dd/text()‘).extract()[0].strip()
24         item[‘roomSize‘] = response.xpath(‘//div[@class="pinfo"]/div/div/div[2]/dl[3]/dd/text()‘).extract()[0]
25         item[‘LeaseMode‘] = response.xpath(‘//div[@class="pinfo"]/div/div/div[1]/dl[4]/dd/text()‘).extract()[0]
26         item[‘apartmentName‘] = response.xpath(‘//div[@class="pinfo"]/div/div/div[1]/dl[5]/dd/a/text()‘).extract()[0]
27         item[‘location1‘] = response.xpath(‘//div[@class="pinfo"]/div/div/div[1]/dl[6]/dd/a/text()‘).extract()[0]
28         item[‘location2‘] = response.xpath(‘//div[@class="pinfo"]/div/div/div[1]/dl[6]/dd/a[2]/text()‘).extract()[0]
29         item[‘floor‘] = response.xpath(‘//div[@class="pinfo"]/div/div/div[2]/dl[5]/dd/text()‘).extract()[0]
30         item[‘orientation‘] = response.xpath(‘//div[@class="pinfo"]/div/div/div[2]/dl[4]/dd/text()‘).extract()[0].strip()
31         item[‘decorationSituation‘] = response.xpath(‘//div[@class="pinfo"]/div/div/div[2]/dl[2]/dd/text()‘).extract()[0]
32         item[‘intermediaryName‘] = response.xpath(‘//h2[@class="f16"]/text()‘).extract()[0]
33         item[‘intermediaryPhone‘] = response.xpath(‘//p[@class="broker-mobile"]/text()‘).extract()[0]
34         item[‘intermediaryCompany‘] = response.xpath(‘//div[@class="broker-company"]/p[1]/a/text()‘).extract()[0]
35         item[‘intermediaryStore‘] = response.xpath(‘//div[@class="broker-company"]/p[2]/a/text()‘).extract()[0]
36         item[‘link‘] = response.url
37
38         yield item

　　items.py

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2
 3 # Define here the models for your scraped items
 4 #
 5 # See documentation in:
 6 # http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html
 7
 8 import scrapy
 9
10
11 class AnjukeZufangItem(scrapy.Item):
12     # define the fields for your item here like:
13     # name = scrapy.Field()
14     # 租金
15     roomRent = scrapy.Field()
16     # 租金压付方式
17     rentMode = scrapy.Field()
18     # 房型
19     roomLayout = scrapy.Field()
20     # 面积
21     roomSize = scrapy.Field()
22     # 租赁方式
23     LeaseMode = scrapy.Field()
24     # 所在小区
25     apartmentName = scrapy.Field()
26     # 位置
27     location1 = scrapy.Field()
28     location2 = scrapy.Field()
29     # 楼层
30     floor = scrapy.Field()
31     # 朝向
32     orientation = scrapy.Field()
33     # 装修
34     decorationSituation = scrapy.Field()
35     # 中介名字
36     intermediaryName = scrapy.Field()
37     # 中介电话
38     intermediaryPhone = scrapy.Field()
39     # 中介公司
40     intermediaryCompany = scrapy.Field()
41     # 中介门店
42     intermediaryStore = scrapy.Field()
43     # 房屋链接
44     link = scrapy.Field()

　　pipelines.py

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2
 3 # Define your item pipelines here
 4 #
 5 # Don‘t forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
 6 # See: http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
 7
 8 import sqlite3
 9
10
11 class AnjukeZufangPipeline(object):
12     def open_spider(self, spider):
13         self.file = open(‘G:\Python\网络爬虫\\anjuke\data\租房信息.txt‘, ‘w‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘)14
15     def process_item(self, item, spider):
16         self.file.write(
17             item[‘roomRent‘] + "," + item[‘rentMode‘] + "," + item[‘roomLayout‘] + "," + item[‘roomSize‘] + "," + item[
18                 ‘LeaseMode‘] + "," + item[‘apartmentName‘] + "," + item[‘location1‘] + " " + item[‘location2‘] + "," + item[
19                 ‘floor‘] + "," + item[‘orientation‘] + "," + item[‘decorationSituation‘] + "," + item[‘intermediaryName‘] +
20                  "," + item[‘intermediaryPhone‘] + "," + item[‘intermediaryCompany‘] + "," + item[‘intermediaryStore‘] + ","
21                  + item[‘link‘] + ‘\n‘)
22
23         return item
24     def spoder_closed(self, spider):
25         self.file.close()

　　setting.py

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2
 3 # Scrapy settings for anjuke_zufang project
 4 #
 5 # For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
 6 # commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
 7 #
 8 #     http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
 9 #     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
10 #     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
11
12 BOT_NAME = ‘anjuke_zufang‘
13
14 SPIDER_MODULES = [‘anjuke_zufang.spiders‘]
15 NEWSPIDER_MODULE = ‘anjuke_zufang.spiders‘
16
17
18 # Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
19 USER_AGENT = ‘Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36‘
20
21 # Obey robots.txt rules
22 ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False
23
24 # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
25 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32
26
27 # Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
28 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
29 # See also autothrottle settings and docs
30 #DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3
31 # The download delay setting will honor only one of:
32 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
33 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16
34
35 # Disable cookies (enabled by default)
36 #COOKIES_ENABLED = False
37
38 # Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
39 #TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False
40
41 # Override the default request headers:
42 #DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
43 #   ‘Accept‘: ‘text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8‘,
44 #   ‘Accept-Language‘: ‘en‘,
45 #}
46
47 # Enable or disable spider middlewares
48 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
49 #SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
50 #    ‘anjuke_zufang.middlewares.AnjukeZufangSpiderMiddleware‘: 543,
51 #}
52
53 # Enable or disable downloader middlewares
54 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
55 #DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
56 #    ‘anjuke_zufang.middlewares.MyCustomDownloaderMiddleware‘: 543,
57 #}
58
59 # Enable or disable extensions
60 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
61 #EXTENSIONS = {
62 #    ‘scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole‘: None,
63 #}
64
65 # Configure item pipelines
66 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
67 ITEM_PIPELINES = {
68     ‘anjuke_zufang.pipelines.AnjukeZufangPipeline‘: 300,
69 }
70
71 # Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
72 # See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
73 #AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
74 # The initial download delay
75 #AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
76 # The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
77 #AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
78 # The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
79 # each remote server
80 #AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
81 # Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
82 #AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False
83
84 # Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
85 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
86 #HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
87 #HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
88 #HTTPCACHE_DIR = ‘httpcache‘
89 #HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
90 #HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = ‘scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage‘

　　middlewares.py

　　

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2
 3 # Define here the models for your spider middleware
 4 #
 5 # See documentation in:
 6 # http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
 7
 8 from scrapy import signals
 9
10
11 class AnjukeZufangSpiderMiddleware(object):
12     # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
13     # scrapy acts as if the spider middleware does not modify the
14     # passed objects.
15
16     @classmethod
17     def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
18         # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
19         s = cls()
20         crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
21         return s
22
23     def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):
24         # Called for each response that goes through the spider
25         # middleware and into the spider.
26
27         # Should return None or raise an exception.
28         return None
29
30     def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
31         # Called with the results returned from the Spider, after
32         # it has processed the response.
33
34         # Must return an iterable of Request, dict or Item objects.
35         for i in result:
36             yield i
37
38     def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):
39         # Called when a spider or process_spider_input() method
40         # (from other spider middleware) raises an exception.
41
42         # Should return either None or an iterable of Response, dict
43         # or Item objects.
44         pass
45
46     def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):
47         # Called with the start requests of the spider, and works
48         # similarly to the process_spider_output() method, except
49         # that it doesn’t have a response associated.
50
51         # Must return only requests (not items).
52         for r in start_requests:
53             yield r
54
55     def spider_opened(self, spider):
56         spider.logger.info(‘Spider opened: %s‘ % spider.name)

5. 依次运行爬虫：

　　进入爬虫anjuke_urls项目，运行scrapy crawl anjuke_getUrls

　　进入爬虫anjuke_urls项目，运行scrapy crawl anjuke_zufang

原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/andrew209/p/8413810.html

时间： 2024-10-09 02:55:37

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