1、创建一个10G分区，并格式为ext4文件系统；
(1) 要求其block大小为2048, 预留空间百分比为2, 卷标为MYDATA, 默认挂载属性包含acl；
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It‘s strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command ‘c‘) and change display units to
sectors (command ‘u‘).
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-13054, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-13054, default 13054): +10G
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.ext4 -b 2048 -m 2 -L ‘MYDATA‘ /dev/sdb1
[[email protected] ~]# tune2fs -o acl /dev/sdb1
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
(2) 挂载至/data/mydata目录，要求挂载时禁止程序自动运行，且不更新文件的访问时间戳；
[[email protected] ~]# mount -o noexec,noatime /dev/sdb1 /data/mydata [[email protected] ~]# mount | grep ‘sdb1‘
2、创建一个大小为1G的swap分区，并创建好文件系统，并启用之；
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It‘s strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command ‘c‘) and change display units to
sectors (command ‘u‘).
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (1307-13054, default 1307):
Using default value 1307
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1307-13054, default 13054): +1G
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-4): 2
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82
Changed system type of partition 2 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xb103db18
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 1306 10490413+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 1307 1438 1060290 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[[email protected] ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb2 #创建sdb2的文件系统为swap#
mkswap: /dev/sdb2: warning: don‘t erase bootbits sectors
(dos partition table detected). Use -f to force.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1060284 KiB
no label, UUID=d2d5c88e-94ca-45e7-9185-f80e83a8fea5
[[email protected] ~]# mkswap -f /dev/sdb2
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1060284 KiB
no label, UUID=d1194b43-1074-4d17-8ea7-3d94f323ba64
[[email protected] ~]# swapon /dev/sdb2
3、写一个脚本
(1)、获取并列出当前系统上的所有磁盘设备；
(2)、显示每个磁盘设备上每个分区相关的空间使用信息；
#!/bin/bash
disk=$(fdisk -l | grep -o ‘^Disk /dev/[a-z]d[a-z]\>‘ | cut -d‘ ‘ -f2)
echo -e "all the disk infomation:\n${disk}\n"
echo ‘all the partition infomation:‘
for i in `fdisk -l | grep -o ‘^/dev/[a-z]d[a-z][1-9]‘`
do
df -h $i | grep -C2 ‘^/dev/‘
done
4、总结RAID的各个级别及其组合方式和性能的不同；
RAID 0 数据切分存在两块盘，读写性能提升，空间每块硬盘直接叠加，无容错能力，最少需要2块盘组合。增加需要2的倍数。
RAID 1 数据写时每块硬盘各保存一份，写性能下降，读取性能提升，空间减半，有容错能力，一块坏，不影响另一块使用，最少2块盘，增加需要2的倍数。
RAID 5 分布式奇偶校验独立磁盘结构，数据交叉存储，读写性能提升，空间磁盘数量N-1，有容错能力，只能坏1块盘，最少需要3块磁盘组合。
RAID 10 先进行raid1，再做raid0，具有两者特性，读写性能提升，有容错能力，磁盘利用率50%。
其他RAID级别一般使用较少。
5、创建一个大小为10G的RAID1，要求有一个空闲盘，而且CHUNK大小为128k;
[[email protected] /]# mdadm -C /dev/md1 -n 2 -l 1 -c 128 -x 1 /dev/sdb3 /dev/sd4 /dev/sdb5
6、创建一个大小为4G的RAID5设备，chunk大小为256k，格式化ext4文件系统，要求可开机自动挂载至/backup目录，而且不更新访问时间戳，且支持acl功能；
[[email protected] /]# mdadm -C /dev/md2 -n 3 -l 5 -c 256 /dev/sdb5 /dev/sdb6 /dev/sdb7 [[email protected] /]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md2 [[email protected] /]# vim /etc/fstab /dev/md2 /backup ext4 noatime,acl,defaults 0 0
7、写一个脚本
(1) 接受一个以上文件路径作为参数；
(2) 显示每个文件拥有的行数；
(3) 总结说明本次共为几个文件统计了其行数；
#!/bin/bash # declare -i sum=0 if [ $# -lt 1 ];then echo “Please in put at least file path” && exit 1 fi for i in [email protected];do if [ -f $i ];then echo "$i file lines is： `wc -l $i | cut -d" " -f1` " let sum++ else echo "$i is not right file path" fi done echo "this sum is file number is： $sum"
8、写一个脚本
(1) 传递两个以上字符串当作用户名；
(2) 创建这些用户；且密码同用户名；
(3) 总结说明共创建了几个用户；
#!/bin/bash # declare -i name=0 if [ $# -lt 2 ] ;then echo "Please give at least two need to create a username" && exit 3 fi for i in [email protected];do id $i &> /dev/null if [ $? -eq 0 ];then echo "This $i exists" else useradd $i && echo "$i" | passwd --stdin $i let name++ fi done echo "Create user number：$name"
9、写一个脚本，新建20个用户，visitor1-visitor20；计算他们的ID之和；
#!/bin/bash
#
declare -i sum=0
for i in {1..20};do
useradd visitor$i && echo "visitor$i UID is: `id -u visitor$i`"
name=$(id -u visitor$i)
let sum+=$name
done
echo "the user UID sum is : $sum"
10、写一脚本，分别统计/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit、/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions和/etc/fstab文件中以#号开头的行数之和，以及总的空白行数；
#!/bin/bash
#
declare -i m=0
declare -i n=0
for i in {/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit,/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions,/etc/fstab};do
fu=`grep "^#" $i | wc -l`
ng=`grep "^[[:space:]]\+$" $i | wc -l`
let m+=$fu
let n+=$ng
done
echo "The total number of # for the beginning ：$m"
echo "Total number of blank lines:$n"
11、写一个脚本，显示当前系统上所有默认shell为bash的用户的用户名、UID以及此类所有用户的UID之和；
#!/bin/bash # declare -i sum=0 user=$(grep "/bin/bash$" /etc/passwd) for i in $user;do uid=`echo $i | cut -d: -f3` user=`echo $i | cut -d: -f1` echo "$user UID is $uid" let sum+=$uid done echo "默认shell为bash的用户UID之和为：$sum"
12、写一个脚本，显示当前系统上所有，拥有附加组的用户的用户名；并说明共有多少个此类用户；
#!/bin/bash
declare -i user=0
name=`cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd`
for i in $name;do
group=`id $i|cut -d" " -f3|awk -F"," ‘{print $2}‘`
if [ -n "$group" ];then
echo "$i 拥有附加组"
let user++
fi
done
echo "拥有附加组的用户总数是： $user"
13、创建一个由至少两个物理卷组成的大小为20G的卷组；要求，PE大小为8M；而在卷组中创建一个大小为5G的逻辑卷mylv1，格式化为ext4文件系统，开机自动挂载至/users目录，支持acl；
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (2869-15665, default 2869):
Using default value 2869
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (2869-15665, default 15665): +10G
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (4175-15665, default 4175):
Using default value 4175
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (4175-15665, default 15665): +10G
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6): 5
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 5 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6): 6
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 6 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15665 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000d5ced
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sdb4 2869 15665 102788088+ 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 2869 4174 10486599+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdb6 4175 5480 10490413+ 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[[email protected] ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb5
Physical volume "/dev/sda5" successfully created
[[email protected] ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb6
Physical volume "/dev/sda6" successfully created
[[email protected] ~]# pvdisplay
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdb5 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g
/dev/sdb6 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g
[[email protected] ~]# vgcreate -s 8M myvg /dev/sdb{5,6}
Volume group "myvg" successfully created
[[email protected] ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name myvg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 19.99 GiB
PE Size 8.00 MiB
Total PE 2559
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 2559 / 19.99 GiB
VG UUID NnCyy1-kevE-pul3-aGpH-GySi-GOQT-S4DABZ
[[email protected] ~]# lvcreate -L 5G -n mylv1 myvg
Logical volume "mylv1" created.
[[email protected] ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/myvg/mylv1
LV Name mylv1
VG Name myvg
LV UUID 5sVS3Y-xers-mlnv-c32W-pOnb-shBo-xLCxmD
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time linuxnode03, 2016-08-26 23:31:39 +0800
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 5.00 GiB
Current LE 640
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/myvg/mylv
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks
65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280
40 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 23 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[[email protected] ~]# blkid
/dev/sdb5: UUID="hXii7i-t1yU-k5ZA-3C6q-67iZ-2Rz0-JkZF2e" TYPE="LVM2_member"
/dev/sdb6: UUID="CLhY2q-9K77-she6-G7Mr-w4nw-9ZLv-J7ccsH" TYPE="LVM2_member"
/dev/mapper/myvg-mylv1: UUID="1e6bda45-524f-403e-9f52-5fa0d0c4f56b" TYPE="ext4"
编辑/etc/fstab,在文末行添加此行内容
UUID=1e6bda45-524f-403e-9f52-5fa0d0c4f56b /users ext4 defaults,acl 0 0
14、新建用户magedu；其家目录为/users/magedu，而后su切换至此用户，复制多个文件至家目录；
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir -p /users/magedu [[email protected] ~]# useradd -d /users/magedu magedu [[email protected] ~]# su - magedu [[email protected] ~]$ cp -ar /etc/rc.d/* ~
15、扩展mylv1至9G，确保扩展完成后原有数据完全可用；
[[email protected] ~]# lvextend -L +4G /dev/myvg/mylv1 Size of logical volume myvg/mylv changed from 5.00 GiB (640 extents) to 9.00 GiB (1152 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized [[email protected] ~]# lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/myvg/mylv1 LV Name mylv1 VG Name myvg LV UUID 5sVS3Y-xers-mlnv-c32W-pOnb-shBo-xLCxmD LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time linuxnode03, 2016-08-26 23:31:39 +0800 LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 9.00 GiB Current LE 1152 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 [[email protected] ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv1 resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv1 to 2359296 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv1 is now 2359296 blocks long.
16、缩减mylv1至7G，确保缩减完成后原有数据完全可用；
[[email protected] ~]# umount /dev/myvg/mylv1 [[email protected] ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/myvg/mylv1 e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information /dev/myvg/mylv1: 11/589824 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 72671/2359296 blocks [[email protected] ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv1 [[email protected] ~]# lvreduce -L 7G /dev/myvg/mylv1 WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 7.00 GiB THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce mylv1? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume myvg/mylv1 changed from 9.00 GiB (1152 extents) to 7.00 GiB (896 extents). Logical volume mylv successfully resized [[email protected] ~]# lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/myvg/mylv1 LV Name mylv1 VG Name myvg LV UUID 5sVS3Y-xers-mlnv-c32W-pOnb-shBo-xLCxmD LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time linuxnode03, 2016-08-26 23:31:39 +0800 LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 7.00 GiB Current LE 896 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 [[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/myvg/mylv1 /users
17、对mylv1创建快照，并通过备份数据；要求保留原有的属主属组等信息；
[[email protected] users]# lvcreate -L 1G -n snapmylv1 -p r -s /dev/myvg/mylv1 [[email protected] users]# cd /dev/myvg/ [[email protected] myvg]# ls mylv1 snapmylv1
时间： 2024-10-06 16:34:52