Rabbitmq的核心概念（如下图所示）：有虚拟主机、交换机、队列、绑定；
交换机可以理解成具有路由表的路由程序，仅此而已。每个消息都有一个称为路由键（routing key）的属性，就是一个简单的字符串。
最新版本的RabbitMQ有四种交换机类型，分别是Direct exchange、Fanout exchange、Topic exchange、Headers exchange。
Direct Exchange – 处理路由键。需要将一个队列绑定到交换机上，要求该消息与一个特定的路由键完全匹配。这是一个完整的匹配。如果一个队列绑定到该交换机上要求路由键 “dog”，则只有被标记为“dog”的消息才被转发，不会转发dog.puppy，也不会转发dog.guard，只会转发dog。
Fanout Exchange – 不处理路由键。你只需要简单的将队列绑定到交换机上。一个发送到交换机的消息都会被转发到与该交换机绑定的所有队列上。很像子网广播，每台子网内的主机都获得了一份复制的消息。Fanout交换机转发消息是最快的。
Topic Exchange – 将路由键和某模式进行匹配。此时队列需要绑定要一个模式上。符号“#”匹配一个或多个词，符号“*”匹配不多不少一个词。因此“audit.#”能够匹配到“audit.irs.corporate”，但是“audit.*” 只会匹配到“audit.irs”。
Headers exchange – 还没有仔细研究过，复制点官方的介绍吧。
A headers exchange is designed to for routing on multiple attributes that are more easily expressed as message headers than a routing key. Headers exchanges ignore the routing key attribute. Instead, the attributes used for routing are taken from the headers attribute. A message is considered matching if the value of the header equals the value specified upon binding.
It is possible to bind a queue to a headers exchange using more than one header for matching. In this case, the broker needs one more piece of information from the application developer, namely, should it consider messages with any of the headers matching, or all of them? This is what the "x-match" binding argument is for. When the "x-match" argument is set to "any", just one matching header value is sufficient. Alternatively, setting "x-match" to "all" mandates that all the values must match.
Headers exchanges can be looked upon as "direct exchanges on steroids". Because they route based on header values, they can be used as direct exchanges where the routing key does not have to be a string; it could be an integer or a hash (dictionary) for example.
消息始终都是先发送到交换机，由交换级经过路由传送给队列，消费者再从队列中获取消息的！
参考资料：http://melin.iteye.com/blog/691265