1 isinstance 和issubclass
instance:判断该对象是否是类的对象
isinstance（obj,Foo）
x = []
print(isinstance(x,list))
结果：
True
issubclass:判断是否是继承
class Foo:
pass
class Bar(Foo):
pass
print(issubclass(Bar,Foo))
结果：
True
通过下面的方式也可以查看
print(Bar.base)
2 反射
反射是Smi首次提出的，主要指程序可以访问、检测和修改它本身状态行为的一种能力，也可以叫做自省
2.1面向对象中的反射
面向对象中的反射，是通过字符串形式操作对象的属性，Python中一切都是对象，都可以使用对象
Python中通过hasattr、getattr、setattr、deltattr实现自省的函数，适用于类和对象（一切都是对象）
反射就是把字符串反射成相应的命令
hasattr
查看类和对象中是否有name,用字符串表示，实例在找的时候首先从自身找，自身没有从类找。
class Foo:
name = ‘aaa‘
f1 =Foo()
print(hasattr(Foo,‘name‘))
print(hasattr(f1,‘name‘))
结果：
True
True
setattr
setattr是设置属性，setattr(x,y,z)
class Foo:
name = ‘aaa‘
f1 =Foo()
setattr(Foo,‘age‘,18)
print(Foo,‘age‘)
print(f1,‘age‘)
deltattr
print(Foo.__dict__)
delattr(Foo,‘name‘)
print(Foo.__dict__)
print(hasattr(f1,‘name‘))
结果：
False
通过打印类的名称空间可以查看到name已经没有了
getattr
getattr是查找那个属性，并把命名它的值获得，实际的原理是通过获得字典中的key,然后获得value
class People:
country = ‘china‘
def __init__(self,name):
self.name=name
p = People(‘aaa‘)
print(hasattr(p,‘name‘))
print(‘name‘ in p.__dict__) # 执行的效果是一样的e
print(hasattr(p,‘country‘))
print(hasattr(People,‘country‘))
print(getattr(p,‘country‘))
print(getattr(p,‘__init__‘))
print(getattr(People,‘country‘))
2.3模块的反射
Python中一切皆对象，模块文件等都是对象
import sys
def s1():
pass
def s2():
pass
this_module = sys.modules[__name__]
print(hasattr(this_module,‘s1‘))
print(getattr(this_module,‘s1‘))
- 结果：
True
function s1 at 0x00000000005F3E18
3 内置attr
getattr
getattr只有在调用的属性不存在的时候才会触发
class Foo:
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
def __getattr__(self, item):
print("getattr--%s %s"%(item,type(item)))
f = Foo(‘aaa‘)
print(f.xxx)
- 结果：
getattr—xxx class ‘str’
None
setattr
setattr添加/修改属性会触发它的执行
class Foo:
def __init__(self,x):
self.name=x
def __setattr__(self, key, value): # 与上面的对应关系是self--self,name--key,x--value
self.__dict__[key]=value # 真正修改的是__dict__中的内容
f1 = Foo(‘aaa‘)
f1.x=‘bbb‘ # 修改属性
f1.age=18 # 增加属性
print(f1.__dict__) # 在名称对象的名称空间中可以显示
deltattr
只有删除属性的时候才会触发deltatr的执行
class Foo:
def __init__(self,x):
self.name=x
def __setattr__(self, key, value): # 与上面的对应关系是self--self,name--key,x--value
self.__dict__[key]=value # 真正修改的是__dict__中的内容
def __delattr__(self, item):
self.__dict__.pop(item)
f1=Foo(‘aaa‘)
print(f1.__dict__)
del f1.name
print(f1.__dict__)
结果：
{‘name’: ‘aaa’}
{}
4 反射的应用
4.1 可插拔机制
#客户端
class FtpClient:
def __init__(self,addr):
print(‘正在连接服务器[%s]‘%addr)
self.addr = addr
def get(self):
print(‘get‘)
def test(self):
print(‘test‘)
#服务端，需要使用客户端的内容
import ftpclient # 导入test模块（这里是文件）
# f1 = FtpClient(‘192.168.1.1‘) # wrong
f1=ftpclient.FtpClient(‘192.168.1.1‘) #这里的对象是文件，即ftpclient,对这个对象进行实例化
if hasattr(f1,‘get‘): # 首先看是否有这个功能
func_get=getattr(f1,‘get‘) # getattr是获得相应的内存地址
func_get()
else: # else预语言中是真正的逻辑
print(‘其他逻辑‘)
4.2 通过字符串导入模块
m = input("输入你要导入的模块")
m1 = __import__(m)
print(m1)
import importlib
t = importlib.import_module(‘time‘)
print(t.time)
5 二次加工标准类型（包装）
Python内部已经有了标准的数据类型和内置方法，但是在很多的情况下，我们需要对数据类型进行自己定制，这几用到了继承和派生的知识
对append添加限制，只能添加数字类型的
class List(list): # List 继承了列表list
def append(self, p_object): # 仅仅对append进行修改
if not isinstance(p_object,int): # 限制数据类型
raise TypeError(‘must be int‘)
super().append(p_object) # 真正的修改,super是对父类进行修改
l = list([1,2,3])
print(l)
l.append(4) # 这里是对属性进行修改，实际是对类进行修改
print(l)
结果：
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3, 4]
上面的情况仅仅是对append进行了修改并添加了限制，list的其他的属性如insert是没有限制的
授权
授权是包装的一个特性，上面的情况是通过继承来实现的，但是函数是不能继承的
授权的过程是所有更新的功能都是由新类的某部分来处理，已经存在的就授权给对象的默认属性
实现授权的关键点就是覆盖getattr方法
import time
class Open:
def __init__(self,filepath,mode=‘r‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘):
self.x = open(filepath,mode=mode,encoding=encoding) # self.x是文件句柄 拿到文件中的内容
self.filepath=filepath
self.mode=mode
self.encoding=encoding
def write(self,line): # 在类中新建write功能
t=time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %X‘)
self.x.write("%s %s" %(t,line)) # self.x存放的是文件句柄
def __getattr__(self, item): # 通过getattr实现的叫做授权
# print(‘---->‘,item,type(item)) # 测试查看类型
return getattr(self.x,item) # 从一个文件对象获得 字符串 现在获得的是self.x 相应方法的地址
f=Open(‘b.txt‘,‘w‘) #实例化一个对象 传入相应的参数
f.write(‘123\n‘) #Open没有实际的writearttribute
f.write(‘123\n‘)
f.write(‘123\n‘)
f.write(‘123\n‘)
f.write(‘123\n‘)
f.write(‘123\n‘)
f.write(‘123\n‘)
这样就能在文件中添加了带有时间的内容
对文件进行读操作：
f=Open(‘b.txt‘,‘r‘) # 重新实例化
res = f.read()# f.read实际是self.x 的方法
print(res)
f.seek(0) #此时光标位于文件的最后
print(f.read()) #这样就可以重新读文件
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.markdown table tr td,.markdown table tr th { border: 1px solid #ccc; margin: 0; padding: 6px 13px }
.markdown table tr th { font-weight: 700 }
.markdown table tr th>:first-child { margin-top: 0 }
.markdown table tr th>:last-child { margin-bottom: 0 }
.markdown table tr td>:first-child { margin-top: 0 }
.markdown table tr td>:last-child { margin-bottom: 0 }
.github { padding: 20px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", STHeiti, SimSun, "Segoe UI", AppleSDGothicNeo-Medium, "Malgun Gothic", Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background: #fff; line-height: 1.6 }
.github a { color: #3269a0 }
.github a:hover { color: #4183c4 }
.github h2 { border-bottom: 1px solid #e6e6e6; line-height: 1.6 }
.github h6 { color: #777 }
.github hr { border: 1px solid #e6e6e6 }
.github pre>code { font-size: .9em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace }
.github blockquote>code,.github h1>code,.github h2>code,.github h3>code,.github h4>code,.github h5>code,.github h6>code,.github li>code,.github p>code,.github td>code { background-color: rgba(0,0,0,.07); font-family: Consolas, "Liberation Mono", Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 85%; padding: .2em .5em; border: 0 }
.github blockquote { border-left: 4px solid #e6e6e6; padding: 0 15px; font-style: italic }
.github table { background-color: #fafafa }
.github table tr td,.github table tr th { border: 1px solid #e6e6e6 }
.github table tr:nth-child(2n) { background-color: #f2f2f2 }
.hljs-comment,.hljs-title { color: #9c9491 }
.css .hljs-class,.css .hljs-id,.css .hljs-pseudo,.hljs-attribute,.hljs-regexp,.hljs-tag,.hljs-variable,.html .hljs-doctype,.ruby .hljs-constant,.xml .hljs-doctype,.xml .hljs-pi,.xml .hljs-tag .hljs-title { color: #f22c40 }
.hljs-built_in,.hljs-constant,.hljs-literal,.hljs-number,.hljs-params,.hljs-pragma,.hljs-preprocessor { color: #df5320 }
.css .hljs-rules .hljs-attribute,.hljs-ruby .hljs-class .hljs-title { color: #d5911a }
.hljs-header,.hljs-inheritance,.hljs-string,.hljs-value,.ruby .hljs-symbol,.xml .hljs-cdata { color: #5ab738 }
.css .hljs-hexcolor { color: #00ad9c }
.coffeescript .hljs-title,.hljs-function,.javascript .hljs-title,.perl .hljs-sub,.python .hljs-decorator,.python .hljs-title,.ruby .hljs-function .hljs-title,.ruby .hljs-title .hljs-keyword { color: #407ee7 }
.hljs-keyword,.javascript .hljs-function { color: #6666ea }
.hljs { display: block; background: #2c2421; color: #a8a19f; padding: .5em }
.coffeescript .javascript,.javascript .xml,.tex .hljs-formula,.xml .css,.xml .hljs-cdata,.xml .javascript,.xml .vbscript { opacity: .5 }
.MathJax_Hover_Frame { border: 1px solid #A6D !important; display: inline-block; position: absolute }
.MathJax_Hover_Arrow { position: absolute; width: 15px; height: 11px; cursor: pointer }
#MathJax_About { position: fixed; left: 50%; width: auto; text-align: center; border: 3px outset; padding: 1em 2em; background-color: #DDD; color: #000; cursor: default; font-family: message-box; font-size: 120%; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0; text-transform: none; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; z-index: 201 }
.MathJax_Menu { position: absolute; background-color: #fff; color: #000; width: auto; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #CCC; margin: 0; cursor: default; font: menu; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; text-transform: none; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; z-index: 201 }
.MathJax_MenuItem { padding: 2px 2em; background: 0 0 }
.MathJax_MenuArrow { position: absolute; right: .5em; color: #666 }
.MathJax_MenuActive .MathJax_MenuArrow { color: #fff }
.MathJax_MenuArrow.RTL { left: .5em; right: auto }
.MathJax_MenuCheck { position: absolute; left: .7em }
.MathJax_MenuCheck.RTL { right: .7em; left: auto }
.MathJax_MenuRadioCheck { position: absolute; left: 1em }
.MathJax_MenuRadioCheck.RTL { right: 1em; left: auto }
.MathJax_MenuLabel { padding: 2px 2em 4px 1.33em; font-style: italic }
.MathJax_MenuRule { border-top: 1px solid #CCC; margin: 4px 1px 0 }
.MathJax_MenuDisabled { color: GrayText }
.MathJax_MenuActive { background-color: Highlight; color: HighlightText }
.MathJax_Menu_Close { position: absolute; width: 31px; height: 31px; top: -15px; left: -15px }
#MathJax_Zoom { position: absolute; background-color: #F0F0F0; overflow: auto; display: block; z-index: 301; padding: .5em; border: 1px solid #000; margin: 0; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; text-transform: none; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none }
#MathJax_ZoomOverlay { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 300; display: inline-block; width: 100%; height: 100%; border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color: #fff; opacity: 0 }
#MathJax_ZoomFrame { position: relative; display: inline-block; height: 0; width: 0 }
#MathJax_ZoomEventTrap { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; z-index: 302; display: inline-block; border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color: #fff; opacity: 0 }
.MathJax_Preview { color: #888 }
#MathJax_Message { position: fixed; left: 1px; bottom: 2px; background-color: #E6E6E6; border: 1px solid #959595; margin: 0; padding: 2px 8px; z-index: 102; color: #000; font-size: 80%; width: auto; white-space: nowrap }
#MathJax_MSIE_Frame { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 0; z-index: 101; border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0 }
.MathJax_Error { color: #C00; font-style: italic }
footer { position: fixed; font-size: .8em; text-align: right; bottom: 0; margin-left: -25px; height: 20px; width: 100% }