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The Common Language Runtime (CLR), the virtual-machine component of Microsoft‘s .NET framework, manages the execution of .NET programs. A process known as just-in-time compilation
converts compiled code into machine instructions which the computer‘s CPU then executes. The CLR provides additional services including memory management, type safety and exception handling. All programs written for the .NET framework, regardless of programming
language, are executed by the CLR. It provides exception handling, garbage collection, security and thread management. All versions of the .NET framework include CLR.
CLR implements the Virtual Execution System (VES) as defined in the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) standard, initially developed by Microsoft itself. A public standard defines the Common Language Infrastructure
specification.
The runtime provides the following benefits:
- Performance improvements.
- The ability to easily use components developed in other languages.
- Extensible types provided by a class library.
- Language features such as inheritance, interfaces, and overloading for object-oriented programming.
- Support for explicit free threading that allows creation of multithreaded, scalable applications.
- Support for structured exception handling.
- Support for custom attributes.
- Garbage collection.
- Use of delegates instead of function pointers for increased type safety and security.