linux学习命令总结③

#cd ~ 回到当前用户的家目录

[[email protected]_168_102_centos etc]# pwd
/etc //当前所在目录
[[email protected]_168_102_centos etc]# cd ~ //回到当前用户家木里
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# pwd
/root //当前用户家目录
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# su wanghan
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ cd ~ //回到当前用户家木里
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]$ pwd
/home/wanghan  //当前用户家目录
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]$

#cd - 回到上一次所在目录

[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]$ cd /etc //切换到/etc目录
[[email protected]_168_102_centos etc]$ cd /tmp //从/etc目录切换到/tmp目录
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ cd -  //从当前/tmp回到上一次所在目录
/etc //回到了/etc
[[email protected]_168_102_centos etc]$ cd - //再从/etc回到上一次所在目录
/tmp //回到了/tmp
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$

#pwd命令：查看当前工作目录的完整路径

[[email protected]_168_102_centos /]$ pwd
/
[[email protected]_168_102_centos /]$ cd /etc
[[email protected]_168_102_centos etc]$ pwd
/etc
[[email protected]_168_102_centos etc]$

#mkdir命令：用来创建指定的名称的目录，要求创建目录的用户在当前目录中具有写权限，并且指定的目录名不能是当前目录中已有的目录。

mkdir [选项] 目录…

[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ ls
agent_cmd.sock  ap_1002.pid  ap_1004.pid  ap_1005.pid  ap_1007.pid  ap_1008.pid  ap_1014.pid
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ mkdir /tmp/test
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ ls
agent_cmd.sock  ap_1002.pid  ap_1004.pid  ap_1005.pid  ap_1007.pid  ap_1008.pid  ap_1014.pid  test

mkdir –p 目录…

[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ ls
agent_cmd.sock  ap_1002.pid  ap_1004.pid  ap_1005.pid  ap_1007.pid  ap_1008.pid  ap_1014.pid  test
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ mkdir /tmp/wanghan/test
mkdir: cannot create directory `/tmp/wanghan/test‘: No such file or directory
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ mkdir -p /tmp/wanghan/test
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ ls
agent_cmd.sock  ap_1002.pid  ap_1004.pid  ap_1005.pid  ap_1007.pid  ap_1008.pid  ap_1014.pid  test  wanghan
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ ls wanghan
test
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$

若创建的路径中有尚不再存的目录即可按照路径全部创建

mkdir –v 目录…

[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ mkdir -pv /tmp/a/b/c/d/e/f/abcd
mkdir: created directory `/tmp/a‘
mkdir: created directory `/tmp/a/b‘
mkdir: created directory `/tmp/a/b/c‘
mkdir: created directory `/tmp/a/b/c/d‘
mkdir: created directory `/tmp/a/b/c/d/e‘
mkdir: created directory `/tmp/a/b/c/d/e/f‘
mkdir: created directory `/tmp/a/b/c/d/e/f/abcd‘

显示创建目录过程的详细信息

#rmdir命令：删除已空的目录

[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ ls
a  agent_cmd.sock  ap_1002.pid  ap_1004.pid  ap_1005.pid  ap_1007.pid  ap_1008.pid  ap_1014.pid  ceshi  test  wanghan
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ ls test
test_1
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ rmdir /tmp/test
rmdir: failed to remove `/tmp/test‘: Directory not empty  //该目录非空
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ rmdir /tmp/test/test_1
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ ls test
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ rmdir /tmp/test
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ ls
a  agent_cmd.sock  ap_1002.pid  ap_1004.pid  ap_1005.pid  ap_1007.pid  ap_1008.pid  ap_1014.pid  ceshi  wanghan

#shell中的引用

‘ ’：强引用，变量替换不会进行

[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ num=123
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ echo $num
123
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ echo ‘$num‘
$num

“ ”：若引用，能够执行变量替换

[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ num=456
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ echo num
num
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ echo "num"
num
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$

· ·：命令替换，引用命令的执行结果；命令替换的另外一符号：$(命令)；

[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ echo ls /tmp
ls /tmp
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ echo `ls /tmp`
a agent_cmd.sock ap_1002.pid ap_1004.pid ap_1005.pid ap_1007.pid ap_1008.pid ap_1014.pid ceshi wanghan

结合使用：

[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ echo $test
tmp
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ echo "This is $test"
This is tmp
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ echo `ls /$test`
a agent_cmd.sock ap_1002.pid ap_1004.pid ap_1005.pid ap_1007.pid ap_1008.pid ap_1014.pid ceshi wanghan
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ echo "/tmp:`ls /$test`"
/tmp:a
agent_cmd.sock
ap_1002.pid
ap_1004.pid
ap_1005.pid
ap_1007.pid
ap_1008.pid
ap_1014.pid
ceshi
wanghan

#创建一个一当前日期时间创建一个目录

[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ date=`date +%Y-%m-%d-%H%M%S`
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ mkdir -pv /tmp/$date
mkdir: created directory `/tmp/2014-08-04-212053‘
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ ls
2014-08-04-212053  a  agent_cmd.sock  ap_1002.pid  ap_1004.pid  ap_1005.pid  ap_1007.pid  ap_1008.pid  ap_1014.pid  ceshi  wanghan
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$

#history命令：查看在当前shell进程的保存在缓冲区中的执行过的命令列表，当shell退出时缓冲区的命令会自动化保存至当前用户的家目录中的.bash_history文件中。

[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# su wanghan
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ history
    1  exit
    2  history
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ who
root     pts/0        Aug  4 19:11 (222.36.253.150)
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ pwd
/root
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ history
    1  exit
    2  history
    3  who
    4  pwd
    5  history
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ cat /home/wanghan/.bash_history
exit
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ exit
exit
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# su wanghan
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ cat /home/wanghan/.bash_history
exit
history
who
pwd
history
cat /home/wanghan/.bash_history
exit
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$

！#：通过命令历史列表中的命令编号引用并执行第#条命令

[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ history
    1  exit
    2  history
    3  who
    4  pwd
    5  history
    6  cat /home/wanghan/.bash_history
    7  exit
    8  cat /home/wanghan/.bash_history
    9  history
   10  history who
   11  history pwd
   12  history
   13  history who
   14  exit
   15  history
   16  who
   17  history
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ !3
who
root     pts/0        Aug  4 19:11 (222.36.253.150)
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$

！-#：通过命令历史列表中的命令编号引用并执行倒数第#条命令

[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ history
    1  exit
    2  history
    3  who
    4  pwd
    5  history
    6  cat /home/wanghan/.bash_history
    7  exit
    8  cat /home/wanghan/.bash_history
    9  history
   10  history who
   11  history pwd
   12  history
   13  history who
   14  exit
   15  history
   16  who
   17  history
   18  who
   19*
   20  history
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ !-3
who
root     pts/0        Aug  4 19:11 (222.36.253.150)
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$

！！：执行上一次历史命令

[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ pwd
/root
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ !!
pwd
/root
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ !!
pwd
/root

! string：执行命令历史列表中最近一次以string开头的命令

[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ whatis
usage: whatis keyword ...
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ who
root     pts/0        Aug  4 19:11 (222.36.253.150)
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ !w
who
root     pts/0        Aug  4 19:11 (222.36.253.150)
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$

！ $：引用上一个命令的最后一个参数，快捷键：Esc .

[[email protected]_168_102_centos etc]$ cd /tmp
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ ls /!$
ls //tmp
2014-08-04-212053  a  agent_cmd.sock  ap_1002.pid  ap_1004.pid  ap_1005.pid  ap_1007.pid  ap_1008.pid  ap_1014.pid  ceshi  wanghan

history –c：清空当前缓存中的历史记录

[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ history
    1  who
    2  pwd
    3  history
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ history -c
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ history
    1  history

history –d #：删除与命令历史列表中命令编号相对应的命令记录

[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ history
    1  who
    2  pwd
    3  history
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ history -d 1
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$ history
    1  pwd
    2  history
    3  history -d 1
    4  history
[[email protected]_168_102_centos tmp]$

history -a：追加当前历史记录保存至命令历史文件中

[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ cat /home/wanghan/.bash_history
exit
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ history
    1  exit
    2  cat /home/wanghan/.bash_history
    3  history
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ who
root     pts/0        Aug  4 19:11 (222.36.253.150)
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ pwd
/root
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ histroy -a
bash: histroy: command not found
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ history -a
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$ cat /home/wanghan/.bash_history
exit
cat /home/wanghan/.bash_history
history
who
pwd
histroy -a
history -a
[[email protected]_168_102_centos rott]$

命令历史相关的环境变量：

HISTSIZE：命令历史中可以保存的命令个数

[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# echo $HISTSIZE
1000

HISTFILESIZE：命令文件中可以保存的命令个数

[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# echo $HISTFILESIZE
1000

HISTFILE：命令历史文件

[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# echo $HISTFILE
/root/.bash_history

HISTCONTROL：控制命令历史的生成

[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# echo $HISTCONTROL
ignoredups

ignoredups：忽略重复记录的命令，连续相同的命令才算重复

[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# history
    1  history
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# who
root     pts/0        Aug  4 19:11 (222.36.253.150)
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# who
root     pts/0        Aug  4 19:11 (222.36.253.150)
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# history
    1  history
    2  who
    3  history
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# who
root     pts/0        Aug  4 19:11 (222.36.253.150)
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# history
    1  history
    2  who
    3  history
    4  who
    5  history
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]#

ignorespace：不记录以空白字符开头的命令

[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# echo $HISTCONTROL
ignoredups
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# HISTCONTROL=ignorespace
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# echo $HISTCONTROL
ignorespace
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# history
    1  history
    2  echo $HISTCONTROL
    3  HISTCONTROL=ignorespace
    4  echo $HISTCONTROL
    5  history
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]#  who
root     pts/0        Aug  4 19:11 (222.36.253.150)
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]#  pwd
/root
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# history
    1  history
    2  echo $HISTCONTROL
    3  HISTCONTROL=ignorespace
    4  echo $HISTCONTROL
    5  history
    6  history
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]#

ignoreboth：同时具有ignoredups和ignorespace的特性

shell中的变量赋值：

变量名=值

[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# num=123
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# echo $num
123

注意：变量在赋值时不能使用$

变量名只能包含字母、数字和下划线，而且不能以数字开头

变量名区别大小写

[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# num=123
[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# echo $NUM

[[email protected]_168_102_centos ~]# echo $num
123

linux学习命令总结③

时间： 2024-08-16 16:43:29

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