3.0版本中已经将urllib2、urlparse、和robotparser并入了urllib中，并且修改urllib模块，其中包含5个子模块，即是help()中看到的那五个名字。
Python2中的urllib模块，在Python3中被修改为
20.5. urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs 20.6. urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib 20.7. urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components 20.8. urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request 20.9. urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
这几个模块，常用的urllib.urlopen()方法变成了urllib.request.urlopen()方法，其它方法的改变，可以参考Python3的文档
Python3文档的互联网协议与支持部分：http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/internet.html
Python2使用库：
urllib http://docs.python.org/library/urllib.html【下载】
urllib2 http://docs.python.org/library/urllib2.html【抓取】
urlparse http://docs.python.org/library/urlparse.html【url切分用到】
sgmllib http://docs.python.org/library/sgmllib.html【html解析用到】
# Python urllib2递归抓取某个网站下图片#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# author: wklken
# 2012-03-17 [email protected]
#1实现url解析 #2实现图片下载 #3优化重构
#4多线程 尚未加入
import os,sys,urllib,urllib2,urlparse
from sgmllib import SGMLParser
img = []
class URLLister(SGMLParser):
def reset(self):
SGMLParser.reset(self)
self.urls=[]
self.imgs=[]
def start_a(self, attrs):
href = [ v for k,v in attrs if k=="href" and v.startswith("http")]
if href:
self.urls.extend(href)
def start_img(self, attrs):
src = [ v for k,v in attrs if k=="src" and v.startswith("http") ]
if src:
self.imgs.extend(src)
def get_url_of_page(url, if_img = False):
urls = []
try:
f = urllib2.urlopen(url, timeout=1).read()
url_listen = URLLister()
url_listen.feed(f)
if if_img:
urls.extend(url_listen.imgs)
else:
urls.extend(url_listen.urls)
except urllib2.URLError, e:
print e.reason
return urls
#递归处理页面
def get_page_html(begin_url, depth, ignore_outer, main_site_domain):
#若是设置排除外站 过滤之
if ignore_outer:
if not main_site_domain in begin_url:
return
if depth == 1:
urls = get_url_of_page(begin_url, True)
img.extend(urls)
else:
urls = get_url_of_page(begin_url)
if urls:
for url in urls:
get_page_html(url, depth-1)
#下载图片
def download_img(save_path, min_size):
print "download begin..."
for im in img:
filename = im.split("/")[-1]
dist = os.path.join(save_path, filename)
#此方式判断图片的大小太浪费了
#if len(urllib2.urlopen(im).read()) < min_size:
# continue
#这种方式先拉头部，应该好多了，不用再下载一次
connection = urllib2.build_opener().open(urllib2.Request(im))
if int(connection.headers.dict[‘content-length‘]) < min_size:
continue
urllib.urlretrieve(im, dist,None)
print "Done: ", filename
print "download end..."
if __name__ == "__main__":
#抓取图片首个页面
url = "http://www.baidu.com/"
#图片保存路径
save_path = os.path.abspath("./downlaod")
if not os.path.exists(save_path):
os.mkdir(save_path)
#限制图片最小必须大于此域值 单位 B
min_size = 92
#遍历深度
max_depth = 1
#是否只遍历目标站内，即存在外站是否忽略
ignore_outer = True
main_site_domain = urlparse.urlsplit(url).netloc
get_page_html(url, max_depth, ignore_outer, main_site_domain)
download_img(save_path, min_size)
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import time
import sys
import gzip
import socket
import urllib.request, urllib.parse, urllib.error
import http.cookiejar
class HttpTester:
def __init__(self, timeout=10, addHeaders=True):
socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout) # 设置超时时间
self.__opener = urllib.request.build_opener()
urllib.request.install_opener(self.__opener)
if addHeaders: self.__addHeaders()
def __error(self, e):
‘‘‘错误处理‘‘‘
print(e)
def __addHeaders(self):
‘‘‘添加默认的 headers.‘‘‘
self.__opener.addheaders = [(‘User-Agent‘, ‘Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0‘),
(‘Connection‘, ‘keep-alive‘),
(‘Cache-Control‘, ‘no-cache‘),
(‘Accept-Language:‘, ‘zh-cn,zh;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3‘),
(‘Accept-Encoding‘, ‘gzip, deflate‘),
(‘Accept‘, ‘text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8‘)]
def __decode(self, webPage, charset):
‘‘‘gzip解压，并根据指定的编码解码网页‘‘‘
if webPage.startswith(b‘x1fx8b‘):
return gzip.decompress(webPage).decode(charset)
else:
return webPage.decode(charset)
def addCookiejar(self):
‘‘‘为 self.__opener 添加 cookiejar handler。‘‘‘
cj = http.cookiejar.CookieJar()
self.__opener.add_handler(urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
def addProxy(self, host, type=‘http‘):
‘‘‘设置代理‘‘‘
proxy = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({type: host})
self.__opener.add_handler(proxy)
def addAuth(self, url, user, pwd):
‘‘‘添加认证‘‘‘
pwdMsg = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()
pwdMsg.add_password(None, url, user, pwd)
auth = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(pwdMsg)
self.__opener.add_handler(auth)
def get(self, url, params={}, headers={}, charset=‘UTF-8‘):
‘‘‘HTTP GET 方法‘‘‘
if params: url += ‘?‘ + urllib.parse.urlencode(params)
request = urllib.request.Request(url)
for k,v in headers.items(): request.add_header(k, v) # 为特定的 request 添加指定的 headers
try:
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
self.__error(e)
else:
return self.__decode(response.read(), charset)
def post(self, url, params={}, headers={}, charset=‘UTF-8‘):
‘‘‘HTTP POST 方法‘‘‘
params = urllib.parse.urlencode(params)
request = urllib.request.Request(url, data=params.encode(charset)) # 带 data 参数的 request 被认为是 POST 方法。
for k,v in headers.items(): request.add_header(k, v)
try:
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
self.__error(e)
else:
return self.__decode(response.read(), charset)
def download(self, url, savefile):
‘‘‘下载文件或网页‘‘‘
header_gzip = None
for header in self.__opener.addheaders: # 移除支持 gzip 压缩的 header
if ‘Accept-Encoding‘ in header:
header_gzip = header
self.__opener.addheaders.remove(header)
__perLen = 0
def reporthook(a, b, c): # a:已经下载的数据大小; b:数据大小; c:远程文件大小;
if c > 1000000:
nonlocal __perLen
per = (100.0 * a * b) / c
if per>100: per=100
per = ‘{:.2f}%‘.format(per)
print(‘b‘*__perLen, per, end=‘‘) # 打印下载进度百分比
sys.stdout.flush()
__perLen = len(per)+1
print(‘--> {}t‘.format(url), end=‘‘)
try:
urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, savefile, reporthook) # reporthook 为回调钩子函数，用于显示下载进度
except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
self.__error(e)
finally:
self.__opener.addheaders.append(header_gzip)
print()
二、应用实例
在OSC上动弹一下
ht = HttpTester()
ht.addCookiejar()
# 为了隐私，把有些关键字隐藏了
ht.get(‘https://www.oschina.net/home/login?goto_page=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oschina.net%2F‘)
ht.post(url = ‘https://www.oschina.net/action/user/hash_login‘,
params = {‘email‘: ‘****@foxmail.com‘,‘pwd‘: ‘e4a1425583d37fcd33b9*************‘,‘save_login‘: ‘1‘})#密码哈希，Firefox开发工具抓取的
ht.get(‘http://www.oschina.net/‘)
ht.post(url = ‘http://www.oschina.net/action/tweet/pub‘,
params = {‘user_code‘: ‘8VZTqhkJOqhnuugHvzBtME4***********‘,‘user‘: ‘102*****‘,‘msg‘: ‘大家在动弹什么？ via:(python3, urllib) ->{t}‘.format(t = time.time())})
金山快盘签到送空间
ht = HttpTester()
ht.addCookiejar()
# 为了隐私，把有些关键字隐藏
ht.get(‘https://www.kuaipan.cn/account_login.htm‘)
ht.post(url=‘https://www.kuaipan.cn/index.php?ac=account&op=login‘,params={‘username‘: ‘****@qq.com‘,‘userpwd‘: ‘lyb********‘,‘isajax‘: ‘yes‘})
ht.get(‘http://www.kuaipan.cn/index.php?ac=zone&op=taskdetail‘)
ht.get(‘http://www.kuaipan.cn/index.php?ac=common&op=usersign‘)
时间： 2024-10-12 00:22:09