文件操作
操作文件时，一般需要经历如下步骤：
- 打开文件
- 操作文件
一、打开
文件句柄 = file(‘文件路径‘, ‘模式‘)
注：python中打开文件有两种方式，即：open(...) 和 file(...) ，本质上前者在内部会调用后者来进行文件操作，推荐使用 open。 open会自己在Python中找。
打开文件时，需要指定文件路径和以何等方式打开文件，打开后，即可获取该文件句柄，日后通过此文件句柄对该文件操作。
打开文件的模式有：
- r，只读模式（默认）。
- w，只写模式。【不可读，也就是重写这个文件，首先就是先清空原来的内容，然后重写；不存在则创建；存在则删除内容；】
- a，追加模式。【可读，可写；不存在则创建；存在则只追加内容；】 默认指针应该在文件的最后端。
"+" 表示可以同时读写某个文件
- r+，可读写文件。【可读；可写；可追加】
- w+，写读 等同于w
- a+，同a
1 例如： 2 obj = open(‘log‘,‘r+‘) 3 obj.write(‘0000‘) 4 obj.truncate() 默认截断数据，根据当前指针截断，如果truncate(5),就只保留前5个， 5 obj.close() 6 在r+的情况下，如果要write，就是文件指针在最开始，然后0000去一个一个替换。
"U"表示在读取时，可以将 \r \n \r\n自动转换成 \n （与 r 或 r+ 模式同使用），只能与r一起用。
- rU
- r+U
"b"表示处理二进制文件（如：FTP发送上传ISO镜像文件，linux可忽略，windows处理二进制文件时需标注）
- rb
- wb
- ab
二、操作操作
1 class file(object): 2 3 def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 4 关闭文件 5 """ 6 close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer. Close the file. 7 8 Sets data attribute .closed to True. A closed file cannot be used for 9 further I/O operations. close() may be called more than once without 10 error. Some kinds of file objects (for example, opened by popen()) 11 may return an exit status upon closing. 12 """ 13 14 def fileno(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 15 文件描述符 16 """ 17 fileno() -> integer "file descriptor". 18 19 This is needed for lower-level file interfaces, such os.read(). 20 """ 21 return 0 22 23 def flush(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 24 刷新文件内部缓冲区 25 """ flush() -> None. Flush the internal I/O buffer. """ 26 pass 27 28 29 def isatty(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 30 判断文件是否是同意tty设备 31 """ isatty() -> true or false. True if the file is connected to a tty device. """ 32 return False 33 34 35 def next(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 36 获取下一行数据，不存在，则报错 37 """ x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration """ 38 pass 39 40 def read(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 41 读取指定字节数据 默认读取所有字节 42 """ 43 read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string. 44 45 If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached. 46 Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested 47 may be returned, even if no size parameter was given. 48 """ 49 pass 50 51 def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 52 读取到缓冲区，不要用，将被遗弃 53 """ readinto() -> Undocumented. Don‘t use this; it may go away. """ 54 pass 55 56 def readline(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 57 仅读取一行数据 58 """ 59 readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string. 60 61 Retain newline. A non-negative size argument limits the maximum 62 number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then). 63 Return an empty string at EOF. 64 """ 65 pass 66 67 def readlines(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 68 读取所有数据，并根据换行保存值列表 69 """ 70 readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file. 71 72 Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read. 73 The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the 74 total number of bytes in the lines returned. 75 """ 76 return [] 77 78 def seek(self, offset, whence=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 79 指定文件中指针位置 seek(5) 指定文件指针从第5个字符开始读取文件。 80 """ 81 seek(offset[, whence]) -> None. Move to new file position. 82 83 Argument offset is a byte count. Optional argument whence defaults to 84 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1 85 (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move 86 relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow 87 seeking beyond the end of a file). If the file is opened in text mode, 88 only offsets returned by tell() are legal. Use of other offsets causes 89 undefined behavior. 90 Note that not all file objects are seekable. 91 """ 92 pass 93 94 def tell(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 95 获取当前指针位置，也就是一个文件开始从哪开始读。 例如： obj = open(‘logs‘,‘r‘) obj.seek(5) ###把文件指针放到第5个字节，也就是从第5个字节开始读 print obj.tell()#获取当前的指针 print obj.read() print obj.tell() obj.close() 96 """ tell() -> current file position, an integer (may be a long integer). """ 97 pass 98 99 def truncate(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 100 截断数据，仅保留指定之前数据.默认情况下指针在哪，后面的就全部不要了。 101 """ 102 truncate([size]) -> None. Truncate the file to at most size bytes. 103 104 Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell(). 105 """ 106 pass 107 108 def write(self, p_str): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 109 写内容 110 """ 111 write(str) -> None. Write string str to file. 112 113 Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before 114 the file on disk reflects the data written. 115 """ 116 pass 117 118 def writelines(self, sequence_of_strings): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 119 将一个字符串列表写入文件 120 """ 121 writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None. Write the strings to the file. 122 123 Note that newlines are not added. The sequence can be any iterable object 124 producing strings. This is equivalent to calling write() for each string. 125 """ 126 pass 127 128 def xreadlines(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 129 可用于逐行读取文件，非全部 130 """ 131 xreadlines() -> returns self. 132 133 For backward compatibility. File objects now include the performance 134 optimizations previously implemented in the xreadlines module. 135 """ 136 pass
三、with
为了避免打开文件后忘记关闭，可以通过管理上下文，即：
1 with open(‘log‘,‘r‘) as f: ##打开文件的同时，并建立文件句柄 2 f.write(xxxxxx) 3 ...
如此方式，当with代码块执行完毕时，内部会自动关闭并释放文件资源。
在Python 2.7 后，with又支持同时对多个文件的上下文进行管理，即：
1 with open(‘log1‘，‘r’) as obj1, open(‘log2‘,‘w‘) as obj2: 2 pass
old.conf ===>r new.conf w,
with open(‘log1‘,‘r‘) as obj1,open(‘log2‘,‘w‘) as obj2;
for line obj1:
new_line = line.replace(‘10.0.0.1‘,‘10.0.0.2‘)
obj2.write(new_line)
四、那么问题来了...
1、如何在线上环境优雅的修改配置文件?
####原配置文件 1 global 2 log 127.0.0.1 local2 3 daemon 4 maxconn 256 5 log 127.0.0.1 local2 info 6 defaults 7 log global 8 mode http 9 timeout connect 5000ms 10 timeout client 50000ms 11 timeout server 50000ms 12 option dontlognull 13 14 listen stats :8888 15 stats enable 16 stats uri /admin 17 stats auth admin:1234 18 19 frontend oldboy.org 20 bind 0.0.0.0:80 21 option httplog 22 option httpclose 23 option forwardfor 24 log global 25 acl www hdr_reg(host) -i www.oldboy.org 26 use_backend www.oldboy.org if www 27 28 backend www.oldboy.org 29 server 100.1.7.9 100.1.7.9 weight 20 maxconn 3000
###需求 1 1、查
2 输入：www.oldboy.org
3 获取当前backend下的所有记录
4
5 2、新建
6 输入：
7 arg = {
8 ‘bakend‘: ‘www.oldboy.org‘,
9 ‘record‘:{
10 ‘server‘: ‘100.1.7.9‘,
11 ‘weight‘: 20,
12 ‘maxconn‘: 30
13 }
14 }
15
16 3、删除
17 输入：
18 arg = {
19 ‘bakend‘: ‘www.oldboy.org‘,
20 ‘record‘:{
21 ‘server‘: ‘100.1.7.9‘,
22 ‘weight‘: 20,
23 ‘maxconn‘: 30
24 }
25 }
####dome 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
3 import json
4 import os
5
6
7 def fetch(backend):
8 backend_title = ‘backend %s‘ % backend
9 record_list = []
10 with open(‘ha‘) as obj:
11 flag = False
12 for line in obj:
13 line = line.strip()
14 if line == backend_title:
15 flag = True
16 continue
17 if flag and line.startswith(‘backend‘):
18 flag = False
19 break
20
21 if flag and line:
22 record_list.append(line)
23
24 return record_list
25
26
27 def add(dict_info):
28 backend = dict_info.get(‘backend‘)
29 record_list = fetch(backend)
30 backend_title = "backend %s" % backend
31 current_record = "server %s %s weight %d maxconn %d" % (dict_info[‘record‘][‘server‘], dict_info[‘record‘][‘server‘], dict_info[‘record‘][‘weight‘], dict_info[‘record‘][‘maxconn‘])
32 if not record_list:
33 record_list.append(backend_title)
34 record_list.append(current_record)
35 with open(‘ha‘) as read_file, open(‘ha.new‘, ‘w‘) as write_file:
36 flag = False
37 for line in read_file:
38 write_file.write(line)
39 for i in record_list:
40 if i.startswith(‘backend‘):
41 write_file.write(i+‘\n‘)
42 else:
43 write_file.write("%s%s\n" % (8*" ", i))
44 else:
45 record_list.insert(0, backend_title)
46 if current_record not in record_list:
47 record_list.append(current_record)
48
49 with open(‘ha‘) as read_file, open(‘ha.new‘, ‘w‘) as write_file:
50 flag = False
51 has_write = False
52 for line in read_file:
53 line_strip = line.strip()
54 if line_strip == backend_title:
55 flag = True
56 continue
57 if flag and line_strip.startswith(‘backend‘):
58 flag = False
59 if not flag:
60 write_file.write(line)
61 else:
62 if not has_write:
63 for i in record_list:
64 if i.startswith(‘backend‘):
65 write_file.write(i+‘\n‘)
66 else:
67 write_file.write("%s%s\n" % (8*" ", i))
68 has_write = True
69 os.rename(‘ha‘,‘ha.bak‘)
70 os.rename(‘ha.new‘,‘ha‘)
71
72
73 def remove(dict_info):
74 backend = dict_info.get(‘backend‘)
75 record_list = fetch(backend)
76 backend_title = "backend %s" % backend
77 current_record = "server %s %s weight %d maxconn %d" % (dict_info[‘record‘][‘server‘], dict_info[‘record‘][‘server‘], dict_info[‘record‘][‘weight‘], dict_info[‘record‘][‘maxconn‘])
78 if not record_list:
79 return
80 else:
81 if current_record not in record_list:
82 return
83 else:
84 del record_list[record_list.index(current_record)]
85 if len(record_list) > 0:
86 record_list.insert(0, backend_title)
87 with open(‘ha‘) as read_file, open(‘ha.new‘, ‘w‘) as write_file:
88 flag = False
89 has_write = False
90 for line in read_file:
91 line_strip = line.strip()
92 if line_strip == backend_title:
93 flag = True
94 continue
95 if flag and line_strip.startswith(‘backend‘):
96 flag = False
97 if not flag:
98 write_file.write(line)
99 else:
100 if not has_write:
101 for i in record_list:
102 if i.startswith(‘backend‘):
103 write_file.write(i+‘\n‘)
104 else:
105 write_file.write("%s%s\n" % (8*" ", i))
106 has_write = True
107 os.rename(‘ha‘,‘ha.bak‘)
108 os.rename(‘ha.new‘,‘ha‘)
109
110 if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
111 """
112 print ‘1、获取；2、添加；3、删除‘
113 num = raw_input(‘请输入序号：‘)
114 data = raw_input(‘请输入内容：‘)
115 if num == ‘1‘:
116 fetch(data)
117 else:
118 dict_data = json.loads(data)
119 if num == ‘2‘:
120 add(dict_data)
121 elif num == ‘3‘:
122 remove(dict_data)
123 else:
124 pass
125 """
126 #data = "www.oldboy.org"
127 #fetch(data)
128 #data = ‘{"backend": "tettst.oldboy.org","record":{"server": "100.1.7.90","weight": 20,"maxconn": 30}}‘
129 #dict_data = json.loads(data)
130 #add(dict_data)
131 #remove(dict_data)
2、文件处理中xreadlines的内部是如何实现的呢？
时间： 2024-08-08 14:48:58