MySQL数据库-完全备份及恢复
数据库备份的分类
物理角度：
冷备份；也称脱机备份，特点：关掉数据库再备份
热备份：也称联机备份，特点：开启数据库再备份
温备份：数据库只有可读权限的状态下备份
逻辑角度：
对数据库的对象的备份，例如数据表，及数据表中的一些sql语句等
备份策略角度：
完全备份：每次对数据进行整体的备份
差异备份：在第一次完整备份a数据后，以后的每次的备份是a+b，b就是针对于a数据发生变化的数据，称之为‘差异数据’。缺点：b的数据内存会越来越大b+=b，导致数据恢复缓慢。恢复数据方法：只需恢复a和最后一次的b即可.(注意：这里的差异备份只能用a与b)
增量备份：
对象:固定的a数据+b1+b2+...+bn.
每次备份b都是独立的一次备份
恢复数据的方法：a+b1+b2+...+bn,缺点：若是b1次备份到bn次备份之间的任何一备份的数据出现问题，那么都无法恢复数据。
mysql的数据库，数据表的创建
[[email protected]~]# mysql -u root -p123456
Welcometo the MySQL monitor. Commands end with; or \g.
YourMySQL connection id is 2
Serverversion: 5.5.22-log Source distribution
Copyright(c) 2000, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracleis a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates.Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
mysql> create database auth1;
QueryOK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
mysql>use auth1;
Databasechanged
mysql>create table user(name char(10) not null,ID int(30));
QueryOK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)
mysql>insert into user values(‘amber‘,‘123‘);
QueryOK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql>select * from user;
+-------+------+
|name | ID |
+-------+------+
|amber | 123 |
+-------+------+
1row in set (0.00 sec)
冷备份：
[[email protected]~]# service mysqld stop
Shuttingdown MySQL.... [确定]
[[email protected]~]# yum -y install xz
[[email protected]~]# tar Jcf mysql_all-$(date +%F).tar.xz /usr/local/mysql/data/
tar:从成员名中删除开头的“/”
[[email protected]~]# mkdir bak
[[email protected]~]# mv /usr/local/mysql/data/* bak/
[[email protected]~]# tar xf mysql_all-2017-06-20.tar.xz
[[email protected]~]# cd usr/local/mysql/data/
[[email protected]]# mv * /usr/local/mysql/data/
[[email protected]]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
StartingMySQL... [确定]
[[email protected]]# mysql -uroot -p123456
Welcometo the MySQL monitor. Commands end with; or \g.
YourMySQL connection id is 1
Serverversion: 5.5.22-log Source distribution
Copyright(c) 2000, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracleis a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates.Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement.
mysql>select * from auth.user;
ERROR1146 (42S02): Table ‘auth.user‘ doesn‘t exist
mysql>select * from auth1.user;
+-------+------+
|name | ID |
+-------+------+
|amber | 123 |
+-------+------+
1row in set (0.01 sec)
单个库完全备份
[[email protected]]# mkdir /backup
[[email protected]]# mysqldump -uroot -p auth1 >/backup/auth1-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
对多个库进行完全备份
[[email protected]]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --databases mysql auth1 >/backup/mysql+auth1-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
对所有库进行备份
[[email protected]]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --opt --all-databases >/backup/mysql_all-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
对表进行完全备份
[[email protected]]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 auth1 user>/backup/auth1_user-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
[[email protected]
data]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 -d mysql user
>/backup/desc_mysql_user.$(date +%y%m%d)
[[email protected]
data]# egrep -Ev ‘^/|^--|^$‘ /backup/desc_mysql_user.170620 //
DROP
TABLE IF EXISTS `user`;
CREATE
TABLE `user` (
`Host` char(60) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL
DEFAULT ‘‘,
`User` char(16) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL
DEFAULT ‘‘,
`Password` char(41) CHARACTER SET latin1
COLLATE latin1_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘‘,
`Select_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET utf8
NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Insert_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET
utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Update_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET
utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Delete_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET
utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Create_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET
utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Drop_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET utf8
NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Reload_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET
utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Shutdown_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET
utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Process_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET
utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`File_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET utf8
NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Grant_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET utf8
NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`References_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET
utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Index_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET utf8
NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Alter_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET utf8
NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Show_db_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET
utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Super_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET utf8
NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Create_tmp_table_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘)
CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Lock_tables_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER
SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Execute_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET
utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Repl_slave_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET
utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Repl_client_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER
SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Create_view_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER
SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Show_view_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET
utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Create_routine_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER
SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Alter_routine_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER
SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Create_user_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER
SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Event_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET utf8
NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Trigger_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘) CHARACTER SET
utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`Create_tablespace_priv` enum(‘N‘,‘Y‘)
CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N‘,
`ssl_type` enum(‘‘,‘ANY‘,‘X509‘,‘SPECIFIED‘)
CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘‘,
`ssl_cipher` blob NOT NULL,
`x509_issuer` blob NOT NULL,
`x509_subject` blob NOT NULL,
`max_questions` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL
DEFAULT ‘0‘,
`max_updates` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL
DEFAULT ‘0‘,
`max_connections` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL
DEFAULT ‘0‘,
`max_user_connections` int(11) unsigned NOT
NULL DEFAULT ‘0‘,
`plugin` char(64) COLLATE utf8_bin DEFAULT
‘‘,
`authentication_string` text COLLATE
utf8_bin,
PRIMARY KEY (`Host`,`User`)
)
ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_bin COMMENT=‘Users and global
privileges‘;
使用MySQLdump备份后，恢复数据
数据库恢复
[[email protected]
data]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "drop database auth1;"
[[email protected]
data]# mysql -uroot -p123456 < /backup/mysql_all-20170620.sql
或
mysql> source
/backup/mysql_all-20170620.sql
数据表恢复
[[email protected]
data]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e ‘drop table auth1.user;‘
[[email protected]
data]# mysql -uroot -p123456 auth1 < /backup/auth1_user-20170620.sql