Class loading in AS7 is considerably different to previous versions of JBoss AS. Class loading is based on the JBoss Modules project. Instead of the more familiar hierarchical class loading environment, AS7‘s class loading is based on modules that have to define explicit dependencies on other modules. Deployments in AS7 are also modules, and do not have access to classes that are defined in jars in the application server unless an explicit dependency on those classes is defined.

Deployment Module Names

Module names for top level deployments follow the format deployment.myarchive.war while sub deployments are named like deployment.myear.ear.mywar.war.

This means that it is possible for a deployment to import classes from another deployment using the other deployments module name, the details of how to add an explicit module dependency are explained below.

Automatic Dependencies

Even though in AS7 modules are isolated by default, as part of the deployment process some dependencies on modules defined by the application server are set up for you automatically. For instance, if you are deploying a Java EE application a dependency on the Java EE API‘s will be added to your module automatically. Similarly if your module contains a beans.xml file a dependency on Weldwill be added automatically, along with any supporting modules that weld needs to operate.

For a complete list of the automatic dependencies that are added see this page.

Automatic dependencies can be excluded through the use of jboss-deployment-structure.xml.

Class Loading Precedence

A common source of errors in Java applications is including API classes in a deployment that are also provided by the container. This can result in multiple versions of the class being created and the deployment failing to deploy properly. To prevent this in AS7, module dependencies are added in a specific order that should prevent this situation from occurring.

In order of highest priority to lowest priority

1. System Dependencies - These are dependencies that are added to the module automatically by the container, including the Java EE api‘s.
2. User Dependencies - These are dependencies that are added through jboss-deployment-structure.xml or through the Dependencies: manifest entry for modules or through Class-Path: for jar files.
3. Local Resource - Class files packaged up inside the deployment itself, e.g. class files from WEB-INF/classes or WEB-INF/lib of a war.
4. Inter deployment dependencies - These are dependencies on other deployments in an ear deployment. This can include classes in an ear‘s lib directory, or classes defined in other ejb jars.

WAR Class Loading

The war is considered to be a single module, so classes defined in WEB-INF/lib are treated the same as classes in WEB-INF/classes. All classes packaged in the war will be loaded with the same class loader.

EAR Class Loading

Ear deployments are multi-module deployments. This means that not all classes inside an ear will necessarily have access to all other classes in the ear, unless explicit dependencies have been defined. By default the EAR/lib directory is a single module, and every WAR or EJB jar deployment is also a separate module. Sub deployments (wars and ejb-jars) always have a dependency on the parent module, which gives them access to classes in EAR/lib, however they do not always have an automatic dependency on each other. This behaviour is controlled via the ear-subdeployments-isolated setting in the ee subsystem configuration:

By default this is set to false, which allows the sub-deployments to see classes belonging to other sub-deployments within the .ear.

For example, consider the following .ear deployment:

If the ear-subdeployments-isolated is set to false, then the classes in web.war can access classes belonging to ejb1.jar and ejb2.jar. Similarly, classes from ejb1.jar can access classes from ejb2.jar (and vice-versa).

The ear-subdeployments-isolated element value has no effect on the isolated classloader of the .war file(s). i.e. irrespective of whether this flag is set to true or false, the .war within a .ear will have an isolated classloader and other sub-deployments within that .ear will not be able to access classes from that .war. This is as per spec.

If the ear-subdeployments-isolated is set to true then no automatic module dependencies between the sub-deployments are set up. User must manually setup the dependency with Class-Path entries, or by setting up explicit module dependencies.

Portability The Java EE specification says that portable applications should not rely on sub deployments having access to other sub deployments unless an explicit Class-Path entry is set in the MANIFEST.MF. So portable applications should always use Class-Path entry to explicitly state their dependencies. Class-Path: /X:/libs/libFile.jar

It is also possible to override the ear-subdeployments-isolated element value at a per deployment level. See the section on jboss-deployment-structure.xml below.

Dependencies: Manifest Entries

Deployments (or more correctly modules within a deployment) may set up dependencies on other modules by adding a Dependencies: manifest entry. This entry consists of a comma separated list of module names that the deployment requires. The available modules can be seen under the modules directory in the application server distribution. For example to add a dependency on javassist and apache velocity you can add a manifest entry as follows:

Dependencies: org.javassist export,org.apache.velocity export services,org.antlr

Each dependency entry may also specify some of the following parameters by adding them after the module name:

• export This means that the dependencies will be exported, so any module that depends on this module will also get access to the dependency.
• services By default items in META-INF of a dependency are not accessible, this makes items from META-INF/services accessible so servicesin the modules can be loaded.
• optional If this is specified the deployment will not fail if the module is not available.
• annotations If a jandex index has be created for the module these annotations will be merged into the deployments annotation index. The Jandex index can be generated using the Jandex ant task, and must be named META-INF/jandex.idx. Note that it is not necessary to break open the jar being indexed to add this to the modules class path, a better approach is to create a jar containing just this index, and adding it as an additional resource root in the module.xml file.

Adding a dependency to all modules in an EAR Using the export parameter it is possible to add a dependency to all sub deployments in an ear. If a module is exported from a Dependencies: entry in the top level of the ear (or by a jar in the ear/lib directory) it will be available to all sub deployments as well.

To generate a MANIFEST.MF entry when using maven put the following in your pom.xml: pom.xml <build>    ...    <plugins>      <plugin>        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>        <artifactId>maven-war-plugin</artifactId>        <configuration>           <archive>              <manifestEntries>                 <Dependencies>org.slf4j</Dependencies>              </manifestEntries>           </archive>        </configuration>      </plugin>    </plugins> </build> If your deployment is a jar you must use the maven-jar-plugin rather than the maven-war-plugin.

Class Path Entries

It is also possible to add module dependencies on other modules inside the deployment using the Class-Path manifest entry. This can be used within an ear to set up dependencies between sub deployments, and also to allow modules access to additional jars deployed in an ear that are not sub deployments and are not in the EAR/libdirectory. If a jar in the EAR/lib directory references a jar via Class-Path: then this additional jar is merged into the parent ear‘s module, and is accessible to all sub deployments in the ear.

Global Modules

It is also possible to set up global modules, that are accessible to all deployments. This is done by modifying the configuration file (standalone/domain.xml).

For example, to add javassist to all deployments you can use the following XML:

standalone.xml/domain.xml

Note that the slot field is optional and defaults to main.

JBoss Deployment Structure File

jboss-deployment-structure.xml is a JBoss specific deployment descriptor that can be used to control class loading in a fine grained manner. It should be placed in the top level deployment, in META-INF (or WEB-INF for web deployments). It can do the following:

• Prevent automatic dependencies from being added
• Add additional dependencies
• Define additional modules
• Change an EAR deployments isolated class loading behaviour
• Add additional resource roots to a module

An example of a complete jboss-deployment-structure.xml file for an ear deployment is as follows:

jboss-deployment-structure.xml

The xsd for jboss-deployment-structure.xml is available at the github repo.

Accessing JDK classes

Not all JDK classes are exposed to a deployment by default. If your deployment uses JDK classes that are not exposed you can get access to them using jboss-deployment-structure.xml with system dependencies:

Using jboss-deployment-structure.xml to access JDK classes

Implicit module dependencies for deployments

As explained in the ClassLoading in AS7 article, JBoss AS7 is based on module classloading. A class within a module B isn‘t visible to a class within a module A, unless module B adds a dependency on module A. Module dependencies can be explicitly (as explained in that classloading article) or can be "implicit". This article will explain what implicit module dependencies mean and how, when and which modules are added as implicit dependencies.

What‘s an implicit module dependency?

Consider an application deployment which contains EJBs. EJBs typically need access to classes from the javax.ejb.* package and other Java EE API packages. The jars containing these packages are already shipped in JBoss AS and are available as "modules". The module which contains the javax.ejb.* classes has a specific name and so does the module which contains all the Java EE API classes. For an application to be able to use these classes, it has to add a dependency on the relevant modules. Forcing the application developers to add module dependencies like these (i.e. dependencies which can be "inferred") isn‘t a productive approach. Hence, whenever an application is being deployed, the deployers within the server, which are processing this deployment "implicitly" add these module dependencies to the deployment so that these classes are visible to the deployment at runtime. This way the application developer doesn‘t have to worry about adding them explicitly. How and when these implicit dependencies are added is explained in the next section.

How and when is an implicit module dependency added?

When a deployment is being processed by the server, it goes through a chain of "deployment processors". Each of these processors will have a way to check if the deployment meets a certain criteria and if it does, the deployment processor adds a implicit module dependency to that deployment. Let‘s take an example - Consider (again) an EJB3 deployment which has the following class:

MySuperDuperBean.java

As can be seen, we have a simple @Stateless EJB. When the deployment containing this class is being processed, the EJB deployment processor will see that the deployment contains a class with the @Stateless annotation and thus identifies this as a EJB deployment. This is just one of the several ways, various deployment processors can identify a deployment of some specific type. The EJB deployment processor will then add an implicit dependency on the Java EE API module, so that all the Java EE API classes are visible to the deployment.

Some subsystems will always add a API classes, even if the trigger condition is not met. These are listed separately below.

In the next section, we‘ll list down the implicit module dependencies that are added to a deployment, by various deployers within JBoss AS.

Which are the implicit module dependencies?

How do I migrate my application from JBoss AS 5 or AS 6 to JBoss AS 7?

The purpose of this guide is to document only those changes that are needed to successfully run and deploy AS 5 applications on AS 7.It provides information on to resolve deployment and runtime problems and how to prevent changes in application behaviour. This is the first step in moving to the new platform. Once the application is successfully deployed and running on the new platform, plans can be made to upgrade individual components to use the new functions and features of AS7.

Migration Overview

JBoss AS7 is structured differently from previous versions of JBoss AS, so you may want do a little research before you attempt to migrate your application. Getting Started with JBoss Application Server 7 in the Getting Started Guide has a lot of useful information, including a table that lists the features that are supported in AS 7.0. If your application uses features that go beyond the Java Enterprise Edition 6 Web Profile specification, you want to make sure you go with AS 7.1 or later (this is when AS7 becameEE6 Full Profile compliant). You should also read Getting started with JBoss ASfor helpful information about how to install and run the application server.

The rest of this document describes some of the changes you might need to make to your application to successfully deploy and run it on AS7.

Reminder Before making any modifications to your application, make sure to create a backup copy.

Update Application Dependencies Due to Class Loading Changes

Modular class loading overview

Class loading in AS7 is considerably different than in previous versions of JBoss AS. Class loading is now based on the JBoss Modules project. Instead of the more familiar hierarchical class loading environment, AS7‘s class loading is based on modules that have to define explicit dependencies on other modules. Deployments in AS7 are also modules, and do not have access to classes that are defined in jars in the application server unless an explicit dependency on those classes is defined.

Even though in AS7 modules are isolated by default, as part of the deployment process some dependencies on modules defined by the application server are set up for you automatically. For instance, if you are deploying a Java EE application, a dependency on the Java EE API‘s will be added to your module automatically. Similarly if your module contains a beans.xml file, a dependency on Weld will be added automatically, along with any supporting modules that weld needs to operate. For a complete list of the automatic dependencies that are added see Implicit module dependencies for deployments.

Understand module dependencies

The deployers within the server "implicitly" add some commonly used module dependencies, like the javax.api and sun.jdk, to the deployment so that the classes are visible to the deployment at runtime. This way the application developer doesn‘t have to worry about adding them explicitly. How and when these implicit dependencies are added is explained in Implicit module dependencies for deployments.

For some classes, the modules must be specified explicitly in the MANIFEST.MF as Dependencies: or "Class-Path:" entries or in the jboss-deployment-structure.xml. Otherwise you may see ClassNotFoundExceptions, NoClassDefFoundErrors, or ClassCastExceptions. Tattletale is an excellent tool that can help you identify module dependencies in your application. Tattletale is described later in this document here: Use Tattletale to find application dependencies.

You may also see runtime errors and page redirects to the JBoss Seam Debug Page. Manifest entries are explained in more detail here: Class Loading in AS7.

How to Package EARs and WARs

When you migrate your application, you may have to change the packaging structure of your EAR or WAR due to the class loading changes.

A WAR is a single module and all classes in the WAR are loaded with the same class loader. This means classes packaged in the WEB-INF/lib are treated the same as classes in WEB-INF/classes.

An EAR is different in that it consists of multiple modules. The EAR/lib directory is a single module, and every WAR or EJB jar deployment is also a separate module. Classes will not necessarily have access to other classes in the EAR unless explicit dependencies have been defined.

For more information on EAR and WAR packaging, see "WAR Class Loading" and "EAR Class Loading" in Class Loading in AS7.

Reminder If you are using maven configure defaultLibBundleDir property to lib directory: <build>       <plugins>          <plugin>             <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>             <artifactId>maven-ear-plugin</artifactId>             <configuration>                <!-- Tell maven to package in ear/lib for AS7 -->                <defaultLibBundleDir>lib</defaultLibBundleDir> ...

Create or modify files that control class loading in AS7

jboss-web.xml

If you have defined a class-loading element, you need to remove it. The behaviour that this provokes in EAP 5 is now the default class-loading behaviour in AS 7, so it is no longer necessary. If you do not remove this element, you will see a ParseError and XMLStreamException in your server log:

MANIFEST.MF file

Manually edited MANIFEST files

Depending on which components your application uses, you may need to add one or more dependencies to this file. There is more information about these dependencies in the following paragraphs.
The following is an example of MANIFEST.MF file that has been modified to contain dependencies and classpath entries:

If you modify the MANIFEST.MF file, make sure to include a newline character at the end of the file.

How to define MANIFEST.MF file dependencies if you use Maven

If you use Maven, you may need to modify your pom.xml file to generate the dependencies for the MANIFEST.MF file.

If your application uses EJB 3.0, you may have a section in the pom.xml file that looks like the following:

If the EJB 3.0 code uses org.apache.commons.log, you will need to add that dependency to the MANIFEST.MF file. To do that, you will need to modify the plugin element in the pom.xml file as follows:

In the above example, the src/main/resourcres/MANIFEST.MF file only needs to contain the dependency entry:

Maven will generate the complete MANIFEST.MF file:

jboss-deployment-structure.xml

This file is a JBoss specific deployment descriptor that can be used to control class loading in a fine grained manner. Like the MANIFEST.MF, this file can be used to add dependencies. If can also prevent automatic dependencies from being added, define additional modules, change an EAR deployment‘s isolated class loading behaviour, and add additional resource roots to a module.

For additional information, see jboss-deployment-structure.xml.

application.xml

In previous versions of JBoss AS, you controlled the order of deployments within an EAR through the use of the jboss-app.xml file. This is no longer the case. The Java EE6 spec provides the <initialize-in-order> element in the application.xml which allows control of the order in which the Java EE modules within an EAR are deployed.

In most cases you do not need to specify deployment order. If your application uses dependency injections and resource-refs to refer to components in external modules, in most cases the <initialize-in-order> element is not required because the application server is able to implicitly determine the correct and optimal way of ordering the components.

Assume you have an application that contains a myBeans.jar and a myApp.war within a myApp.ear. A servlet in the myApp.war @EJB injects a bean from myBeans.jar. In this case, the application server has the appropriate knowledge to make sure that the EJB component is available before the servlet is started and you do not have to use the <initialize-in-order> element.

However, if that servlet uses legacy JNDI lookup style remote references like the following to access the bean, you may need to specify module order.

In this case, the server is not able to determine that that EJB component is in the myBeans.jar and you need to enforce that the components in the myBeans.jar are initialized and started before the components in myApp.war. To do this, you set the <initialize-in-order> element to true and specify the order of the myBeans.jar andmyApp.war modules in the application.xml file.

The following is an example that uses the <initialize-in-order> element to control deployment order. The myBeans.jar is deployed before the myApp.war.

The schema for the application.xml file can be found here at http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/application_6.xsd.

You should be aware that setting <initialize-in-order> to true slows down deployment. It is preferable to define proper dependencies using dependency injections or resource-refs since it allows the container more flexibility in optimizing deployments.

Change ResourceBundle location

In previous versions of AS, the JBOSS_HOME/server/<servername>/conf/ was available in the classpath. Hence the properties files in that location were available in the classpath of the application.

In AS7, to get those properties available in the classpath, package them within your application. For example, if you are deploying a .war then package those properties in WAR WEB-INF/classes/ folder. If you want those properties accessible to all components in a .ear, then package them at the root of some .jar and place that jar in EARlib/ folder.

Where to Find Additional Information

For more information about the class loading changes in AS7, see Class Loading in AS7.
For more information about modular class loading, see the Module Compatible Classloading Guide.
For information about deployment module dependencies, see Deployment Module Dependencies.

Update the DataSource Configuration

Overview

In previous versions of the application server, the JCA data source configuration was defined in a file with a suffix of *-ds.xml. This file was then deployed in the server‘s deploy directory. The JDBC driver was copied to the server lib/ directory or packaged in the application‘s WEB-INF/lib/ directory.

In AS7, this has all changed. You will no longer package the JDBC driver with the application or in the server/lib directory. The *-ds.xml file is now obsolete and the datasource configuration information is now defined in the standalone/configuration/standalone.xml or in the domain/configuration/domain.xml file. The IronJacamar distribution features a migration tool that can help you convert your previous datasource configuration file into the new format. You can find more information about the tool here: IronJacamar Datasource and Resource Adapter Migration Tool.

A JDBC 4-compliant driver can be installed as a deployment or as a core module. A driver that is JDBC 4-compliant contains a META-INF/services/java.sql.Driver file that specifies the driver class name. A driver that is not JDBC 4-compliant requires additional steps, as noted below.

Define the datasource

In AS7, a datasource is configured in the server configuration file. If you are running in domain mode, the configuration file is the domain/configuration/domain.xml file. If you are running in standalone mode, you will configure the datasource in the standalone/configuration/standalone.xml file. Schema reference information, which is the same for both modes, can be found here: Datasource Descriptors.

First, you will need to create a datasource element and a driver element for your JDBC driver and datasource information in the standalone.xml or domain.xml file. You will use some of the same information that was previously defined in the *-ds.xml file.

The following is an example of a MySQL datasource element:

A JAR that is JDBC 4-compliant contains a META-INF/services/java.sql.Driver file that specifies the driver class name. This is used by the server to find name of the class(es) of the Drivers which exist in that JAR.

This is an example of the driver element for a JDBC 4-compliant MySQL driver.

This is an example of the driver element for driver that is not JDBC 4-compliant. The driver-class must be specified since it there is no META-INF/services/java.sql.Driverfile that specifies the driver class name.

For more information on how to add a MySQL driver, see Adding a MySQL datasource to JBoss AS 7.

Install the JDBC driver

The JDBC driver can be installed into the container in one of two ways: either as a deployment or as a core module. There are pros and cons to each approach, which will be outlined below. For a detailed explanation how to deploy JDBC 4-compliant driver jar, please refer to the DataSources chapter of the Admin Guide.

Install the JDBC driver as a deployment

When you install the JDBC driver as a deployment, it is deployed as a regular JAR. This is the recommended way to install the driver. When you run your application server in domain mode, deployments are automatically propagated to all servers to which the deployment applies; thus distribution of the driver JAR is one less thing for administrators to worry about.

Any JDBC 4-compliant driver will automatically be recognized and installed into the system by name and version. A JDBC 4-compliant JAR is identified using the Java service provider mechanism. It contains a text a file named "META-INF/services/java.sql.Driver", which contains the name of the class(es) of the Drivers which exist in that JAR. If your JDBC driver JAR is not JDBC 4-compliant, it can be made deployable by adding the java.sql.Driver file to the JAR or by deploying the JAR with an overlay. More information on that topic can be found here: Installing a JDBC Driver as a Deployment.

In AS7 standalone mode, you simply copy the JDBC 4-compliant JAR into the AS7_HOME/standalone/deployments directory. Here is an example of a MySQL JDBC driver installed as a deployment:

AS7_HOME/standalone/deployments/mysql-connector-java-5.1.15.jar

If the JDBC driver consists of more than one JAR, for example a JAR with the driver and a dependent license JAR, you can not install the driver as a deployment. You must install the JDBC driver as a core module.

Install the JDBC driver as a core module

To install the driver as a module, you will need to create a directory structure under the modules folder. This structure will contain the driver and a module.xml file to define the module.

For example, using the MySQL JDBC driver above, you would create a directory structure as follows:

AS7_HOME/modules/com/mysql/main

In the main directory, you then create the following module.xml file:

The module name, "com.mysql", matches the directory structure for this module. Under dependencies, you specify the module‘s dependencies on other modules. In this case, as the case with all JDBC data sources, it is dependent on the Java JDBC APIs which are defined in another module named javax.api that is located under modules/javax/api/main.

Make sure you do NOT have a space at the beginning of module.xml file or you will get a "New missing/unsatisfied dependencies" error for this driver.

Configure the datasource for Hibernate or JPA

If your application uses JPA and currently bundles the Hibernate JARs, you may want to use the Hibernate that is included with AS7. You should remove the Hibernate jars from your application. You should also remove the "hibernate.transaction.manager_lookup_class" property from your persistence.xml as this is not needed.

Where to Find Additional Information

DataSource Configuration in AS7
DataSource Descriptors
Admin Guide - DataSource Configuration
How to create and manage datasources in AS7
Adding a MySQL datasource to JBoss AS 7.

Update the Resource Adapter Configuration

TODO: The following section on Resource adapters needs to be reviewed

Overview

In previous versions of the application server, the resource adapter configuration was defined in a file with a suffix of *-ds.xml.

In AS7, a resource adapter is configured in the server configuration file. If you are running in domain mode, the configuration file is the domain/configuration/domain.xmlfile. If you are running in standalone mode, you will configure the resource adapter in the standalone/configuration/standalone.xml file. Schema reference information, which is the same for both modes, can be found here: Resource adapter descriptors. The IronJacamar distribution features a migration tool that can help you convert your previous datasource configuration file into the new format. You can find more information about the tool here: IronJacamar Datasource and Resource Adapter Migration Tool.

Define the resource adapter

The resource adapter descriptor information is defined under the <subsystem xmlns="urn:jboss:domain:resource-adapters:1.0"/> element in the server configuration file. You will use some of the same information that was previously defined in the *-ds.xml file.

The following is an example of a resource adapter element in the server configuration file:

TODO: The above section on Resource adapters needs to be reviewed

Update application JNDI namespace names

Overview

EJB 3.1 introduced a standardized global JNDI namespace and a series of related namespaces that map to the various scopes of a Java EE application. The three JNDI namespaces used for portable JNDI lookups are java:global, java:module, and java:app. If you use JNDI lookups in your application, you will need to change them to follow the new standardized JNDI namespace convention.

To conform to the new portable JNDI namespace rules, you will need to review the JNDI namespace rules and modify the application code to follow these rules.

Review the JNDI Namespace Rules

AS7 has tightened up on JNDI namespace names to provide predictable and consistent rules for every name bound in the application server and to prevent future compatibility issues. This means you might run into issues with the current namespaces in your application if they don‘t follow the new rules.

Namespaces should follow these rules:

1. Unqualified relative names like "ExampleDS" or "jdbc/ExampleDS"
   should be qualified relative to "java:comp/env", "java:module/env", or
   "java:jboss/env", depending on the context.
2. Unqualified "absolute" names like "/jdbc/ExampleDS" should be
   qualified relative to a "java:jboss/root" name.
3. Qualified "absolute" names like "java:/jdbc/ExampleDS" should be
   qualified the same way as #2.
4. The special "java:jboss" namespace is shared across the entire AS
   server instance.
5. Any "relative" name with a "java:" lead-in must be in one of the five
   namespaces: "comp", "module", "app", "global", or our proprietary
   "jboss". Any name starting with "java:xxx" where "xxx" is a name which
   is not equal to one of the above five would result in an invalid name error.

Modify your application code to follow the new JNDI namespace rules

Here‘s an example of a JNDI lookup in EAP 5.1. This code is usually found in an initialization method. Note the lookup name is: "OrderManagerApp/ProductManagerBean/local".

Old - EAP 5.1

Here is an example of how the same lookup would be coded in AS7. This code is defined as member variables. The lookup name now uses the new portable java:app JNDI namespace: "java:app/OrderManagerEJB/ProductManagerBean!services.ejb.ProductManager"

New - AS 7

Examples of JNDI mappings in previous releases and how they might look now

(This needs input!)

Where to Find Additional Information

Java EE6 Tutorial - Portable JNDI Syntax
Application-specified Portable JNDI Names

Migrate remote EJB clients to the AS7 client API

TODO: complete this section

Migrate EAP 5 Deployed Applications That Make Remote Invocations to AS 7

Overview

In AS 7, there are two ways to make remote invocations to the server:

1. You can use the new JBoss specific EJB client API to do the invocation.
2. You can use JNDI to lookup a proxy for your bean and invoke on that returned proxy.

This section covers option 2: coding changes required for clients that use JNDI.

In EAP 5, the EJB remote interface was bound in JNDI, by default, under the name "ejbName/local" for local interfaces, and "ejbName/remote" for the remote interfaces. The client application then looked up the stateful bean using "ejbName/remote".

In AS 7, you use the ejb: namespace for remote access to EJBs with the following syntax:
For stateless beans:

For stateful beans:

The values to be substituted in the above syntax are:

• <app-name> - the application name of the deployed EJBs. This is typically the ear name without the .ear suffix, however, the name can be overridden in the application.xml file. If the application is not deployed as a .ear, this value is an empty string. Assume this example was not deployed as an EAR.
• <module-name> - the module name of the deployed EJBs on the server. This is typically the jar name of the EJB deployment, without the .jar suffix, but can be overridden via the ejb-jar.xml. In this example, assume the EJBs were deployed in a jboss-as-ejb-remote-app.jar, so the module name is jboss-as-ejb-remote-app.
• <distinct-name> - an optional distinct name for the EJB. This example doesn‘t use a distinct name, so it uses an empty string.
• <bean-name> - by default, is the simple class name of the bean implementation class.
• <fully-qualified-classname-of-the-remote-interface> - the remote view fully qualified class name.

Update the Client Code

Assume you have deployed the following stateless EJB to an AS 7 server. Note that it exposes a remote view for the bean.

In EAP 5, the client EJB lookup and invocation was coded something like this:

In AS 7, using the information described above, the client lookup and invocation is coded like this:

If your client is accessing a stateful EJB, you must append “?stateful” to the end of the context lookup like this:

A complete working example, including both server and client code, can be found at the github repo here https://github.com/jbossas/quickstart/tree/master/ejb-remote.

For more information on remote invocations using JNDI, see EJB invocations from a remote client using JNDI.

Modify logging dependencies

Overview

JBoss LogManager supports front ends for all logging frameworks, so you can keep your current logging code or move to the new JBoss logging infrastructure. Regardless of your decision, because of the modular class loading changes, you will probably need to modify your application to add the required dependencies.

Update your application code for third-party logging frameworks

As of 7.1.0.Final logging dependencies are added by default. There is one caveat to this. If you‘re using log4j and you don‘t want to use the logging subsystem to configure your handlers (appenders), then you need to exclude the server copy of log4j. See the logging documentation

Modify code to use the New JBoss Logging Framework

To use the new framework, you will need the change your imports and code as follows to achieve the same results as above:

The JAR containing the JBoss Logging classes is located in the module named "org.jboss.logging". Your MANIFEST-MF file will look like this:

    Dependencies: org.jboss.logging

For more information on how to find the module dependency, please see “How to Resolve ClassNotFoundExceptions” under the “Modular Class Loading” above.

Where to Find Additional Information

JBoss AS7 Logging
JBoss Logging Tooling

Configure changes for applications that use Hibernate and JPA

Overview

If your application contains a persistence.xml file or the code uses @PersistenceContext or @PersistenceUnit, AS7 will detect this during deployment and assume the application uses JPA. It will implicitly add Hibernate 4 and a few other dependencies to your application classpath.

If your application currently uses Hibernate 3 libraries, in most cases, this will not be a problem. You will be able to deploy and run successfully using Hibernate 4. However, if  you see a ClassNotFoundExceptions when deploying your application you can try one of two following approaches:

1. You may be able to resolve the issue by copying the specific Hibernate 3 JARs containing those classes into the application "/lib" directory or by adding them to the classpath using some other method. In some cases this may result in ClassCastExceptions or other class loading issues due to the mixed use of the Hibernate versions, so you will need to use the second approach.
2. You need to tell the server to use only the Hibernate 3 libraries and you will need to add exclusions for the Hibernate 4 libraries. Details on how to do this are described here: JPA Reference Guide.

For more information on Hibernate and JPA, see JPA Reference Guide.

Update your Hibernate 3 application to use Hibernate 4

Changes for Hibernate 3.3 applications

1. Hibernate "text" type now maps to JDBC LONGVARCHAR
   In pre-3.5 versions of Hibernate, text type were mapped to JDBC CLOB. A new Hibernate type, "materialized_clob", was added to map Java String properties to JDBC CLOB. If an application has properties configured as type="text" that are intended to be mapped to JDBC CLOB, they should be changed to type="materialized_clob" in hbm mapping files, or, if using annotations, @Type(type = "text") should be replaced by @Lob.
2. Numeric aggregate Criteria projections now return the same value type as their HQL counterparts. As a result, the return type from the following projections in org.hibernate.criterion have changed:
   1. "count" and "count distinct" projections now return a Long value (due to changes in CountProjection, Projections.rowCount(), Projections.count( propertyName ), and Projections.countDistinct( propertyName )).
   2. "sum" projections return a value type that depends on the property type due to changes in Projections.sum( propertyName ). Failure to modify your application code may result in a java.lang.ClassCastException.
      1. for properties mapped as Long, Short, Integer, or primitive integer types, a Long value is returned;
      2. for properties mapped as Float, Double, or primitive floating point types, a Double value is returned.

Changes for Hibernate 3.5 applications

1. AnnotationConfigration must be merged into Configuration
   Aside from the fact that AnnotationConfiguration is now deprecated, this usually is not of concern. However, if you are still using an hbm.xml file, you should be aware that AS7 now uses the org.hibernate.cfg.EJB3NamingStrategy in AnnotationConfigration instead of the older org.hibernate.cfg.DefaultNamingStrategy that was previously used in Configuration. This can result in naming mismatches. If you rely on the naming strategy to default the name of a association (many-to-many and collections of elements) table, you may see this issue. To resolve it, you can tell Hibernate to use the the legacy org.hibernate.cfg.DefaultNamingStrategy by calling Configuration#setNamingStrategy and passing it org.hibernate.cfg.DefaultNamingStrategy#INSTANCE
2. The namespaces for the Hibernate DTD files have changed.

   Previous DTD Namespace	New DTD Namespaces
   http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd	http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd
   http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd	http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd

3. If you are using Oracle, the global environment variable "hibernate.jdbc.use_streams_for_binary" must be set to true if you are using "materialized_clob" or "materialized_blob" properties.
4. If you are using PostgreSQL, the global environment variable "hibernate.jdbc.use_streams_for_binary" must be set to false if you are using CLOB or BLOB properties.

General Changes when migrating to Hibernate 4

In Hibernate 4.0 there is a new IdentifierGenerator implementations.

Hibernate 4.0 supplies a property that is called hibernate.id.new_generator_mappings and hibernate documentation states that it defaults to false for backward compatibility reasons - however in AS 7.1 this value defaults to true.

consider setting the value to false in persistence.xml in case you don‘t see the behaviour you had in your app in previous versions.

for more information - read about 5.1.2 Identifiers in general and about 5.1.2.2. Identifier generator more specifically* *here

Changes in JPA container managed behaviour

To comply with the JPA 2.0 specification section 7.6.3.1 requirements for persistence context propagation, jira AS7-1663 (An extended persistence context should not be propagated if there is no JTA transaction) was fixed in AS 7.02.  If a SFSB with an extended persistence context, invokes another bean (not in an active JTA transaction) and the other bean uses a transactional entity manager.  The extended persistence context will not be propagated to the transactional entity manager (propagation will occur if invoked with an active JTA transaction).  If your application expects the extended persistence context to be propagated to the bean with the transactional entity manager, you need to change your app to do the invocation with an active JTA transaction.

Infinispan as Second Level Cache

Overview

JBoss Cache has been replaced by Infinispan for 2nd level cache (even for non-clustered use). This requires a change to the persistence.xml file. The syntax is slightly different, depending on if you‘re using JPA or Hibernate APIs. These examples assume you are using JPA.

Infinispan second-level cache settings

Here‘s an example of the persistence.xml file in EAP 5.1:

Here is what is needed to configure the same thing for a JPA application using Infinispan with AS7:

Here is what is needed to configure the same thing for a native Hibernate application using Infinispan with AS7:

Since JPA applications use Infinispan by default, fewer properties are needed to be specified.  For native Hibernate applications you need to:

• Select the correct Hibernate transaction factory using the hibernate.transaction.factory_class property.
• Select the correct Hibernate transaction manager lookup class using the hibernate.transaction.manager_lookup_class property.
• Configure the Infinispan cache region factory using one of the two options below:
  • If the Infinispan CacheManager is bound to JNDI, select JndiInfinispanRegionFactory as the cache region factory and add the cache manager’s JNDI name
  • If running JPA/Hibernate and Infinispan standalone or within third party application server, select InfinispanRegionFactory as the cache region factory

Migrate to Hibernate 4 Validator

Migrating from Hibernate Validator 3.x to 4.x means switching to a completely new code base and new API - the JSR 303 (Bean Validation). The good news is that this migration should be straight forward. Let‘s have a look at the different parts which needs updating.

Accessing the default ValidatorFactory

AS7 binds a default ValidatorFactory to the JNDI context under the name java:comp/ValidatorFactory.

Life cycle triggered validation

When used in combination with Hibernate 4 life-cycle based validation will be automatically enabled by Hibernate Core. Validation will occur on entity INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE operations. You can configure the groups to be validated per event type using the properties javax.persistence.validation.group.pre-persist,javax.persistence.validation.group.pre-update, and javax.persistence.validation.group.pre-remove. The values of these properties are the comma-separated, fully specified class names of the groups to validate. The validation groups feature is part of the Bean Validation specification and it is recommended you get familiar with this new functionality. For a pure migration however, you can ignore groups as Hibernate Validator 3 did not have such a feature.

You can also disable life-cycle based validation by setting the javax.persistence.validation.mode to none. Other values are auto, callback and ddl, where auto is the default.

Manual validation

In case you want to manually validate, you need to create a Validator instance from the ValidatorFactory via ValidatorFactory.getValidator. or get Validator injected in your EJB, CDI bean or any other Java EE injectable resource. You can customize your Validator instance by using a fluent API starting with ValidatorFactory.usingContext. Using this API you can configure a custom MessageInterpolator, TraverableResolver and ConstraintValidatorFactory. All these interfaces are new to Hibernate Validator and are specified in the Bean Validation specification.

Once you have your Validator instance, use the validate methods to either validate your whole entity or just a single property. A call to any validate method will return a set ofConstraintViolation instances (in contrast to an array of InvalidValue instances in Validator 3). An empty set indicates a successful validation without any constraint violations.

Using the new Bean Validation constraints

This is the most visible change fro Hibernate Validator 3 constraints in your code base. To upgrade to Hibernate Validator 4 you have to use the constraints in thejavax.validation.constraints and org.hibernate.validator.constraints packages. The former contains the standardized Bean Validation constraints whereas the latter contains some Hibernate Validator specific constraints. All constraints which existed in Validator 3 are available in Validator 4. You just need to import the right class and in some cases change the name and/or type of a constraint parameter.

Custom constraints

In Validator 3 a custom constraint needed to implement org.hibernate.validator.Validator. In Validator 4 the interface to implement is javax.validation.ConstraintValidator which contains the same methods as the old interface, namely initialize and isValid. Only the method signature is slightly different. Note that support for DDL alteration is no longer part of Hibernate Validator 4 but very few users made use of this feature.

Where to Find Additional Information

Infinispan
Using Infinspan as JPA/Hibernate Second Level Cache Provider
HIBERNATE - RelationalPersistence for Idiomatic Java

Changes you need to make for Security

Configure Security for Basic Authentication

The UsersRolesLoginModule has always looked for the properties files in the classpath. In previous versions of AS, files in the JBOSS_HOME/server/SERVER_NAME/confdirectory were on classpath so you could put your properties files there. In AS7 the directory structure has changed, so you need to package the properties within the application to make them available in the classpath.

To configure security for basic authentication, add a new security domain under security-domains to your standalone.xml configuration file :

If you are running in standalone mode, ${jboss.server.config.dir} refers to JBOSS_HOME/standalone/configuration/

A list of available login modules can be found in the admin guide.

Modify security domain names

In AS7 security domains no longer use the prefix java:/jaas/ in their names. Remove this prefix from the security domain configurations in jboss-web.xml for web applications and jboss.xml for enterprise applications.

Configure JAX-RS / Resteasy changes

AS7 sets up Resteasy for you, so there is no need to set it up yourself.

You should remove all of the resteasy configuration from your web.xml and replace it with one of the following three options:

• Subclass javax.ws.rs.core.Application and use @ApplicationPath
  This is the easiest way and does not require any xml configuration. Simply include a subclass of javax.ws.rs.core.Application in your application, and annotate it with the path that you want your JAX-RS classes to be available. For example:

This will make your JAX-RS resources available under /mywebappcontext/mypath.

Note that that the path is /mypath not /mypath/*

• Subclass javax.ws.rs.core.Application and use web.xml
  If you do not wish to use @ApplicationPath but still need to subclass Application you can set up the JAX-RS mapping in web.xml:

This will make your JAX-RS resources available under /mywebappcontext/hello.

You can also use this approach to override an application path set with the @ApplicationPath annotation.

• Modify web.xml
  If you don‘t want to subclass Application you can set the JAX-RS mapping in web.xml as follows:

  <servlet-mapping>    <servlet-name>javax.ws.rs.core.Application</servlet-name>    <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>

  This will make your JAX-RS resources available under /mywebappcontext/hello.

  Note that you only have to add the mapping, not the corresponding servlet. The server is responsible for adding the corresponding servlet automatically.

For more information, see the JAX-RS Reference Guide.

Configure LDAP security realm changes

In previous releases of JBoss AS, the LDAP realm was configured as an application-policy in the login-config.xml file. The following is an example of configuration in a previous release:

In AS7, the LDAP realm is configured as a security-domain in the standalone/configuration/standalone.xml file if you are running a standalone server or in thedomain/configuration/domain.xml file if you are running your server in a managed domain. The following is an example of configuration in AS7:

The XML parser has also changed in AS7. In previous releases, you specified the module options as element content like this: <module-option name="java.naming.factory.initial">com.sun.jndi.ldap.LdapCtxFactory</module-option> In AS7, the module options must be specified as element attributes with "value=" as follows: <module-option name="java.naming.factory.initial" value="com.sun.jndi.ldap.LdapCtxFactory"/>

Migrate from JBoss Messaging to HornetQ

JBoss Messaging will no longer be included in EAP 6. If your application uses JBoss Messaging as the messaging provider, you will need to make changes to your application to use HornetQ.

Before you start

1. Shut down the client and server.
2. Make a backup of any JBoss Messaging data.  Message data is stored in a database, and the tables are prefixed with "JBM_".  Backup these tables as necessary.

Transfer configurations

Transfer the existing JBoss Messaging configurations to the AS7 configuration. These configurations are located in deployment descriptors on the server running JBoss Messaging. This includes the following configurations:

• Connection Factory service configuration files - these files contain JMS connection factories deployed with JBoss Messaging. JBoss Messaging stores these files in a file called connection-factories-service.xml in the deploy/messaging directory of your application server.
• Destination service configurations - these files contain JMS queues and topics deployed with JBoss Messaging. By default, these are stored in a destinations-service.xml in the deploy/messaging directory of your application server.
• Message bridge service configurations - these files contain bridge services deployed with JBoss Messaging. No bridges are deployed by default, so the name of the deployment file will vary, depending on your JBoss Messaging installation.  Note: AS7 doesn‘t currently support JMS bridges configured in standalone*.xml.  This will change in a future version.

Refer to Messaging configuration for details on HornetQ configurations.

Modify application code

If the application code uses standard JMS, no code changes are required.  However, if the application will be connecting to a cluster (which is outside the scope of the JMS specification) please carefully review the HornetQ documentation on clustering semantics as HornetQ and JBoss Messaging have taken substantially different approaches in their respective implementations of clustering functionality.

If the application code uses features specific to JBoss Messaging, modify the code to use equivalent features available in HornetQ (if available).

Migrate existing messages

Move any messages in the JBoss Messaging database to the HornetQ journal via a JMS bridge.  Instructions for this are available here.

For more information on HornetQ, see HornetQ Project Documentation and the HornetQ homepage.

Changes you need to make for Clustering

Starting AS7 with clustering enabled

To enable clustering in AS5 and AS6, you needed to start your server instances using the "all" profile (or some derivation of it).
e.g.

$ ./bin/run.sh -c all

In AS7, the method of enabling clustering depends on whether your servers are started via the domain controller, or as standalone servers.
To enable clustering for servers started via the domain controller, update your domain.xml and designate a server group to use the "ha" profile and "ha-sockets" socket binding group:
e.g.

To enable clustering for standalone servers, start the server using the appropriate configuration file:

$ ./bin/standalone.sh --server-config=standalone-ha.xml -Djboss.node.name=UNIQUE_NODE_NAME

Specifying the bind address

In AS5 and AS6, you would typically indicate the bind address used for clustering via the "-b" command line argument.
e.g.

$ ./bin/run.sh -c all -b 192.168.0.2

In AS7, bind addresses are explicitly defined by the relevant socket bindings within the AS7 configuration files. For servers started via the domain controller, bind addresses are specified within domain/configuration/host.xml. For standalone servers, bind addresses are specified within the standalone-ha.xml:
e.g.

In the example above, the "public" interface is specified as the default interface for all sockets within the "ha-sockets" socket binding group.

Configure jvmRoute to support mod_jk and mod_proxy

In previous releases, the web server jvmRoute was configured using a property in the server.xml file. In AS 7, the jvmRoute attribute is configured in the web subsystem of the server configuration file using the instance-id attribute as follows:

The JVM_ROUTE_SERVER above should be replaced by the jvmRoute server ID.

Specifying multicast address/port

In AS5 and AS6, you could specify the multicast address and port used for intra-cluster communication using the command line arguments "-u" and "-m", respectively.
e.g.

./bin/run.sh -c all -u 228.11.11.11 -m 45688

In AS7, the multicast address and port used for intra-cluster communication are defined by the socket-binding referenced by the relevant JGroups protocol stack.
e.g.

If you prefer to specify the multicast address and port in the command line, you can define the multicast address and ports as system properties and then use those properties on the command line when you start the server. In the following example, "jboss.mcast.addr" is the variable for the multicast address and "jboss.mcast.port" is the variable for the port.

You can then start your server using the following command line arguments:

$ ./bin/domain.sh -Djboss.mcast.addr=228.11.11.11 -Djboss.mcast.port=45688

Using an alternate protocol stack

In AS5 & AS6, you could manipulate the default protocol stack used for all clustering services via the "jboss.default.jgroups.stack" system property.
e.g.

./bin/run.sh -c all -Djboss.default.jgroups.stack=tcp

In AS7, the default protocol stack is defined by the JGroups subsystem within domain.xml or standalone-ha.xml.
e.g.

HA Singleton Deployment

TODO: This topic needs content

Additional changes you may need to make

Change Maven plugin name

The jboss-maven-plugin has not been updated and does not work In AS7. You must use org.jboss.as.plugins:jboss-as-maven-plugin to deploy to the correct directory.

Update Applications That Use Service-style Deployments

Although AS 7 no longer uses service-style descriptors, the container supports these service-style deployments without change where possible. This means that if you usedjboss-service.xml or jboss-beans.xml deployment descriptors in your AS5/AS6 application, they should run with little or no modification in AS 7. You can continue to package the files in the EAR or SAR, or you can place the files directly in the deployments directory. If you are running a standalone server, the deployments directory is located here: JBOSS_HOME/standalone/deployments/.

Debug and Resolve Migration Issues

Debug and resolve ClassNotFoundExceptions and NoCLassDefFoundErrors

ClassNotFoundExceptions can occur due to application packaging issues, unresolved dependencies, or missing archives. If the class specified is a class you have created in your application, the problem is mostly likely a packaging issue. If the class is is external to your project, you may need to explicitly define the dependencies on other modules or possibly copy an archive from a previous framework.

Change the application structure to find classes within the application

If the class specified in the exception is a class written specifically for the application, for example, a business class, you may need to change the packaging of the application. Due to modular class loading changes, your application may no longer be able to find classes within the EAR or WAR. In his case, you may need to move JARs to a different location within the application archive or modify class-path information so classes can be found. For more information on EAR and WAR packaging, see "WAR Class Loading" and "EAR Class Loading" in Class Loading in AS7.

How to find the JBoss module dependency

For other classes, to resolve the dependency you will find the JAR that contains the class specified by the ClassNotFoundException by looking in the JBoss AS7 modules directory. If you find a module for the class, you must add a dependency to the manifest entry.

For example, if you see this ClassNotFoundException trace in the log:

Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.commons.logging.Log from [Module "deployment.TopicIndex.war:main" from Service Module Loader]
        at org.jboss.modules.ModuleClassLoader.findClass(ModuleClassLoader.java:188)

Find the JBoss module containing this class by doing one of the following:

1. You can use Tattletale to find the JBoss module name. See the section: Use Tattletale to find application dependencies.
2. You can manually find the module dependencies.
   1. First determine if there is an obvious module for the class
      1. Navigate to the AS7_HOME/modules directory and look for the module path.
      2. in this case, under modules, there is org/apache/commons/logging
      3. Open the AS7_HOME/modules/org/apache/commons/logging/main/module.xml file and find the module name.
      4. Add the module name to the Dependencies in the MANIFEST.MF file:
         

         Dependencies: org.apache.commons.logging

   2. If there is no obvious module path for the class
      1. Determine which JAR contains the class.
      2. Find the module containing the JAR in the AS7_HOME/modules directory and determine the module name.
      3. The module name to the Dependencies in the MANIFEST.MF file
         

         Dependencies: org.dom4j,org.slf4j.jcl-over-slf4j

How to find the JAR in previous install

If the class is not found in a JAR packaged in a module defined by the AS7 server, find the JAR in your EAP 5.x install or your prior server‘s lib directory and copy it to your application‘s lib/ directory.

For example, when you migrate the Seam Booking appliation from EAP 5.1, you see this ClassNotFoundException in the log:
        Caused by: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/hibernate/validator/ClassValidator
            at java.lang.Class.getDeclaredMethods0(Native Method) [:1.6.0_25]

1. Open a terminal and navigate to the EAP5_HOME/ directory.
2. Issue the command:
   

   grep ‘org.hibernate.validator.ClassValidator r‘ `find . \-name ‘*.jar‘`

3. You should see this (one of many) for the result: Binary file ./jboss-eap-5.1/seam/lib/hibernate-validator.jar matches
4. Copy this JAR to the application‘s lib/ directory.
5. Rebuild and redeploy the application

Debug and resolve ClassCastExceptions

This usually happens because the class is being loaded by a different class loader than the class it extends. It can also be a result of the same class existing in multiple JARs.

Remove any unnecessary JARs from the Application archive

First find the JAR that contains the class and determine how it is being loaded. Often you need to find and remove the JAR from the application‘s WAR or EAR. Then you must find the dependent JBoss module containing the class, and explicitly define the dependency in the MANIFEST.MF file.

Exclude any conflicting dependencies using the jboss-deployment-structure.xml file

There are cases where you will need to copy in older JARs for your applcation. If the newer JARs are loaded as automatic dependencies in AS7, you may see ClassCastExceptions and need to exclude the conflicting module dependencies. This will prevent the server from adding the dependencies. This is an example of theexclusions element in the jboss-deployment-structure.xml file:

Debug and resolve class loading issues

If you are not able to figure out how the classes are loaded, you can often resolve the problem by printing class loader information to the log. For example, if you see the following ClassCastException in the log:

In your code, print the class loader information by logging

The ModuleClassLoader information in the log will show which modules are loading the classes and, based on your application, you will need to determine the best approach to resolve the issue. You might have to remove or move a conflicting JARs, add dependencies through the MANIFEST.MF or jboss-deployment-structure.xml file or excluding dependencies in the jboss-deployment-structure.xml file.

Debug and resolve NoSuchMethodExceptions

A NoSuchMethodException indicates a class version mismatch between JAR files. It indicates your application‘s calling class was compiled using a different version of the JAR than the one used by the application server runtime.  This can occur when you package different versions of common libraries your application, for example Hibernate. This can also happen if you migrate between versions of JBoss EAP and do not recompile your application against the updated EAP jars. To resolve this problem, remove any common JARs from your application archive, add any dependencies as described above, recompile and deploy your application.

Debug and resolve DuplicateServiceExceptions

If you get a DuplicateServiceException for a subdeployment of a JAR or a message that the WAR application has already been installed when you deploy your EAR in AS7, it may be due to the way JBoss WS handles the deployment. In AS6, JBossWS introduced a Context Root Mapping Algorithm or rules for servlet based endpoints to allow it to become seamlessly compatible with TCK6. This means that if you have a WAR and a JAR with the same name within an EAR, it may create a web context with the same name as the JAR which will conflict with the WAR context. You can resolve this issue in one of the following ways:

• Rename the JAR file to a name that is different than the WAR.
• Provide a <context-root> element in the in jboss-web.xml file.
• Provide a <context-root> element in the in jboss-webservices.xml file.
• Customize the <context-root> for the WAR in the application.xml file.

Debug and resolve JBoss Seam debug page errors.

Usually the root cause of the exception can be found in one of the links on this page, for example, under the Component org.jboss.seam.caughtException. Use the same technique above under “How to Resolve ClassNotFoundExceptions or NoCLassDefFoundErrors” to resolve the dependencies.

EJB 2.x Support

As 7.1 provides support for EJB 2.1, however, you need to make a few code modifications and must start the server with the full profile.

Modify the Code to Use the New JNDI Namespace Rules

Like EJB 3.0, you must use the full JNDI prefix with EJB 2.1. For more information on the new JNDI namespace rules and code examples, see the section ‘Update application JNDI namespace names‘ above.

Replace JBoss AOP Interceptors

JBoss AOP (Aspect Oriented Programming) is no longer included in JBoss AS 7. In previous releases, JBoss AOP was used by the EJB container. However, in AS 7, the EJB container uses a new mechanism. If your application uses JBoss AOP, you need modify your application code as follows.

• Standard EJB3 configurations that were made in the ejb3-interceptors-aop.xml file are now done in the server configuration file. For a standalone server, this is thestandalone/configuration/standalone.xml file. If you are running your server in a managed domain, this is the domain/configuration/domain.xml file.
• Applications that integrate AOP interceptors into the EJB layer must be redesigned to use EJB3 interceptors and CDI. Server side interceptors can be changed to EJB3 interceptors, but there is no client side interceptor in AS 7.

Modify the jboss-web.xml File Descriptor

Modify the <jndi-name> for each <ejb-ref> to use the new JNDI fully qualified lookup format.

Replace the jboss.xml deployment descriptor file

The jboss-ejb3.xml deployment descriptor replaces the jboss.xml deployment descriptor to override and add to the features provided by the Java Enterprise Edition (EE) defined ejb3-jar.xml deployment descriptor. The new file is incompatible with jboss.xml, and the jboss.xml is now ignored in deployments.

Start the Server with the Full Profiles

EJB 2.1 requires the Java Enterprise Edition 6 Full Profile. To start AS 7 with the full profile, pass the argument "-c standalone-full.xml" on the command line when you start the server.

Migration required for other components

ToDo: Conplete this section

How to migrate Seam 2 archives to JBoss AS 7

Overview

When you migrate a Seam 2 application, you will follow the steps outlined in the migration guide. You will need to configure the datasource as noted above. You will need to specify any module dependencies. You will also need to determine if the application has any dependencies on archives that do not ship with AS7 and copy any dependent JARs into the application lib/ directory.

Update the datasource configuration

Some Seam 2 examples use a default JDBC datasource named java:/ExampleDS. The easiest way is to define this datasource is to add the following datasource definition to the <jbossas7_dir>/standalone/configuration/standalone.xml file the :

This definition is a copy of the default HSQL datasource defined in JBoss AS 7.

You can also add the datasource using the jboss-cli command line interface:

$ <jboss-as7>/bin/jboss-cli.sh --connect
[[email protected]:9999 /] data-source add --name=ExampleDS --jndi-name=java:/ExampleDS --connection-url=jdbc:h2:mem:test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1 --driver-name=h2 --user-name=sa --password=sa

Add any required dependencies

Since Seam 2 applications use JSF 1.2, you will need to add dependencies for the JSF 1.2 modules and exclude the JSF 2.0 modules. You will need to create a jboss-deployment-structure.xml file in the EAR META-INF/ directory that contains the following data:

If your application uses any third-party logging frameworks you will need add dependencies as described in that section of the migration guide.

Copy dependent archives from outside frameworks or other locations

Even if your Seam 2 application uses Hibernate 3, you may still be able to run with the Hibernate 4 module packaged in AS7. Some hibernate classes are no longer available and you may need to copy one or more of the older hibernate JARs into the /lib directory. If you end up with ClassNotFoundExceptions or ClassCastExceptions involving hibernate classes, you may have to exclude the hibernate module in the deployments section of the META-INF/jboss-deployment-structure.xml

Seam 2 JPA example deployment on JBoss AS 7

1. Remove the jboss-web.xml file from the jboss-seam-jpa.war/WEB-INF/ directory - Defined class loading in jboss-web.xml is now default behaviour.
2. Comment or remove hibernate property in jboss-seam-jpa.war/WEB-INF/classes/META-INF/persistence.xml:
   

   <!- <property name="hibernate.cache.provider_class" value="org.hibernate.cache.HashtableCacheProvider"/> ->

3. Add the following dependencies from seam distribution (seam/lib directory) into
   jboss-seam-jpa.war/WEB-INF/lib directory, which were in JBoss AS 5/6 and are upgraded in JBoss AS7 to higher major version:
   • slf4j-api.jar
   • slf4j-log4j12.jar
   • hibernate-entitymanager.jar
   • hibernate-core.jar
   • hibernate-annotations.jar
   • hibernate-commons-annotations.jar
   • hibernate-validator.jar
4. Add jboss-deployment-structure.xml to jboss-seam-jpa.war/WEB-INF/ with the following content in it:
   

   <jboss-deployment-structure>    <deployment>         <exclusions>           <module name="javax.faces.api" slot="main"/>           <module name="com.sun.jsf-impl" slot="main"/>         </exclusions>         <dependencies>           <module name="org.apache.log4j" />           <module name="org.dom4j" />           <module name="org.apache.commons.logging" />           <module name="org.apache.commons.collections" />           <module name="javax.faces.api" slot="1.2"/>           <module name="com.sun.jsf-impl" slot="1.2"/>         </dependencies>     </deployment> </jboss-deployment-structure>

   Name	Size	Creator	Creation Date	Comment
   XML File jboss-deployment-structure.xml	0.6 kB	Marek Novotny	Jul 18, 2011 04:50	jboss-deployment-structure.xml for Seam 2 JPA example migration

How to debug and resolve Seam 2 JNDI errors

When you migrate a Seam 2 application, you may see javax.naming.NameNotFoundException errors in the log like the following:

javax.naming.NameNotFoundException: Name ‘jboss-seam-booking‘ not found in context ‘‘

If you don‘t want to modify JNDI lookups throughout the code, you can modify the application‘s components.xml file.

1. First, you will need to replace the existing core-init element as follows:

   <!-- <core:init jndi-pattern="jboss-seam-booking/#{ejbName}/local" debug="true" distributable="false"/>   -->  <core:init debug="true" distributable="false"/>

2. Next, find the JNDI binding INFO messages that are printed in the server log when the application is deployed. The JNDI binding messages should look similar to this:
                 15:01:16,138 INFO [org.jboss.as.ejb3.deployment.processors.EjbJndiBindingsDeploymentUnitProcessor] (MSC service thread 1-1) JNDI bindings for session bean
                  named AuthenticatorAction in   deployment unit subdeployment "jboss-seam-booking.jar" of deployment "jboss-seam-booking.ear" are as follows:
                           java:global/jboss-seam-booking/jboss-seam-booking.jar/AuthenticatorAction!org.jboss.seam.example.booking.Authenticator
                           java:app/jboss-seam-booking.jar/AuthenticatorAction!org.jboss.seam.example.booking.Authenticator
                           java:module/AuthenticatorAction!org.jboss.seam.example.booking.Authenticator
                           java:global/jboss-seam-booking/jboss-seam-booking.jar/AuthenticatorAction
                           java:app/jboss-seam-booking.jar/AuthenticatorAction
                          java:module/AuthenticatorAction
3. For each JNDI binding INFO message in the log, add a matching component element to the components.xml file:
   

   <component class="org.jboss.seam.example.booking.AuthenticatorAction" jndi-name="java:app/jboss-seam-booking.jar/AuthenticatorAction" />

Running Seam 3 archives on JBoss AS 7

ToDo: Complete this section

Migrating Spring applications

For information on how to migrate Spring applications, see details at the Spring applications development and migration guide.

Tools That Can Assist with Migration

Use Tattletale to find application dependencies

Due to the modular class loading changes, you might run into ClassNotFoundExceptions or ClassCastExceptions when you migrate your application. To resolve these dependencies, you will need to find the JARs that contain the classes specified by the exceptions.

Tattletale is an excellent tool that recursively scans your application and provides detailed reports about its contents. Tattletale 1.2.0.Beta2 or later contains additional support to help with the new JBoss Modules class loading used in AS7. Tattletale‘s "JBoss AS7" report can be used to to automatically identify and specify dependent module names in your application‘s jboss-deployment-structure.xml file.

Install Tattletale

1. Download Tattletale version 1.2.0.Beta2 or newer from http://sourceforge.net/projects/jboss/files/JBoss%20Tattletale/.
2. Unzip the file into the directory of your choice.
3. Modify the TATTLETALE_HOME/jboss-tattletale.properties file by adding jbossas7 to the "profiles" property.
   

   profiles=java5, java6, ee6, jbossas7

4. Uncomment scan and reports in the properties file.

Create and review the Tattletale report

1. Create the Tattletale report by issuing the command:

   java -jar TATTLETALE_HOME/tattletale.jar APPLICATION_ARCHIVE OUTPUT_DIRECTORY

   For example:

   java -jar ~/tattletale-1.2.0.Beta1/tattletale.jar applications/jboss-seam-booking.ear output-results/

2. In a browser, open the OUTPUT_DIRECTORY/index.html file and click on "JBoss A7" under the "Reports" section.
   1. The column on the left lists the archives used by the application. Click on the ARCHIVE_NAME link to view details about the archive, such as its location, manifest information, and classes it contains.
   2. The jboss-deployment-structure.xml link in the column on the right shows how to specify the module dependency for the archive in the left column. Click on this link to see how to define the deployment dependency module information for this archive.

Tattletale will only find dependencies on the application classes. It will not find dependencies that may be required by classes your application calls or by classes in other JARs included under your application‘s WEB-INF/lib directory. To identify external dependencies, you will need to look at the "Depends On" report.

IronJacamar Datasource and Resource Adapter Migration Tool

Summary

In previous versions of the application server, datasources and resource adapters were configured and deployed using a file with a suffix of *-ds.xml. The IronJacamar 1.1 distribution contains a migration tool that can be used to convert the datasource and resource adapter configuration files from previous releases into the configuration format expected by the AS7 server. The tool parses the source configuration file from the previous release, then creates and writes an XML snippet in the appropriate format that can be copied and pasted under the correct subsystem in the server configuration file.

Download and install IronJacamar

1. Download IronJacamar 1.1 from here: http://www.jboss.org/ironjacamar/downloads/.
2. Unzip the file into a directory of your choice.
3. The converter script can be found in the IRONJACAMAR distribution in the following locations:
   1. Linux script: IRONJACAMAR_HOME/doc/as/converter.sh
   2. Windows batch file: IRONJACAMAR_HOME/doc/as/converter.bat

The tool will do a best effort to convert all old attributes and elements to the new format. It will be necessary to make additional changes to the generated file. In the following examples, we will need to make a few changes to the resulting XML. Please, consult this documentation for additional information.

Use the IronJacamar Migration Tool to convert a datasource configuration file.

1. Open a terminal or command prompt and CD to the IRONJACAMAR_HOME/docs/as/ directory.
2. For Linux, run the converter script by typing the following command in the terminal:
   

   ./converter.sh -ds FULLY_QUALIFIED_SOURCE_FILE_NAME FULLY_QUALIFIED_TARGET_FILE_NAME

   For Windows, type:

   converter -ds FULLY_QUALIFIED_SOURCE_FILE_NAME FULLY_QUALIFIED_TARGET_FILE_NAME

3. Copy the XML snippet from the target file into the server configuration file under the subsystem xmlns="urn:jboss:domain:datasources:1.0" datasources element.
   1. If you are running in domain mode, you need to copy the XML snippet into the domain/configuration/domain.xml file.
   2. If you are running in standalone mode, you need to copy the XML snippet into the standalone/configuration/standalone.xml file.

      The tool generates the datasources and datasource element. If you have existing datasources, you need only copy the datasource element into the configuration file.

Here is an example of the datasource configuration file for the Seam Booking example that shipped with EAP 5.x:

The generated file will contain a driver-class element. The preferred way to define the driver class is using a drivers element. Here is the converted XML with the driver-class and drivers modifications as configured in the AS7 configuration file:

Use the IronJacamar Migration Tool to convert a resource adapter configuration file.

1. Open a terminal or command prompt and CD to the IRONJACAMAR_HOME/docs/as/ directory.
2. For Linux, run the converter script by typing the following command in the terminal:
   

   ./converter.sh -ra FULLY_QUALIFIED_SOURCE_FILE_NAME FULLY_QUALIFIED_TARGET_FILE_NAME

   For Windows, type:

   ./converter.sh -ra FULLY_QUALIFIED_SOURCE_FILE_NAME FULLY_QUALIFIED_TARGET_FILE_NAME

3. Copy the XML snippet from the target file into the server configuration file under the subsystem xmlns="urn:jboss:domain:resource-adapters:1.0" element.
   1. If you are running in domain mode, you need to copy the XML snippet into the domain/configuration/domain.xml file.
   2. If you are running in standalone mode, you need to copy the XML snippet into the standalone/configuration/standalone.xml file.

      The tool generates the resource-adapters and resource-adapter element. If you have existing resource-adapters, you need to copy only theresource-adapter element into the configuration file.

Here is an example of the mttestadapter-ds.xml resource-adapter configuration file from the EAP-5.x TestSuite.:

You will need to replace the class-name attribute "FIXME_MCF_CLASS_NAME" in the generated XML snippet with the class name of the managed connection factory, in this case, "org.jboss.test.jca.adapter.TestManagedConnectionFactory". Here is the server configuration file with the newly generated and edited configuration data:

For more information about this migration tool, go to IronJacamar Migration Tool.

EJB invocations from a remote standalone client using JNDI

This chapter explains how to invoke EJBs from a remote client by using the JNDI API to first lookup the bean proxy and then invoke on that proxy.

After you have read this article, do remember to take a look at Remote EJB invocations via JNDI - EJB client API or remote-naming project

Before getting into the details, we would like the users to know that we have introduced a new EJB client API, which is a JBoss specific API and allows invocation on remote EJBs. This client API isn‘t based on JNDI. So remote clients need not rely on JNDI API to invoke on EJBs. A separate document covering the EJB remote client API will be made available. For now, you can refer to the javadocs of the EJB client project at http://docs.jboss.org/ejbclient/. In this document, we‘ll just concentrate on the traditional JNDI based invocation on EJBs. So let‘s get started:

Deploying your EJBs on the server side:

Users who already have EJBs deployed on the server side can just skip to the next section.

As a first step, you‘ll have to deploy your application containing the EJBs on the AS7 server. If you want those EJBs to be remotely invocable, then you‘ll have to expose atleast one remote view for that bean. In this example, let‘s consider a simple Calculator stateless bean which exposes a RemoteCalculator remote business interface. We‘ll also have a simple stateful CounterBean which exposes a RemoteCounter remote business interface. Here‘s the code:

Let‘s package this in a jar (how you package it in a jar is out of scope of this chapter) named "jboss-as-ejb-remote-app.jar" and deploy it to the server. Make sure that your deployment has been processed successfully and there aren‘t any errors.

Writing a remote client application for accessing and invoking the EJBs deployed on the server

The next step is to write an application which will invoke the EJBs that you deployed on the server. In AS7, you can either choose to use the JBoss specific EJB client API to do the invocation or use JNDI to lookup a proxy for your bean and invoke on that returned proxy. In this chapter we will concentrate on the JNDI lookup and invocation and will leave the EJB client API for a separate chapter.

So let‘s take a look at what the client code looks like for looking up the JNDI proxy and invoking on it. Here‘s the entire client code which invokes on a stateless bean:

The entire server side and client side code is hosted at the github repo here https://github.com/jboss-jdf/jboss-as-quickstart/tree/master/ejb-remote

The code has some comments which will help you understand each of those lines. But we‘ll explain here in more detail what the code does. As a first step in the client code, we‘ll do a lookup of the EJB using a JNDI name. In AS7, for remote access to EJBs, you use the ejb: namespace with the following syntax:

For stateless beans:

For stateful beans:

The ejb: namespace identifies it as a EJB lookup and is a constant (i.e. doesn‘t change) for doing EJB lookups. The rest of the parts in the jndi name are as follows:

app-name : This is the name of the .ear (without the .ear suffix) that you have deployed on the server and contains your EJBs.

• Java EE 6 allows you to override the application name, to a name of your choice by setting it in the application.xml. If the deployment uses uses such an override then the app-name used in the JNDI name should match that name.
• EJBs can also be deployed in a .war or a plain .jar (like we did in step 1). In such cases where the deployment isn‘t an .ear file, then the app-name must be an empty string, while doing the lookup.

module-name : This is the name of the .jar (without the .jar suffix) that you have deployed on the server and the contains your EJBs. If the EJBs are deployed in a .war then the module name is the .war name (without the .war suffix).

• Java EE 6 allows you to override the module name, by setting it in the ejb-jar.xml/web.xml of your deployment. If the deployment uses such an override then the module-name used in the JNDI name should match that name.
• Module name part cannot be an empty string in the JNDI name

distinct-name : This is a JBoss AS7 specific name which can be optionally assigned to the deployments that are deployed on the server. More about the purpose and usage of this will be explained in a separate chapter. If a deployment doesn‘t use distinct-name then, use an empty string in the JNDI name, for distinct-name

bean-name : This is the name of the bean for which you are doing the lookup. The bean name is typically the unqualified classname of the bean implementation class, but can be overriden through either ejb-jar.xml or via annotations. The bean name part cannot be an empty string in the JNDI name.

fully-qualified-classname-of-the-remote-interface : This is the fully qualified class name of the interface for which you are doing the lookup. The interface should be one of the remote interfaces exposed by the bean on the server. The fully qualified class name part cannot be an empty string in the JNDI name.

For stateful beans, the JNDI name expects an additional "?stateful" to be appended after the fully qualified interface name part. This is because for stateful beans, a new session gets created on JNDI lookup and the EJB client API implementation doesn‘t contact the server during the JNDI lookup to know what kind of a bean the JNDI name represents (we‘ll come to this in a while). So the JNDI name itself is expected to indicate that the client is looking up a stateful bean, so that an appropriate session can be created.

Now that we know the syntax, let‘s see our code and check what JNDI name it uses. Since our stateless EJB named CalculatorBean is deployed in a jboss-as-ejb-remote-app.jar (without any ear) and since we are looking up the org.jboss.as.quickstarts.ejb.remote.stateless.RemoteCalculator remote interface, our JNDI name will be:

That‘s what the lookupRemoteStatelessCalculator() method in the above client code uses.

For the stateful EJB named CounterBean which is deployed in hte same jboss-as-ejb-remote-app.jar and which exposes the org.jboss.as.quickstarts.ejb.remote.stateful.RemoteCounter, the JNDI name will be:

That‘s what the lookupRemoteStatefulCounter() method in the above client code uses.

Now that we know of the JNDI name, let‘s take a look at the following piece of code in the lookupRemoteStatelessCalculator():

Here we are creating a JNDI InitialContext object by passing it some JNDI properties. The Context.URL_PKG_PREFIXES is set to org.jboss.ejb.client.naming. This is necessary because we should let the JNDI API know what handles the ejb: namespace that we use in our JNDI names for lookup. The "org.jboss.ejb.client.naming" has a URLContextFactory implementation which will be used by the JNDI APIs to parse and return an object for ejb: namespace lookups. You can either pass these properties to the constructor of the InitialContext class or have a jndi.properites file in the classpath of the client application, which (atleast) contains the following property:

So at this point, we have setup the InitialContext and also have the JNDI name ready to do the lookup. You can now do the lookup and the appropriate proxy which will be castable to the remote interface that you used as the fully qualified class name in the JNDI name, will be returned. Some of you might be wondering, how the JNDI implementation knew which server address to look, for your deployed EJBs. The answer is in AS7, the proxies returned via JNDI name lookup for ejb: namespace do not connect to the server unless an invocation on those proxies is done.

Now let‘s get to the point where we invoke on this returned proxy:

We can see here that the proxy returned after the lookup is used to invoke the add(...) method of the bean. It‘s at this point that the JNDI implementation (which is backed by the JBoss EJB client API) needs to know the server details. So let‘s now get to the important part of setting up the EJB client context properties.

Setting up EJB client context properties

A EJB client context is a context which contains contextual information for carrying out remote invocations on EJBs. This is a JBoss specific API. The EJB client context can be associated with multiple EJB receivers. Each EJB receiver is capable of handling invocations on different EJBs. For example, an EJB receiver "Foo" might be able to handle invocation on a bean identified by app-A/module-A/distinctinctName-A/Bar!RemoteBar, whereas a EJB receiver named "Blah" might be able to handle invocation on a bean identified by app-B/module-B/distinctName-B/BeanB!RemoteBean. Each such EJB receiver knows about what set of EJBs it can handle and each of the EJB receiver knows which server target to use for handling the invocations on the bean. For example, if you have a AS7 server at 10.20.30.40 IP address which has its remoting port opened at 4447 and if that‘s the server on which you deployed that CalculatorBean, then you can setup a EJB receiver which knows its target address is 10.20.30.40:4447. Such an EJB receiver will be capable enough to communicate to the server via the JBoss specific EJB remote client protocol (details of which will be explained in-depth in a separate chapter).

Now that we know what a EJB client context is and what a EJB receiver is, let‘s see how we can setup a client context with 1 EJB receiver which can connect to 10.20.30.40 IP address at port 4447. That EJB client context will then be used (internally) by the JNDI implementation to handle invocations on the bean proxy.

The client will have to place a jboss-ejb-client.properties file in the classpath of the application. The jboss-ejb-client.properties can contain the following properties:

The above properties file is just an example. The actual file that was used for this sample program is available here for reference https://github.com/jboss-jdf/jboss-as-quickstart/blob/master/ejb-remote/client/src/main/resources/jboss-ejb-client.properties

We‘ll see what each of it means.

First the endpoint.name property. We mentioned earlier that the EJB receivers will communicate with the server for EJB invocations. Internally, they use JBoss Remoting project to carry out the communication. The endpoint.name property represents the name that will be used to create the client side of the enpdoint. The endpoint.name property is optional and if not specified in the jboss-ejb-client.properties file, it will default to "config-based-ejb-client-endpoint" name.

Next is the remote.connectionprovider.create.options.<....> properties:

The "remote.connectionprovider.create.options." property prefix can be used to pass the options that will be used while create the connection provider which will handle the "remote:" protocol. In this example we use the "remote.connectionprovider.create.options." property prefix to pass the "org.xnio.Options.SSL_ENABLED" property value as false. That property will then be used during the connection provider creation. Similarly other properties can be passed too, just append it to the "remote.connectionprovider.create.options." prefix

Next we‘ll see:

This is where you define the connections that you want to setup for communication with the remote server. The "remote.connections" property uses a comma separated value of connection "names". The connection names are just logical and are used grouping together the connection configuration properties later on in the properties file. The example above sets up a single remote connection named "default". There can be more than one connections that are configured. For example:

Here we are listing 2 connections named "one" and "two". Ultimately, each of the connections will map to a EJB receiver. So if you have 2 connections, that will setup 2 EJB receivers that will be added to the EJB client context. Each of these connections will be configured with the connection specific properties as follows:

As you can see we are using the "remote.connection.<connection-name>." prefix for specifying the connection specific property. The connection name here is "default" and we are setting the "host" property of that connection to point to 10.20.30.40. Similarly we set the "port" for that connection to 4447.

By default AS7 uses 4447 as the remoting port. The EJB client API uses the remoting port for communicating with the server for remote invocations, so that‘s the port we use in our client programs (unless the server is configured for some other remoting port)

The given user/password must be set by using the command bin/add-user.sh (or.bat).
The user and password must be set because the security-realm is enabled for the subsystem remoting (see standalone*.xml or domain.xml) by default.
If you do not need the security for remoting you might remove the attribute security-realm in the configuration.

security-realm is possible since 7.1.0.FINAL and enabled by default.

We then use the "remote.connection.<connection-name>.connect.options." property prefix to setup options that will be used during the connection creation.

Here‘s an example of setting up multiple connections with different properties for each of those:

As you can see we setup 2 connections "one" and "two" which both point to "localhost" as the "host" but different ports. Each of these connections will internally be used to create the EJB receivers in the EJB client context.

So that‘s how the jboss-ejb-client.properties file can be setup and placed in the classpath.

Using a different file for setting up EJB client context

The EJB client code will by default look for jboss-ejb-client.properties in the classpath. However, you can specify a different file of your choice by setting the "jboss.ejb.client.properties.file.path" system property which points to a properties file on your filesystem, containing the client context configurations. An example for that would be "-Djboss.ejb.client.properties.file.path=/home/me/my-client/custom-jboss-ejb-client.properties"

Setting up the client classpath with the jars that are required to run the client application

Starting JBoss AS 7.1.0.Final, a jboss-client jar is shipped in the distribution. It‘s available at JBOSS_HOME/bin/client/jboss-client-7.1.0.Final.jar. Place this jar in the classpath of your client application.

If you are using Maven to build the client application, then please follow the instructions in the JBOSS_HOME/bin/client/README.txt to add this jar as a Maven dependency.

Summary

In the above examples, we saw what it takes to invoke a EJB from a remote client. To summarize:

• On the server side you need to deploy EJBs which expose the remote views.
• On the client side you need a client program which:
  • Has a jboss-ejb-client.properties in its classpath to setup the server connection information
  • Either has a jndi.properties to specify the java.naming.factory.url.pkgs property or passes that as a property to the InitialContext constructor
  • Setup the client classpath to include the jboss-client jar that‘s required for remote invocation of the EJBs. The location of the jar is mentioned above. You‘ll also need to have your application‘s bean interface jars and other jars that are required by your application, in the client classpath

EJB invocations from a remote server

The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how to lookup and invoke on EJBs deployed on an AS7 server instance from another AS7 server instance. This is different from invoking the EJBs from a remote standalone client

Let‘s call the server, from which the invocation happens to the EJB, as "Client Server" and the server on which the bean is deployed as the "Destination Server".

Note that this chapter deals with the case where the bean is deployed on the "Destination Server" but not on the "Client Server".

Application packaging

In this example, we‘ll consider a EJB which is packaged in a myejb.jar which is within a myapp.ear. Here‘s how it would look like:

Note that packaging itself isn‘t really important in the context of this article. You can deploy the EJBs in any standard way (.ear, .war or .jar).

Beans

In our example, we‘ll consider a simple stateless session bean which is as follows:

Security

JBoss AS 7.1 is secure by default. What this means is that no communication can happen with an AS7 instance from a remote client (irrespective of whether it is a standalone client or another server instance) without passing the appropriate credentials. Remember that in this example, our "client server" will be communicating with the "destination server". So in order to allow this communication to happen successfully, we‘ll have to configure user credentials which we will be using during this communication. So let‘s start with the necessary configurations for this.

Configuring a user on the "Destination Server"

As a first step we‘ll configure a user on the destination server who will be allowed to access the destination server. We create the user using the add-user script that‘s available in the JBOSS_HOME/bin folder. In this example, we‘ll be configuring a Application User named ejb and with a password test in the ApplicationRealm. Running the add-user script is an interactive process and you will see questions/output as follows:

add-user

As you can see in the output above we have now configured a user on the destination server who‘ll be allowed to access this server. We‘ll use this user credentials later on in the client server for communicating with this server. The important bits to remember are the user we have created in this example is ejb and the password  is test.

Note that you can use any username and password combination you want to.

You do not require the server to be started to add a user using the add-user script.

Start the "Destination Server"

As a next step towards running this example, we‘ll start the "Destination Server". In this example, we‘ll use the standalone server and use the standalone-full.xmlconfiguration. The startup command will look like:

Ensure that the server has started without any errors.

It‘s very important to note that if you are starting both the server instances on the same machine, then each of those server instances must have a uniquejboss.node.name system property. You can do that by passing an appropriate value for -Djboss.node.name system property to the startup script: ./standalone.sh -server-config=standalone-full.xml -Djboss.node.name=<add appropriate value here>

Deploying the application

The application (myapp.ear in our case) will be deployed to "Destination Server". The process of deploying the application is out of scope of this chapter. You can either use the Command Line Interface or the Admin console or any IDE or manually copy it to JBOSS_HOME/standalone/deployments folder (for standalone server). Just ensure that the application has been deployed successfully.

So far, we have built a EJB application and deployed it on the "Destination Server". Now let‘s move to the "Client Server" which acts as the client for the deployed EJBs on the "Destination Server".

Configuring the "Client Server" to point to the EJB remoting connector on the "Destination Server"

As a first step on the "Client Server", we need to let the server know about the "Destination Server"‘s EJB remoting connector, over which it can communicate during the EJB invocations. To do that, we‘ll have to add a "remote-outbound-connection" to the remoting subsystem on the "Client Server". The "remote-outbound-connection" configuration indicates that a outbound connection will be created to a remote server instance from that server. The "remote-outbound-connection" will be backed by a "outbound-socket-binding" which will point to a remote host and a remote port (of the "Destination Server"). So let‘s see how we create these configurations.

Start the "Client Server"

In this example, we‘ll start the "Client Server" on the same machine as the "Destination Server". We have copied the entire server installation to a different folder and while starting the "Client Server" we‘ll use a port-offset (of 100 in this example) to avoid port conflicts:

Create a security realm on the client server

Remember that we need to communicate with a secure destination server. In order to do that the client server has to pass the user credentials to the destination server. Earlier we created a user on the destination server who‘ll be allowed to communicate with that server. Now on the "client server" we‘ll create a security-realm which will be used to pass the user information.

In this example we‘ll use a security realm which stores a Base64 encoded password and then passes on that credentials when asked for. Earlier we created a user namedejb and password test. So our first task here would be to create the base64 encoded version of the password test. You can use any utility which generates you a base64 version for a string. I used this online site which generates the base64 encoded string. So for the test password, the base64 encoded version is dGVzdA==

While generating the base64 encoded string make sure that you don‘t have any trailing or leading spaces for the original password. That can lead to incorrect encoded versions being generated.

With new versions the add-user script will show the base64 password if you type ‘y‘ if you‘ve been ask Is this new user going to be used for one AS process to connect to another AS process e.g. slave domain controller?

Now that we have generated that base64 encoded password, let‘s use in the in the security realm that we are going to configure on the "client server". I‘ll first shutdown the client server and edit the standlaone-full.xml file to add the following in the <management> section

Now let‘s create a "security-realm" for the base64 encoded password.

Notice that the CLI show the message "process-state" => "reload-required", so you have to restart the server before you can use this change.

upon successful invocation of this command, the following configuration will be created in the management section:

standalone-full.xml

As you can see I have created a security realm named "ejb-security-realm" (you can name it anything) with the base64 encoded password. So that completes the security realm configuration for the client server. Now let‘s move on to the next step.

Create a outbound-socket-binding on the "Client Server"

Let‘s first create a outbound-socket-binding which points the "Destination Server"‘s host and port. We‘ll use the CLI to create this configuration:

The above command will create a outbound-socket-binding named "remote-ejb" (we can name it anything) which points to "localhost" as the host and port 4447 as the destination port. Note that the host information should match the host/IP of the "Destination Server" (in this example we are running on the same machine so we use "localhost") and  the port information should match the remoting connector port used by the EJB subsystem (by default it‘s 4447). When this command is run successfully, we‘ll see that the standalone-full.xml (the file which we used to start the server) was updated with the following outbound-socket-binding in the socket-binding-group:

Create a "remote-outbound-connection" which uses this newly created "outbound-socket-binding"

Now let‘s create a "remote-outbound-connection" which will use the newly created outbound-socket-binding (pointing to the EJB remoting connector of the "Destination Server"). We‘ll continue to use the CLI to create this configuration:

The above command creates a remote-outbound-connection, named "remote-ejb-connection" (we can name it anything), in the remoting subsystem and uses the previously created "remote-ejb" outbound-socket-binding (notice the outbound-socket-binding-ref in that command). Furthermore, we also set the security-realm attribute to point to the security-realm that we created in the previous step. Also notice that we have set the username attribute to use the user name who is allowed to communicate with the destination server.

What this step does is, it creates a outbound connection, on the client server, to the remote destination server and sets up the username to the user who allowed to communicate with that destination server and also sets up the security-realm to a pre-configured security-realm capable of passing along the user credentials (in this case the password). This way when a connection has to be established from the client server to the destination server, the connection creation logic will have the necessary security credentials to pass along and setup a successful secured connection.

Now let‘s run the following two operations to set some default connection creation options for the outbound connection:

Ultimately, upon successful invocation of this command, the following configuration will be created in the remoting subsystem:

From a server configuration point of view, that‘s all we need on the "Client Server". Our next step is to deploy an application on the "Client Server" which will invoke on the bean deployed on the "Destination Server".

Packaging the client application on the "Client Server"

Like on the "Destination Server", we‘ll use .ear packaging for the client application too. But like previously mentioned, that‘s not mandatory. You can even use a .war or .jar deployments. Here‘s how our client application packaging will look like:

In the client application we‘ll use a servlet which invokes on the bean deployed on the "Destination Server". We can even invoke the bean on the "Destination Server" from a EJB on the "Client Server". The code remains the same (JNDI lookup, followed by invocation on the proxy). The important part to notice in this client application is the filejboss-ejb-client.xml which is packaged in the META-INF folder of a top level deployment (in this case our client-app.ear). This jboss-ejb-client.xml contains the EJB client configurations which will be used during the EJB invocations for finding the appropriate destinations (also known as, EJB receivers). The contents of the jboss-ejb-client.xml are explained next.

If your application is deployed as a top level .war deployment, then the jboss-ejb-client.xml is expected to be placed in .war/WEB-INF/ folder (i.e. the same location where you place any web.xml file).

Contents on jboss-ejb-client.xml

The jboss-ejb-client.xml will look like:

You‘ll notice that we have configured the EJB client context (for this application) to use a remoting-ejb-receiver which points to our earlier created "remote-outbound-connection" named "remote-ejb-connection". This links the EJB client context to use the "remote-ejb-connection" which ultimately points to the EJB remoting connector on the "Destination Server".

Deploy the client application

Let‘s deploy the client application on the "Client Server". The process of deploying the application is out of scope, of this chapter. You can use either the CLI or the admin console or a IDE or deploy manually to JBOSS_HOME/standalone/deployments folder. Just ensure that the application is deployed successfully.

Client code invoking the bean

We mentioned that we‘ll be using a servlet to invoke on the bean, but the code to invoke the bean isn‘t servlet specific and can be used in other components (like EJB) too. So let‘s see how it looks like:

That‘s it! The above code will invoke on the bean deployed on the "Destination Server" and return the result.

Remote EJB invocations via JNDI - Which approach to use?

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JBoss EJB 3 reference guide

This chapter details the extensions that are available when developing Enterprise Java Beans ^tm on JBoss Application Server 7.

Currently there is no support for configuring the extensions using an implementation specific descriptor file.

Resource Adapter for Message Driven Beans

Each Message Driven Bean must be connected to a resource adapter.

Specification of Resource Adapter using Metadata Annotations

The ResourceAdapter annotation is used to specify the resource adapter with which the MDB should connect.

The value of the annotation is the name of the deployment unit containing the resource adapter. For example jms-ra.rar.

For example:

Run-as Principal

Whenever a run-as role is specified for a given method invocation the default anonymous principal is used as the caller principal. This principal can be overridden by specifying a run-as principal.

Specification of Run-as Principal using Metadata Annotations

The RunAsPrincipal annotation is used to specify the run-as principal to use for a given method invocation.

The value of the annotation specifies the name of the principal to use. The actual type of the principal is undefined and should not be relied upon.

Using this annotation without specifying a run-as role is considered an error.

For example:

Security Domain

Each Enterprise Java Bean ^tm can be associated with a security domain. Only when an EJB is associated with a security domain will authentication and authorization be enforced.

Specification of Security Domain using Metadata Annotations

The SecurityDomain annotation is used to specify the security domain to associate with the EJB.

The value of the annotation is the name of the security domain to be used.

For example:

Transaction Timeout

For any newly started transaction a transaction timeout can be specified in seconds.

When a transaction timeout of 0 is used, then the actual transaction timeout will default to the domain configured default.
TODO: add link to tx subsystem

Although this is only applicable when using transaction attribute REQUIRED or REQUIRES_NEW the application server will not detect invalid setups.

New Transactions Take care that even when transaction attribute REQUIRED is specified, the timeout will only be applicable if a new transaction is started.

Specification of Transaction Timeout with Metadata Annotations

The TransactionTimeout annotation is used to specify the transaction timeout for a given method.

The value of the annotation is the timeout used in the given unit granularity. It must be a positive integer or 0. Whenever 0 is specified the default domain configured timeout is used.

The unit specifies the granularity of the value. The actual value used is converted to seconds. Specifying a granularity lower than SECONDS is considered an error, even when the computed value will result in an even amount of seconds.

For example:@TransactionTimeout(value = 10, unit = TimeUnit.SECONDS)

Specification of Transaction Timeout in the Deployment Descriptor

The trans-timeout element is used to define the transaction timeout for business, home, component, and message-listener interface methods; no-interface view methods; web service endpoint methods; and timeout callback methods.

The trans-timeout element resides in the urn:trans-timeout namespace and is part of the standard container-transaction element as defined in the jboss namespace.

For the rules when a container-transaction is applicable please refer to EJB 3.1 FR 13.3.7.2.1.

Example of trans-timeout

jboss-ejb3.xml

Timer service

The service is responsible to call the registered timeout methods of the different session beans.

A persistent timer will be identified by the name of the EAR, the name of the sub-deployment JAR and the Bean‘s name. If one of those names are changed (e.g. EAR name contain a version) the timer entry became orphaned and the timer event will not longer be fired.

Single event timer

The timer is will be started once at the specified time.

In case of a server restart the timeout method of a persistent timer will only be called directly if the specified time is elapsed.
If the timer is not persistent (since EJB3.1 see 18.2.3) it will be not longer available if JBoss is restarted or the application is redeployed.

Recurring timer

The timer will be started at the specified first occurrence and after that point at each time if the interval is elapsed.
If the timer will be started during the last execution is not finished the execution will be suppressed with a warning to avoid concurrent execution.

In case of server downtime for a persistent timer, the timeout method will be called only once if one, or more than one, interval is elapsed.
If the timer is not persistent (since EJB3.1 see 18.2.3) it will not longer be active after the server is restarted or the application is redeployed.

Calendar timer

The timer will be started if the schedule expression match. It will be automatically deactivated and removed if there will be no next expiration possible, i.e. If you set a specific year.

For example:

@Schedule( ... dayOfMonth="1", month="1", year="2012")
// start once at 01-01-2012 00:00:00

Programmatic calendar timer

If the timer is persistent it will be fetched at server start and the missed timeouts are called concurrent.
If a persistent timer contains an end date it will be executed once nevertheless how many times the execution was missed. Also a retry will be suppressed if the timeout method throw an Exception.
In case of such expired timer access to the given Timer object might throw a NoMoreTimeoutExcption or NoSuchObjectException.

If the timer is non persistent it will not longer be active after the server is restarted or the application is redeployed.

TODO: clarify whether this should happen concurrently/blocked or even fired only once like a recurring timer!

Annotated calendar timer

If the timer is non persistent it will not activated for missed events during the server is down. In case of server start the timer is scheduled based on the @Schedule annotation.

If the timer is persistent (default if not deactivated by annotation) all missed events are fetched at server start and the annotated timeout method is called concurrent.

TODO: clarify whether this should happen concurrently/blocked or even fired only once like a recurring timer!

JPA reference guide

• Introduction
• Entity manager
• Application-managed entity manager
• Container-managed entity manager
• Persistence Context
• Transaction-scoped persistence context
• Container-managed Extended Persistence context
• Entities
• Deployment
• Troubleshooting
• Using the Hibernate 4 JPA persistence provider
• Using the Infinispan second level cache
• Replacing the current Hibernate 4.0.x jars with a newer version
• Packaging the Hibernate 3.5 or greater 3.x JPA persistence provider with your application
• Sharing the Hibernate 3.5 or greater JPA persistence provider between multiple applications
• Using EclipseLink
• Native Hibernate use
• Injection of Hibernate Session and SessionFactoryInjection of Hibernate Session and SessionFactory
• Persistence unit properties
• Binding EntityManagerFactory to JNDI
• Community
• People who have contributed to the AS7 JPA layer:
• Hall of fame
• For answering JPA related AS questions in the forums:

Introduction

The JBoss Application Server JPA subsystem implements the JPA 2.0 container-managed requirements. Deploys the persistence unit definitions, the persistence unit/context annotations and persistence unit/context references in the deployment descriptor. JPA Applications use the Hibernate (core) 4.0 persistence provider, that is included with JBoss AS. The JPA subsystem uses the standard SPI (javax.persistence.spi.PersistenceProvider) to access the Hibernate persistence provider and some additional extensions as well.

During application deployment, JPA use is detected (e.g. persistence.xml or @PersistenceContext/Unit annotations) and injects Hibernate dependencies into the application deployment. This makes it easy to deploy JPA applications.

In the remainder of this documentation, ”entity manager” refers to an instance of the javax.persistence.EntityManager class. Javadoc for the JPA interfaceshttp://download.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/persistence/package-summary.html and JPA 2.0 specification. The index ofHibernate documentationis here.

Entity manager

The entity manager is similar to the Hibernate Session class; applications use it to create/read/update/delete data (and related operations). Applications can use application-managed or container-managed entity managers. Keep in mind that the entity manager is not expected to be thread safe (don‘t inject it into a servlet class variable which is visible to multiple threads).

Application-managed entity manager

Application-managed entity managers provide direct access to the underlying persistence provider (org.hibernate.ejb.HibernatePersistence). The scope of the application-managed entity manager is from when the application creates it and lasts until the app closes it. Use the @PersistenceUnit annotation to inject a persistence unit into ajavax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory. The EntityManagerFactory can return an application-managed entity manager.

Container-managed entity manager

Container-managed entity managers auto-magically manage the underlying persistence provider for the application. Container-managed entity managers may use transaction-scoped persistence contexts or extended persistence contexts. The container-managed entity manager will create instances of the underlying persistence provider as needed. Every time that a new underlying persistence provider (org.hibernate.ejb.HibernatePersistence) instance is created, a new persistence context is also created (as an implementation detail of the underlying persistence provider).

Persistence Context

The JPA persistence context contains the entities managed by the persistence provider. The persistence context acts like a first level (transactional) cache for interacting with the datasource. Loaded entities are placed into the persistence context before being returned to the application. Entities changes are also placed into the persistence context (to be saved in the database when the transaction commits).

Transaction-scoped persistence context

The transaction-scoped persistence context coordinates with the (active) JTA transaction.  When the transaction commits, the persistence context is flushed to the datasource (entity objects are detached but may still be referenced by application code).  All entity changes that are expected to be saved to the datasource, must be made during a transaction.  Entities read outside of a transaction will be detached when the entity manager invocation completes.  Example transaction-scoped persistence context is below.

Container-managed Extended Persistence context

The Container-managed extended persistence context can span multiple transactions and allows data modifications to be queued up (like a shopping cart), without an active JTA transaction (to be applied during the next JTA TX). The Container-managed extended persistence context can only be injected into a stateful session bean.

Entities

JPA 2.0 makes it easy to use your (pojo) plain old Java class to represent a database table row.

The entity lifecycle is managed by the underlying persistence provider.

• New (transient): an entity is new if it has just been instantiated using the new operator, and it is not associated with a persistence context. It has no persistent representation in the database and no identifier value has been assigned.
• Managed (persistent): a managed entity instance is an instance with a persistent identity that is currently associated with a persistence context.
• Detached: the entity instance is an instance with a persistent identity that is no longer associated with a persistence context, usually because the persistence context was closed or the instance was evicted from the context.
• Removed: a removed entity instance is an instance with a persistent identity, associated with a persistence context, but scheduled for removal from the database.

Deployment

The persistence.xml contains the persistence unit configuration (e.g. datasource name) and as described in the JPA 2.0 spec (section 8.2), the jar file or directory whose META-INF directory contains the persistence.xml file is termed the root of the persistence unit. In Java EE environments, the root of a persistence unit must be one of the following (quoted directly from the JPA 2.0 specification):

• an EJB-JAR file
• the WEB-INF/classes directory of a WAR file
• a jar file in the WEB-INF/lib directory of a WAR file
• a jar file in the EAR library directory
• an application client jar file

The persistence.xml can specify either a JTA datasource or a non-JTA datasource. The JTA datasource is expected to be used within the EE environment (even when reading data without an active transaction). If a datasource is not specified, the default-datasource will instead be used (must be configured).

NOTE: Java Persistence 1.0 supported use of a jar file in the root of the EAR as the root of a persistence unit. This use is no longer supported. Portable applications should use the EAR library directory for this case instead.

Troubleshooting

The org.jboss.as.jpa logging can be enabled to get the following information:

• INFO - when persistence.xml has been parsed, starting of persistence unit service (per deployed persistence.xml), stopping of persistence unit service
• DEBUG - informs about entity managers being injected, creating/reusing transaction scoped entity manager for active transaction
• TRACE - shows how long each entity manager operation took in milliseconds, application searches for a persistence unit, parsing of persistence.xml

To enable TRACE, open the as/standalone/configuration/standalone.xml (or as/domain/configuration/domain.xml) file. Search for <subsystem xmlns="urn:jboss:domain:logging:1.0"> and add the org.jboss.as.jpa category.  You need to change the console-handler level from INFO to TRACE.

To troubleshoot issues with the Hibernate second level cache, try enabling trace for org.hibernate.SQL + org.hibernate.cache.infinispan + org.infinispan:

Using the Hibernate 4 JPA persistence provider

Hibernate 4 is packaged with the AS and is the default persistence provider.

Using the Infinispan second level cache

To enable the second level cache with Hibernate 4, just set the hibernate.cache.use_second_level_cache property to true, as is done in the following example (also set the shared-cache-mode accordingly). By default the application server uses Infinispan as cache provider, so you don‘t need specify anything on top of that: