现在作为一个开发人员,http server相关的内容已经是无论如何都要了解的知识了。用curl发一个请求,配置一下apache,部署一个web server对我们来说都不是很难,但要想搞清楚这些背后都发生了什么技术细节还真不是很简单的。所以新的系列将是分享我学习Http Server的过程。
NanoHttpd是Github上的一个开源项目,号称只用一个java文件就能创建一个http server,我将通过分析NanoHttpd的源码解析如何开发自己的HttpServer。Github 地址:https://github.com/NanoHttpd/nanohttpd
在开始前首先简单说明HttpServer的基本要素:
1.能接受HttpRequest并返回HttpResponse
2.满足一个Server的基本特征,能够长时间运行
关于Http协议一般HttpServer都会声明支持Http协议的哪些特性,nanohttpd作为一个轻量级的httpserver只实现了最简单、最常用的功能,不过我们依然可以从中学习很多。
首先看下NanoHttpd类的start函数
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- public void start() throws IOException {
- myServerSocket = new ServerSocket();
- myServerSocket.bind((hostname != null) ? new InetSocketAddress(hostname, myPort) : new InetSocketAddress(myPort));
- myThread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
- @Override
- public void run() {
- do {
- try {
- final Socket finalAccept = myServerSocket.accept();
- registerConnection(finalAccept);
- finalAccept.setSoTimeout(SOCKET_READ_TIMEOUT);
- final InputStream inputStream = finalAccept.getInputStream();
- asyncRunner.exec(new Runnable() {
- @Override
- public void run() {
- OutputStream outputStream = null;
- try {
- outputStream = finalAccept.getOutputStream();
- TempFileManager tempFileManager = tempFileManagerFactory.create();
- HTTPSession session = new HTTPSession(tempFileManager, inputStream, outputStream, finalAccept.getInetAddress());
- while (!finalAccept.isClosed()) {
- session.execute();
- }
- } catch (Exception e) {
- // When the socket is closed by the client, we throw our own SocketException
- // to break the "keep alive" loop above.
- if (!(e instanceof SocketException && "NanoHttpd Shutdown".equals(e.getMessage()))) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- } finally {
- safeClose(outputStream);
- safeClose(inputStream);
- safeClose(finalAccept);
- unRegisterConnection(finalAccept);
- }
- }
- });
- } catch (IOException e) {
- }
- } while (!myServerSocket.isClosed());
- }
- });
- myThread.setDaemon(true);
- myThread.setName("NanoHttpd Main Listener");
- myThread.start();
- }
1.创建ServerSocket,bind制定端口
2.创建主线程,主线程负责和client建立连接
3.建立连接后会生成一个runnable对象放入asyncRunner中,asyncRunner.exec会创建一个线程来处理新生成的连接。
4.新线程首先创建了一个HttpSession,然后while(true)的执行httpSession.exec。
这里介绍下HttpSession的概念,HttpSession是java里Session概念的实现,简单来说一个Session就是一次httpClient->httpServer的连接,当连接close后session就结束了,如果没结束则session会一直存在。这点从这里的代码也能看到:如果socket不close或者exec没有抛出异常(异常有可能是client段断开连接)session会一直执行exec方法。
一个HttpSession中存储了一次网络连接中server应该保存的信息,比如:URI,METHOD,PARAMS,HEADERS,COOKIES等。
5.这里accept一个client的socket就创建一个独立线程的server模型是ThreadServer模型,特点是一个connection就会创建一个thread,是比较简单、常见的socket server实现。缺点是在同时处理大量连接时线程切换需要消耗大量的资源,如果有兴趣可以了解更加高效的NIO实现方式。
当获得client的socket后自然要开始处理client发送的httprequest。
Http Request Header的parse:
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- // Read the first 8192 bytes.
- // The full header should fit in here.
- // Apache‘s default header limit is 8KB.
- // Do NOT assume that a single read will get the entire header at once!
- byte[] buf = new byte[BUFSIZE];
- splitbyte = 0;
- rlen = 0;
- {
- int read = -1;
- try {
- read = inputStream.read(buf, 0, BUFSIZE);
- } catch (Exception e) {
- safeClose(inputStream);
- safeClose(outputStream);
- throw new SocketException("NanoHttpd Shutdown");
- }
- if (read == -1) {
- // socket was been closed
- safeClose(inputStream);
- safeClose(outputStream);
- throw new SocketException("NanoHttpd Shutdown");
- }
- while (read > 0) {
- rlen += read;
- splitbyte = findHeaderEnd(buf, rlen);
- if (splitbyte > 0)
- break;
- read = inputStream.read(buf, rlen, BUFSIZE - rlen);
- }
- }
1.读取socket数据流的前8192个字节,因为http协议中头部最长为8192
2.通过findHeaderEnd函数找到header数据的截止位置,并把位置保存到splitbyte内。
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- if (splitbyte < rlen) {
- inputStream.unread(buf, splitbyte, rlen - splitbyte);
- }
- parms = new HashMap<String, String>();
- if(null == headers) {
- headers = new HashMap<String, String>();
- }
- // Create a BufferedReader for parsing the header.
- BufferedReader hin = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new ByteArrayInputStream(buf, 0, rlen)));
- // Decode the header into parms and header java properties
- Map<String, String> pre = new HashMap<String, String>();
- decodeHeader(hin, pre, parms, headers);
1.使用unread函数将之前读出来的body pushback回去,这里使用了pushbackstream,用法比较巧妙,因为一旦读到了header的尾部就需要进入下面的逻辑来判断是否需要再读下去了,而不应该一直读,读到没有数据为止
2.decodeHeader,将byte的header转换为java对象
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- private int findHeaderEnd(final byte[] buf, int rlen) {
- int splitbyte = 0;
- while (splitbyte + 3 < rlen) {
- if (buf[splitbyte] == ‘\r‘ && buf[splitbyte + 1] == ‘\n‘ && buf[splitbyte + 2] == ‘\r‘ && buf[splitbyte + 3] == ‘\n‘) {
- return splitbyte + 4;
- }
- splitbyte++;
- }
- return 0;
- }
1.http协议规定header和body之间使用两个回车换行分割
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- private void decodeHeader(BufferedReader in, Map<String, String> pre, Map<String, String> parms, Map<String, String> headers)
- throws ResponseException {
- try {
- // Read the request line
- String inLine = in.readLine();
- if (inLine == null) {
- return;
- }
- StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(inLine);
- if (!st.hasMoreTokens()) {
- throw new ResponseException(Response.Status.BAD_REQUEST, "BAD REQUEST: Syntax error. Usage: GET /example/file.html");
- }
- pre.put("method", st.nextToken());
- if (!st.hasMoreTokens()) {
- throw new ResponseException(Response.Status.BAD_REQUEST, "BAD REQUEST: Missing URI. Usage: GET /example/file.html");
- }
- String uri = st.nextToken();
- // Decode parameters from the URI
- int qmi = uri.indexOf(‘?‘);
- if (qmi >= 0) {
- decodeParms(uri.substring(qmi + 1), parms);
- uri = decodePercent(uri.substring(0, qmi));
- } else {
- uri = decodePercent(uri);
- }
- // If there‘s another token, it‘s protocol version,
- // followed by HTTP headers. Ignore version but parse headers.
- // NOTE: this now forces header names lowercase since they are
- // case insensitive and vary by client.
- if (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
- String line = in.readLine();
- while (line != null && line.trim().length() > 0) {
- int p = line.indexOf(‘:‘);
- if (p >= 0)
- headers.put(line.substring(0, p).trim().toLowerCase(Locale.US), line.substring(p + 1).trim());
- line = in.readLine();
- }
- }
- pre.put("uri", uri);
- } catch (IOException ioe) {
- throw new ResponseException(Response.Status.INTERNAL_ERROR, "SERVER INTERNAL ERROR: IOException: " + ioe.getMessage(), ioe);
- }
- }
1.Http协议第一行是Method URI HTTP_VERSION
2.后面每行都是KEY:VALUE格式的header
3.uri需要经过URIDecode处理后才能使用
4.uri中如果包含?则表示有param,httprequest的param一般表现为:/index.jsp?username=xiaoming&id=2
下面是处理cookie,不过这里cookie的实现较为简单,所以跳过。之后是serve方法,serve方法提供了用户自己实现httpserver具体逻辑的很好接口。在NanoHttpd中的serve方法实现了一个默认的简单处理功能。
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- /**
- * Override this to customize the server.
- * <p/>
- * <p/>
- * (By default, this delegates to serveFile() and allows directory listing.)
- *
- * @param session The HTTP session
- * @return HTTP response, see class Response for details
- */
- public Response serve(IHTTPSession session) {
- Map<String, String> files = new HashMap<String, String>();
- Method method = session.getMethod();
- if (Method.PUT.equals(method) || Method.POST.equals(method)) {
- try {
- session.parseBody(files);
- } catch (IOException ioe) {
- return new Response(Response.Status.INTERNAL_ERROR, MIME_PLAINTEXT, "SERVER INTERNAL ERROR: IOException: " + ioe.getMessage());
- } catch (ResponseException re) {
- return new Response(re.getStatus(), MIME_PLAINTEXT, re.getMessage());
- }
- }
- Map<String, String> parms = session.getParms();
- parms.put(QUERY_STRING_PARAMETER, session.getQueryParameterString());
- return serve(session.getUri(), method, session.getHeaders(), parms, files);
- }
这个默认的方法处理了PUT和POST方法,如果不是就返回默认的返回值。
parseBody方法中使用了tmpFile的方法保存httpRequest的content信息,然后处理,具体逻辑就不细说了,不是一个典型的实现。
最后看一下发response的逻辑:
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- /**
- * Sends given response to the socket.
- */
- protected void send(OutputStream outputStream) {
- String mime = mimeType;
- SimpleDateFormat gmtFrmt = new SimpleDateFormat("E, d MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss ‘GMT‘", Locale.US);
- gmtFrmt.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
- try {
- if (status == null) {
- throw new Error("sendResponse(): Status can‘t be null.");
- }
- PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(outputStream);
- pw.print("HTTP/1.1 " + status.getDescription() + " \r\n");
- if (mime != null) {
- pw.print("Content-Type: " + mime + "\r\n");
- }
- if (header == null || header.get("Date") == null) {
- pw.print("Date: " + gmtFrmt.format(new Date()) + "\r\n");
- }
- if (header != null) {
- for (String key : header.keySet()) {
- String value = header.get(key);
- pw.print(key + ": " + value + "\r\n");
- }
- }
- sendConnectionHeaderIfNotAlreadyPresent(pw, header);
- if (requestMethod != Method.HEAD && chunkedTransfer) {
- sendAsChunked(outputStream, pw);
- } else {
- int pending = data != null ? data.available() : 0;
- sendContentLengthHeaderIfNotAlreadyPresent(pw, header, pending);
- pw.print("\r\n");
- pw.flush();
- sendAsFixedLength(outputStream, pending);
- }
- outputStream.flush();
- safeClose(data);
- } catch (IOException ioe) {
- // Couldn‘t write? No can do.
- }
- }
发送response的步骤如下:
1.设置mimeType和Time等内容。
2.创建一个PrintWriter,按照HTTP协议依次开始写入内容
3.第一行是HTTP的返回码
4.然后是content-Type
5.然后是Date时间
6.之后是其他的HTTP Header
7.设置Keep-Alive的Header,Keep-Alive是Http1.1的新特性,作用是让客户端和服务器端之间保持一个长链接。
8.如果客户端指定了ChunkedEncoding则分块发送response,Chunked Encoding是Http1.1的又一新特性。一般在response的body比较大的时候使用,server端会首先发送response的HEADER,然后分块发送response的body,每个分块都由chunk length\r\n和chunk data\r\n组成,最后由一个0\r\n结束。
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- private void sendAsChunked(OutputStream outputStream, PrintWriter pw) throws IOException {
- pw.print("Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n");
- pw.print("\r\n");
- pw.flush();
- int BUFFER_SIZE = 16 * 1024;
- byte[] CRLF = "\r\n".getBytes();
- byte[] buff = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
- int read;
- while ((read = data.read(buff)) > 0) {
- outputStream.write(String.format("%x\r\n", read).getBytes());
- outputStream.write(buff, 0, read);
- outputStream.write(CRLF);
- }
- outputStream.write(String.format("0\r\n\r\n").getBytes());
- }
9.如果没指定ChunkedEncoding则需要指定Content-Length来让客户端指定response的body的size,然后再一直写body直到写完为止。
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- private void sendAsFixedLength(OutputStream outputStream, int pending) throws IOException {
- if (requestMethod != Method.HEAD && data != null) {
- int BUFFER_SIZE = 16 * 1024;
- byte[] buff = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
- while (pending > 0) {
- int read = data.read(buff, 0, ((pending > BUFFER_SIZE) ? BUFFER_SIZE : pending));
- if (read <= 0) {
- break;
- }
- outputStream.write(buff, 0, read);
- pending -= read;
- }
- }
- }
最后总结下实现HttpServer最重要的几个部分:
1.能够accept tcp连接并从socket中读取request数据
2.把request的比特流转换成request对象中的对象数据
3.根据http协议的规范处理http request
4.产生http response再写回到socket中传给client。