LeetCode691. Stickers to Spell Word

We are given N different types of stickers. Each sticker has a lowercase English word on it.

You would like to spell out the given target string by cutting individual letters from your collection of stickers and rearranging them.

You can use each sticker more than once if you want, and you have infinite quantities of each sticker.

What is the minimum number of stickers that you need to spell out the target? If the task is impossible, return -1.

Example 1:

Input:

["with", "example", "science"], "thehat"

Output:

3

Explanation:

We can use 2 "with" stickers, and 1 "example" sticker.
After cutting and rearrange the letters of those stickers, we can form the target "thehat".
Also, this is the minimum number of stickers necessary to form the target string.

Example 2:

Input:

["notice", "possible"], "basicbasic"

Output:

-1

Explanation:

We can‘t form the target "basicbasic" from cutting letters from the given stickers.

分析

乍一看应该是个dp问题,但是不知道怎么建模,还是多做题目来积累经验吧。

首先是要明白题目的意思,从绕来绕去的描述中寻找题目真正要求的是什么。这题的输入是一组字符串,和一个目标字符串,对于给定的字符串可以取它任意的分割部分,同一个字符串可以使用多次,以此来组成目标字符串,求从输入的那组字符串中取最少的字符串个树来组成目标字符串。很繁琐的描述,剥离下无用信息其实就是从给定一个字符串集合S,以及一个目标字符串T.求使用S中字符串的最小个数,能够满足T需要的字符数。

利用数组下标与值的映射关系来存储每个sticker以及target string中的字符及其数目,并且使用回溯来遍历所有的可能。

看了下递归遍历的代码,还是不是很懂,还是去看了下dp的解法。利用dp加上回溯递归的方法遍历求解所有的可能。对于每一个sticker,应用到组成target string的话,组成了一部分,还剩下了一部分,这样递归求解即可。

利用一个map存储dp数组,key是要组成的target string,值是最优解,也就最少使用多少个sticker。

dp[s] is the minimum stickers required for string s (-1 if impossible). Note s is sorted.
clearly, dp[""] = 0, and the problem asks for dp[target].

状态转移方程:

dp[s] = min(1+dp[reduced_s]) for all stickers,
here reduced_s is a new string after certain sticker applied

上面的意思是对于s我们循环从所有stickers中选则一个来组成它的一部分,那么它剩下的部分还要继续组成,这就成了相同的问题。递归求解即可,多说无益直接上代码来分析:

class Solution {
    public int minStickers(String[] stickers, String target) {
        int m = stickers.length;
        int[][] mp = new int[m][26];
        Map<String, Integer> dp = new HashMap<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < m; i++)
            for (char c:stickers[i].toCharArray()) mp[i][c-‘a‘]++;  // m行代表m个sticker,0~25列代表字母a~z,实际上将字符串中的字符按顺序排列了
        dp.put("", 0);
        return helper(dp, mp, target);
    }

 // mp数组存储每个sticker的字符及其数量,target是当前递归层次中要组成的目标字符串
    private int helper(Map<String, Integer> dp, int[][] mp, String target) {
        if (dp.containsKey(target)) return dp.get(target);
        int ans = Integer.MAX_VALUE, n = mp.length;
        int[] tar = new int[26];  
        for (char c:target.toCharArray()) tar[c-‘a‘]++;  // 存储组成目标字符串所需要的字符及其数量
        // 对于每个sticker尝试将其作为target string的组成部分,递归求解
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            // 这里的优化很有意思,使得整个循环从包含target string中的第一个字符的sticker开始,这样会减少计算
            if (mp[i][target.charAt(0)-‘a‘] == 0) continue;
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();  // 用来存储剩下要组成的target字符串,也就是参与下一轮递归的部分
       // 对于当前的sticker,从a~z匹配
            for (int j = 0; j < 26; j++) {
       // 如果target string需要某个数量的字符而当前sticker中有一定数量的这个字符,将需要的数量减去已有的数量便是剩下还需要的这个字符的数量,在下轮递归中继续寻找
                if (tar[j] > 0 )
                    for (int k = 0; k < Math.max(0, tar[j]-mp[i][j]); k++)
                        sb.append((char)(‘a‘+j));
            }
            String s = sb.toString();
            int tmp = helper(dp, mp, s);  // 将剩下要组成的部分作为新的target string传给下层迭代,因为sticker可以重复利用所以mp不动
            if (tmp != -1) ans = Math.min(ans, 1+tmp);
        }
        dp.put(target, ans == Integer.MAX_VALUE? -1:ans);
        return dp.get(target);
    }
}

上面那个优化是很有意思的,因为如果target string能由所有stickers拼出来的话,那么包含了target中的第一个字符的所有sticker至少有一个是在最后的结果中的,那么反过来想,我们在由stickers去遍历所有可能的时候可以直接从包含了target string中第一个字符的sticker出发。这题还是比较难的,首先用map来存储了dp数组,其次是用到了dp+递归的方式来遍历。

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/f91og/p/9736194.html

时间: 2024-10-11 16:11:16

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