Python 2.7.8 学习笔记（001）python manuals/the python tutorial

从今天开始学python， python有点意思，第一感觉界面和matlab有点像。

手头没有什么资料，就从安装好了的一个python 2.7.8，里面有个英文版的manual，那就只好从这里开始吧，为什么不是中文版的呢？？那就边看边翻译吧。

python漫游指南：python是一种简单易学功能强大的编程语言。它有高效的数据结构和简单但有效的面向对象编程方法。python优雅的语法和动态拼写以及解释特性，使得它在许多平台上成为一种理想的脚本语言和快速程序开发工具。

python的解释器和扩展标准库包括源码和二进制形式，可以从主要平台——python的网站http://www.python.org上下载，也可以自由传播。同样，网站也含有许多第三方python模块、程序、工具和文档。

python的解释器可以很容易地用C/C++来扩展新函数和数据类型。python也适合作为一种定制化程序的扩展语言。

本tutorial向读者非正式地介绍基本概念，python特性。。。

算了，从网上找到别人翻译的了，我还是把注意力放在python本身的学习上吧。

the python standard library

the python language reference

The Glossary is also worth going through.

• 1. Whetting Your Appetite
• 2. Using the Python Interpreter
  • 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter
    • 2.1.1. Argument Passing
    • 2.1.2. Interactive Mode
  • 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment
    • 2.2.1. Error Handling
    • 2.2.2. Executable Python Scripts
    • 2.2.3. Source Code Encoding
    • 2.2.4. The Interactive Startup File
    • 2.2.5. The Customization Modules
• 3. An Informal Introduction to Python
  • 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator
    • 3.1.1. Numbers
    • 3.1.2. Strings
    • 3.1.3. Unicode Strings
    • 3.1.4. Lists
  • 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming
• 4. More Control Flow Tools
  • 4.1. if Statements
  • 4.2. for Statements
  • 4.3. The range() Function
  • 4.4. break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops
  • 4.5. pass Statements
  • 4.6. Defining Functions
  • 4.7. More on Defining Functions
    • 4.7.1. Default Argument Values
    • 4.7.2. Keyword Arguments
    • 4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists
    • 4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists
    • 4.7.5. Lambda Expressions
    • 4.7.6. Documentation Strings
  • 4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style
• 5. Data Structures
  • 5.1. More on Lists
    • 5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks
    • 5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues
    • 5.1.3. Functional Programming Tools
    • 5.1.4. List Comprehensions
      • 5.1.4.1. Nested List Comprehensions
  • 5.2. The del statement
  • 5.3. Tuples and Sequences
  • 5.4. Sets
  • 5.5. Dictionaries
  • 5.6. Looping Techniques
  • 5.7. More on Conditions
  • 5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types
• 6. Modules
  • 6.1. More on Modules
    • 6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts
    • 6.1.2. The Module Search Path
    • 6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files
  • 6.2. Standard Modules
  • 6.3. The dir() Function
  • 6.4. Packages
    • 6.4.1. Importing * From a Package
    • 6.4.2. Intra-package References
    • 6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories
• 7. Input and Output
  • 7.1. Fancier Output Formatting
    • 7.1.1. Old string formatting
  • 7.2. Reading and Writing Files
    • 7.2.1. Methods of File Objects
    • 7.2.2. Saving structured data with json
• 8. Errors and Exceptions
  • 8.1. Syntax Errors
  • 8.2. Exceptions
  • 8.3. Handling Exceptions
  • 8.4. Raising Exceptions
  • 8.5. User-defined Exceptions
  • 8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions
  • 8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions
• 9. Classes
  • 9.1. A Word About Names and Objects
  • 9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces
  • 9.3. A First Look at Classes
    • 9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax
    • 9.3.2. Class Objects
    • 9.3.3. Instance Objects
    • 9.3.4. Method Objects
    • 9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables
  • 9.4. Random Remarks
  • 9.5. Inheritance
    • 9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance
  • 9.6. Private Variables and Class-local References
  • 9.7. Odds and Ends
  • 9.8. Exceptions Are Classes Too
  • 9.9. Iterators
  • 9.10. Generators
  • 9.11. Generator Expressions
• 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library
  • 10.1. Operating System Interface
  • 10.2. File Wildcards
  • 10.3. Command Line Arguments
  • 10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
  • 10.5. String Pattern Matching
  • 10.6. Mathematics
  • 10.7. Internet Access
  • 10.8. Dates and Times
  • 10.9. Data Compression
  • 10.10. Performance Measurement
  • 10.11. Quality Control
  • 10.12. Batteries Included
• 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library – Part II
  • 11.1. Output Formatting
  • 11.2. Templating
  • 11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts
  • 11.4. Multi-threading
  • 11.5. Logging
  • 11.6. Weak References
  • 11.7. Tools for Working with Lists
  • 11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic
• 12. What Now?
• 13. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
  • 13.1. Line Editing
  • 13.2. History Substitution
  • 13.3. Key Bindings
  • 13.4. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter
• 14. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
  • 14.1. Representation Error