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5.1 简单语句
1.绝大多数语句以分号结束。空语句只有一个单独的分号。
2.复合语句是指用花括号括起来的语句和声明的序列,复合语句也被称作块。
一个块就是一个作用域,在块中引入的名字只能在块内部以及嵌套在块中的子块里访问。
5.2 语句作用域
1.可以在if,switch,for和while语句的控制结构内定义变量。定义在控制结构当中的变量只在相应语句的内部可见,一旦语句结束,变量也就超出其作用范围了。
5.3 条件语句
1.C++提供了两种按条件执行的语句。
一种是if语句,它根据条件决定控制流
一种是switch语句,它计算一个整型表达式的值,然后根据这个值从几条执行路径中选择一条。
2.if语句的作用是:判断一个指定的条件是否为真,根据判断结果决定是否执行另外一条语句。
3.switch语句首先对括号里的表达式求值,表达式值转换成整数类型,然后与每个case标签的值比较。
case关键字和它对应的值一起被成为case标签。case标签必须是整型常量表达式。
4.如果没有任何一个case标签能匹配上switch表达式的值,程序将执行紧跟在default标签后面的语句。
5.4 迭代语句
1.迭代语句通常称为循环,它重复执行操作直到满足某个条件才停下来。while和for语句在执行循环之前检查条件,do while先执行循环体,然后再检查条件。
2.范围for语句:C++11新标准引入了一种更简单的for语句,这种语句可以遍历容器或者其他序列的所有元素。
范围for语句的语法形式是:
for(declaration: expression)
statement;
5.5 跳转语句
1.C++提供了4种跳转语句:break,continue,goto和return。
2.break语句负责终止离它最近的while、do while、for或switch语句,并从这些语句之后的第一条语句开始继续执行。
3. continue语句终止最近的循环中的当前迭代并立即开始下一次迭代。
4.goto语句的作用是从goto语句无条件跳转到同一函数的另一条语句。
5.6 try语句块和异常处理
1.在C++语言中,异常处理包括:
throw表达式,异常检测部分使用throw表达式来表示它遇到了无法处理的问题。我们说throw引发了异常。
try语句块,异常处理部分使用try语句块处理异常。try语句块以关键字try开始,并以一个或多个catch子句结束。try语句块中代码抛出的异常通常会被某个catch子句处理。因为catch子句“处理”异常,所以它们也被称作异常处理代码。
一套异常类,用于在throw表达式和相关的catch子句之间传递异常的具体信息。
2.程序的异常检测部分使用throw表达式引发一个异常。throw表达式包含关键字throw和紧随其后的一个表达式,其中表达式的类型就是抛出的异常类型。
3.try语句块的通用语法形式是
try{ program-statements; }catch(exception-declaration){ handler-statements; }catch(exception-declaration){ handler-statements; } //...
try语句块一开始是关键字try,随后紧跟着一个块,这个块就像大多数时候那样是花括号括起来的语句序列。
跟在try块之后的是一个或多个catch子句。catch子句包括三部分:关键字catch、括号内一个(可能是未命名的)对象声明(称作异常声明)以及一个块。当选中了某个catch子句处理异常之后,执行与之对应的块。catch一旦完成,程序跳转到try语句块最后一个catch子句之后的那条语句继续执行。
try语句块中的program-statements组成程序的正常逻辑,像其他任何块一样,program-statements可以有包括声明在内的任意C++语句。
4.C++标准库定义了一组类,用于报告标准库函数遇到的问题。这些异常类也可以在用户编写的程序中使用,它们分别定义在四个头文件中:
exception头文件定义了最通常的异常类exception。它只报告异常的发生,不提供额外信息。
stdexcept头文件定义了几中常用的异常类。
new头文件定义了bad_alloc异常类型。
type_info头文件定义了bad_cast异常类型。
5.<stdexcept>定义的异常类
exception 最常见的问题
runtime_error 运行时错误:仅在运行时才能检测到得错误
range_error 运行时错误:生成的结果超出了有意义的值域范围
overflow_error 运行时错误:计算上溢
underflow_error 运行时错误 :计算下溢
logic_error 逻辑错误:可在运行前检测到得问题
domain_error 逻辑错误:参数的结果值不存在
invalid_argument 逻辑错误:不合适的参数
length_error 逻辑错误:试图生成 一个超出改类型最大长度的对象
out_of_range 逻辑错误:使用一个超出有效范围的值
PS:部分练习答案
练习5.3
#include <iostream> int main() { int sum = 0, val = 1; while (val <= 10) sum += val, ++val; std::cout << "Sum of 1 to 10 inclusive is "<< sum << std::endl; return 0; }
练习5.4
(a)迭代器没有指向
#include <iostream> int main() { int sum = 0, val = 1; while (val <= 10) sum += val, ++val; std::cout << "Sum of 1 to 10 inclusive is "<< sum << std::endl; return 0; }
(b)if不在while循环里面,因此if里的status没有定义
bool status; while ((status = find(word))) {/* ... */} if (!status) {/* ... */}
事实上这个if是没有必要的,因为一旦while结束吗,我们可以知道此事status必然为false
练习5.5
#include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <string> using std::vector; using std::string; using std::cout; using std::endl; using std::cin; int main() { vector<string> scores = {"F", "D", "C", "B", "A", "A++"}; int grade {0}; while (cin >> grade) { string lettergrade; if (grade < 60) lettergrade = scores[0]; else { lettergrade = scores[(grade - 50) / 10]; if (grade != 100) { if (grade % 10 > 7) lettergrade += "+"; else if (grade % 10 < 3) lettergrade += "-"; } } cout << lettergrade << endl; } return 0; }
练习5.6
#include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <string> using std::vector; using std::string; using std::cout; using std::endl; using std::cin; int main() { vector<string> scores = {"F", "D", "C", "B", "A", "A++"}; int grade {0}; while (cin >> grade) { string lettergrade = grade < 60 ? scores[0] : scores[(grade - 50) / 10]; lettergrade +=(grade == 100 || grade < 60)? "": (grade % 10 > 7) ? "+" : (grade % 10 < 3) ? "-" : ""; cout << lettergrade << endl; } return 0; }
练习5.7
(a) if (ival1 != ival2) ival1 = ival2; else ival1 = ival2 = 0; (b) if (ival < minval) { minval = ival; occurs = 1; } (c) int val; if (ival = get_value()) cout << "ival = " << ival << endl; if (!ival) cout << "ival = 0\n"; (d) if (ival == 0) ival = get_value();
练习5.9
#include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; using std::cin; int main() { unsigned aCnt = 0, eCnt = 0, iCnt = 0, oCnt = 0, uCnt = 0; char ch; while (cin >> ch) { if (ch == 'a') ++aCnt; else if (ch == 'e') ++eCnt; else if (ch == 'i') ++iCnt; else if (ch == 'o') ++oCnt; else if (ch == 'u') ++uCnt; } cout << "Number of vowel a: \t" << aCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel e: \t" << eCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel i: \t" << iCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel o: \t" << oCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel u: \t" << uCnt << endl; return 0; }
练习5.10
#include <iostream> using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl; int main() { unsigned aCnt = 0, eCnt = 0, iCnt = 0, oCnt = 0, uCnt = 0; char ch; while (cin >> ch) switch (ch) { case 'a': case 'A': ++aCnt; break; case 'e': case 'E': ++eCnt; break; case 'i': case 'I': ++iCnt; break; case 'o': case 'O': ++oCnt; break; case 'u': case 'U': ++uCnt; break; } cout << "Number of vowel a(A): \t" << aCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel e(E): \t" << eCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel i(I): \t" << iCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel o(O): \t" << oCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel u(U): \t" << uCnt << endl; return 0; }
练习5.11
#include <iostream> using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl; int main() { unsigned aCnt = 0, eCnt = 0, iCnt = 0, oCnt = 0, uCnt = 0, spaceCnt = 0,tabCnt = 0, newLineCnt = 0; char ch; while (cin >> std::noskipws >> ch) switch (ch) { case 'a': case 'A': ++aCnt; break; case 'e': case 'E': ++eCnt; break; case 'i': case 'I': ++iCnt; break; case 'o': case 'O': ++oCnt; break; case 'u': case 'U': ++uCnt; break; case ' ': ++spaceCnt; break; case '\t': ++tabCnt; break; case '\n': ++newLineCnt; break; } cout << "Number of vowel a(A): \t" << aCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel e(E): \t" << eCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel i(I): \t" << iCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel o(O): \t" << oCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel u(U): \t" << uCnt << "\n" << "Number of space: \t" << spaceCnt << "\n" << "Number of tab char: \t" << tabCnt << "\n" << "Number of new line: \t" << newLineCnt << endl; return 0; }
练习5.12
#include <iostream> using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl; int main() { unsigned aCnt = 0, eCnt = 0, iCnt = 0, oCnt = 0, uCnt = 0, spaceCnt = 0,tabCnt = 0, newLineCnt = 0, ffCnt = 0, flCnt = 0, fiCnt = 0; char ch, prech = '\0'; while (cin >> std::noskipws >> ch) { switch (ch) { case 'a': case 'A': ++aCnt; break; case 'e': case 'E': ++eCnt; break; case 'i': if (prech == 'f') ++fiCnt; case 'I': ++iCnt; break; case 'o': case 'O': ++oCnt; break; case 'u': case 'U': ++uCnt; break; case ' ': ++spaceCnt; break; case '\t': ++tabCnt; break; case '\n': ++newLineCnt; break; case 'f': if (prech == 'f') ++ffCnt; break; case 'l': if (prech == 'f') ++flCnt; break; } prech = ch; } cout << "Number of vowel a(A): \t" << aCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel e(E): \t" << eCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel i(I): \t" << iCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel o(O): \t" << oCnt << "\n" << "Number of vowel u(U): \t" << uCnt << "\n" << "Number of space: \t" << spaceCnt << "\n" << "Number of tab char: \t" << tabCnt << "\n" << "Number of new line: \t" << newLineCnt << "\n" << "Number of ff: \t" << ffCnt << "\n" << "Number of fl: \t" << flCnt << "\n" << "Number of fi: \t" << fiCnt << endl; return 0; }
练习5.13
(a) //缺少break unsigned aCnt = 0, eCnt = 0, iouCnt = 0; char ch = next_text(); switch (ch) { case 'a': aCnt++; break; case 'e': eCnt++; break; default : iouCnt++; break; } (b) //ix应该定义在外部 unsigned index = some_value(); int ix; switch (index) { case 1: ix = get_value(); ivec[ ix ] = index; break; default: ix = static_cast<int>(ivec.size())-1; ivec[ ix ] = index; } (c) //case语法错误 unsigned evenCnt = 0, oddCnt = 0; int digit = get_num() % 10; switch (digit) { case 1: case 3: case 5: case 7: case 9: oddcnt++; break; case 2: case 4: case 6: case 8: case 0: evencnt++; break; } (d) //case标签必须是常数 const unsigned ival=512, jval=1024, kval=4096; unsigned bufsize; unsigned swt = get_bufCnt(); switch(swt) { case ival: bufsize = ival * sizeof(int); break; case jval: bufsize = jval * sizeof(int); break; case kval: bufsize = kval * sizeof(int); break; }
练习5.14
#include <iostream> #include <string> using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl; using std::string; int main() { string str,max_str,pre_str; int max_cnt = 0; int count = 0; max_str = pre_str = ""; while(cin>>str) { if(str==pre_str) ++count; else count = 1; if(count>max_cnt) { max_str = str; max_cnt = count; } pre_str = str; } if (max_str == "") cout << "There's no duplicated string." << endl; else cout << "the word " << max_str << " occurred " << max_cnt << " times. " << endl; return 0; }
练习5.15
(a) int ix; for (ix = 0; ix != sz; ++ix) { /* ... */ } if (ix != sz) // . . . (b) int ix; for (; ix != sz; ++ix) { /* ... */ } (c) for (int ix = 0; ix != sz; ++ix) { /*...*/ }
练习5.17
#include <iostream> #include <vector> using std::cout; using std::endl; using std::vector; int main() { vector<int> vec1 {0, 1, 1, 2}; vector<int> vec2 {0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8}; auto size = vec1.size() < vec2.size() ? vec1.size() : vec2.size(); for (decltype(vec1.size()) i = 0; i != size; ++i) { if (vec1[i] != vec2[i]) { cout << "false" << endl; break; } if (i == size - 1) cout << "true" << endl; } return 0; }
练习5.18
(a) do { int v1, v2; cout << "Please enter two numbers to sum:" ; if (cin >> v1 >> v2) cout << "Sum is: " << v1 + v2 << endl; }while (cin); (b) int ival; do { // . . . } while (ival = get_response()); (c) int ival = get_response(); do { ival = get_response(); } while (ival);
练习5.19
#include <iostream> #include <string> using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl; using std::string; int main() { string rsp; do { cout << "Input two strings: "; string str1, str2; cin >> str1 >> str2; cout << (str1 <= str2 ? str1 : str2) << " is less than the other. "<< "\n\n"<< "More? Enter yes or no: "; cin >> rsp; } while (!rsp.empty() && rsp[0] == 'y'); return 0; }
练习5.20
#include <iostream> #include <string> using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl; using std::string; int main() { string str, pre; while (cin >> str) if (str == pre) break; else pre = str; if (cin.eof()) cout << "no word was repeated." << endl; else cout << read << " occurs twice in succession." << endl; return 0; }
练习5.21
#include <iostream> using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <string> using std::string; int main() { string curr, prev; bool no_twice = false; while (cin >> curr) { if (!isupper(curr[0])) continue; else if (prev == curr) { cout << curr << " occurs twice in succession." << endl; no_twice = true; break; } else prev = curr; } if (!no_twice) cout << "no word was repeated." << endl; }
练习5.22
for (int sz = get_size(); sz <=0; sz = get_size()) ;
练习5.23
#include <iostream> int main(void) { int a, b; std::cin >> a >> b; std::cout << static_cast<double>(a) / b << std::endl; return 0; }
练习5.24
#include <iostream> #include <stdexcept> int main(void) { int a, b; std::cin >> a >> b; if (b == 0) throw std::runtime_error("divisor is 0"); std::cout << static_cast<double>(a) / b << std::endl; return 0; }
练习5.25
#include <iostream> #include <stdexcept> using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl; using std::runtime_error; int main(void) { int a, b; cout << "Input two integers: "; while (cin >> a >> b) { try { if (b == 0) throw runtime_error("divisor is 0"); cout << static_cast<double>(a) / b << endl; cout << "Input two integers: "; } catch (runtime_error err) { cout << err.what() << "\n" << "Try again.\nInput two integers: "; } } return 0; }
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