打开PC的电源，BIOS开机自检，按BIOS中设置的启动设备(通常是硬盘)启动，接着启动设备上安装的引导程序lilo或grub开始引导Linux，Linux首先进行内核的引导，接下来执行init程序，init程序调用了rc.sysinit和rc等程序，rc.sysinit和rc当完成系统初始化和运行服务的任务后，返回init；init启动了mingetty后，打开了终端供用户登录系统，用户登录成功后进入了Shell，这样就完成了从开机到登录的整个启动过程。
init进程起来后，系统启动的控制权移交给init进程。
/sbin/init进程是所有进程的父进程，当init起来之后，它首先会读取配置文件/etc/inittab，进行以下工作：
1）执行系统初始化脚本(/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit)，对系统进行基本的配置，以读写方式挂载根文件系统及其它文件系统，到此系统基本算运行起来了，后面需要进行运行级别的确定及相应服务的启动；
2）确定启动后进入的运行级别；
3)执行/etc/rc.d/rc，该文件定义了服务启动的顺序是先K后S，而具体的每个运行级别的服务状态是放在/etc/rc.d/rcn.d（n=0~6）目录下，所有的文件均链接至/etc/init.d下的相应文件。
4）/etc/rc.d/rc$RUNLEVEL # $RUNLEVEL为缺省的运行模式
5) /etc/rc.d/rc.local
6）启动虚拟终端/sbin/mingetty
7）在运行级别5上运行X
这时呈现给用户的就是最终的登录界面。
至此，系统启动过程完毕。
说明：
系统启动运行级别的概念以及服务的定制方法；
当initrd 可以正常检测和装载之后，最后的工作就基本上由操作系统来进行了。当系统的init进程起来之后系统启动的控制权移交给init进程。
/sbin/init 进程是所有进程的父进程，当init起来之后，它首先会读取配置文件/etc/inittab，进行以下工作：
1）执行系统初始化脚本(/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit)，对系统进行基本的配置，以读写方式挂载根文件系统及其它文件系统，后面需要进行运行级别的确定及相应服务的启动，（从这个角度可以看出如果要定义系统的init动作，需要修改/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit脚本）。它的主要工作有：配置selinux，系统时钟，内核参数（/etc/sysctl.conf），hostname，启用wap分区，根文件系统的检查和二次挂载（读写），激活RAID和LVM设备，启用磁盘quota检查并挂载其它文件系统。
2）通过对/etc/inittab文件
[[email protected] etc]# cat inittab # inittab is only used by upstart for the default runlevel. # # ADDING OTHER CONFIGURATION HERE WILL HAVE NO EFFECT ON YOUR SYSTEM. # # System initialization is started by /etc/init/rcS.conf # # Individual runlevels are started by /etc/init/rc.conf # # Ctrl-Alt-Delete is handled by /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf # # Terminal gettys are handled by /etc/init/tty.conf and /etc/init/serial.conf, # with configuration in /etc/sysconfig/init. # # For information on how to write upstart event handlers, or how # upstart works, see init(5), init(8), and initctl(8). # # Default runlevel. The runlevels used are: # 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) # 1 - Single user mode # 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking) # 3 - Full multiuser mode # 4 - unused # 5 - X11 # 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this) # id:5:initdefault:
[[email protected] init]# cat rc.conf # rc - System V runlevel compatibility # # This task runs the old sysv-rc runlevel scripts. It # is usually started by the telinit compatibility wrapper. # # Do not edit this file directly. If you want to change the behaviour, # please create a file rc.override and put your changes there. start on runlevel [0123456] stop on runlevel [!$RUNLEVEL] task export RUNLEVEL console output exec /etc/rc.d/rc $RUNLEVEL [[email protected]sky init]#
[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/rc.d/rc
#! /bin/bash
#
# rc This file is responsible for starting/stopping
# services when the runlevel changes.
#
# Original Author:
# Miquel van Smoorenburg, <[email protected]nl.mugnet.org>
#
set -m
# check a file to be a correct runlevel script
check_runlevel ()
{
# Check if the file exists at all.
[ -x "$1" ] || return 1
is_ignored_file "$1" && return 1
return 0
}
# Now find out what the current and what the previous runlevel are.
argv1="$1"
set $(/sbin/runlevel)
runlevel=$2
previous=$1
export runlevel previous
. /etc/init.d/functions
export CONSOLETYPE
do_confirm="no"
if [ -f /var/run/confirm ]; then
do_confirm="yes"
fi
UPSTART=
[ -x /sbin/initctl ] && UPSTART=yes
# See if we want to be in user confirmation mode
if [ "$previous" = "N" ]; then
if [ "$do_confirm" = "yes" ]; then
echo $"Entering interactive startup"
else
echo $"Entering non-interactive startup"
fi
fi
# Get first argument. Set new runlevel to this argument.
[ -n "$argv1" ] && runlevel="$argv1"
# Is there an rc directory for this new runlevel?
[ -d /etc/rc$runlevel.d ] || exit 0
# Set language, vc settings once to avoid doing it for every init script
# through functions
if [ -f /etc/sysconfig/i18n -a -z "${NOLOCALE:-}" ] ; then
. /etc/profile.d/lang.sh 2>/dev/null
export LANGSH_SOURCED=1
fi
# First, run the KILL scripts.
for i in /etc/rc$runlevel.d/K* ; do
# Check if the subsystem is already up.
subsys=${i#/etc/rc$runlevel.d/K??}
[ -f /var/lock/subsys/$subsys -o -f /var/lock/subsys/$subsys.init ] || continue
check_runlevel "$i" || continue
# Bring the subsystem down.
[ -n "$UPSTART" ] && initctl emit --quiet stopping JOB=$subsys
$i stop
[ -n "$UPSTART" ] && initctl emit --quiet stopped JOB=$subsys
done
# Now run the START scripts.
for i in /etc/rc$runlevel.d/S* ; do
# Check if the subsystem is already up.
subsys=${i#/etc/rc$runlevel.d/S??}
[ -f /var/lock/subsys/$subsys ] && continue
[ -f /var/lock/subsys/$subsys.init ] && continue
check_runlevel "$i" || continue
# If we‘re in confirmation mode, get user confirmation
if [ "$do_confirm" = "yes" ]; then
confirm $subsys
rc=$?
if [ "$rc" = "1" ]; then
continue
elif [ "$rc" = "2" ]; then
do_confirm="no"
fi
fi
update_boot_stage "$subsys"
# Bring the subsystem up.
[ -n "$UPSTART" ] && initctl emit --quiet starting JOB=$subsys
if [ "$subsys" = "halt" -o "$subsys" = "reboot" ]; then
export LC_ALL=C
exec $i start
fi
$i start
[ -n "$UPSTART" ] && initctl emit --quiet started JOB=$subsys
done
[ "$do_confirm" = "yes" ] && rm -f /var/run/confirm
exit 0
[[email protected] ~]#
[[email protected] rc5.d]# pwd /etc/rc5.d [[email protected] rc5.d]# ls K01smartd K61nfs-rdma K89netconsole S10network S24nfslock S55sshd K02oddjobd K69rpcsvcgssd K89rdisc S11auditd S24rpcgssd S70spice-vdagentd K05wdaemon K73winbind K92pppoe-server S11portreserve S25blk-availability S80postfix K10psacct K74ntpd K95firstboot S12rsyslog S25cups S82abrt-ccpp K10saslauthd K75ntpdate K95rdma S13cpuspeed S25netfs S82abrtd K15htcacheclean K75quota_nld K99rngd S13irqbalance S26acpid S90crond K15httpd K76ypbind S01sysstat S13rpcbind S26haldaemon S95atd K50dnsmasq K84wpa_supplicant S02lvm2-monitor S15mdmonitor S26udev-post S99certmonger K50kdump K87restorecond S08ip6tables S22messagebus S28autofs S99local K60nfs K88sssd S08iptables S23NetworkManager S50bluetooth [[email protected] rc5.d]#
时间： 2024-10-25 22:15:48