Mahout的BreimanExample例子分析

Mahout的BreimanExample例子执行了

Leo Breiman: Random Forests. Machine Learning 45(1): 5-32 (2001)这篇论文的测试。

对它的分析我分为3个部分

- 森林生成的Iteration部分

- BreimanExample的测试执行部分

- 命令行执行部分

Iteration部分

迭代函数如下，对于训练数据集data，根据随机生成器rng随机将data分成训练集与测试集两部分，之后生成随机森林，并进行准确率检测。

/**
   * runs one iteration of the procedure.
   *
   * @param rng
   *          random numbers generator
   * @param data
   *          training data
   * @param m
   *          number of random variables to select at each tree-node
   *          take m to be the first integer less than log2(M) + 1, where M is the number of attributes
   * @param nbtrees
   *          number of trees to grow
   */
  private void runIteration(Random rng, Data data, int m, int nbtrees)

1.数据集的构造

data是输入的数据集，不过并不会将data的全部都用来做训练，而是将它分为两部分：

第一部分train是训练集，用data克隆一下，咦，好奇怪啊，那不就和data一样了么？

第二部分test为测试集，它是从train中随机取出10%左右的数据构成，同时将这些数据从train中删除，具体是使用Data类的rsplit函数实现的。

Data train = data.clone();
Data test = train.rsplit(rng, (int) (data.size() * 0.1));

1.1Data类的rsplit函数

Data类位于org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.data.Data。

它的成员变量有两个，相关说明是

Holds a list of vectors and their corresponding Dataset

  private final List<Instance> instances;

  private final Dataset dataset;

rpslit函数如下，它从Data对象的instances变量存储的数据随机取出了subsize个放到新构造的subset集合中去，这subsize个数据也就从instances中给去掉了。

因为数据同出一源，所以最后返回的Data对象它的dataset和调用rsplit的Data对象的dataset是相同的。

/**
   * Splits the data in two, returns one part, and this gets the rest of the data. <b>VERY SLOW!</b>
   */
  public Data rsplit(Random rng, int subsize) {
    List<Instance> subset = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(subsize);

    for (int i = 0; i < subsize; i++) {
      subset.add(instances.remove(rng.nextInt(instances.size())));
    }

    return new Data(dataset, subset);
  }

1.2TreeBuilder

接着定义了决策树的构造器以及森林的构造器。

两个类分别位于

org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.builder.DefaultTreeBuilder;

org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.ref.SequentialBuilder;

/**
 * Builds a Decision Tree <br>
 * Based on the algorithm described in the "Decision Trees" tutorials by Andrew W. Moore, available at:<br>
 * <br>
 * http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awm/tutorials
 * <br><br>
 * This class can be used when the criterion variable is the categorical attribute.
 */
    DefaultTreeBuilder treeBuilder = new DefaultTreeBuilder();
 /**
 * Builds a Random Decision Forest using a given TreeBuilder to grow the trees
 */
    SequentialBuilder forestBuilder = new SequentialBuilder(rng, treeBuilder, train);

接着用forestBuilder来构造一个随机森林。

  /* grow a forest with m = log2(M)+1*/
    treeBuilder.setM(m);
    DecisionForest forestM = forestBuilder.build(nbtrees);

SequentialBuilder中的build函数如下，它循环使用bagging生成了nbTrees颗树。用trees记录各棵树的根节点。

public class SequentialBuilder {

private final Bagging bagging;

public DecisionForest build(int nbTrees) {
    List<Node> trees = Lists.newArrayList();

    for (int treeId = 0; treeId < nbTrees; treeId++) {
      trees.add(bagging.build(rng));
      logProgress(((float) treeId + 1) / nbTrees);
    }

    return new DecisionForest(trees);
  }
}

1.3Bagging

bagging是如何建树的呢？

如下所示，先是用Data的bagging方法从数据中采样出一个训练集bag，之后用这个bag按照决策树的方法建树就好了。

  /**
   * Builds one tree
   */
  public Node build(Random rng) {
    log.debug("Bagging...");
    Arrays.fill(sampled, false);
    Data bag = data.bagging(rng, sampled);

    log.debug("Building...");
    return treeBuilder.build(rng, bag);
  }

那么如何bagging采样呢？

如下所示，也即有放回从N个样本的数据集中随机采样N次，同一个数据可以多次采样，挺奇怪的这个sampled有什么用呢？

  /**
   * if data has N cases, sample N cases at random -but with replacement.
   *
   * @param sampled
   *          indicating which instance has been sampled
   *
   * @return sampled data
   */
  public Data bagging(Random rng, boolean[] sampled) {
    int datasize = size();
    List<Instance> bag = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(datasize);

    for (int i = 0; i < datasize; i++) {
      int index = rng.nextInt(datasize);
      bag.add(instances.get(index));
      sampled[index] = true;
    }

    return new Data(dataset, bag);
  }

接下来又按照m=1的方式再进行一次随机森林的生成

m表示的是number of attributes to select randomly at each node

// grow a forest with m=1
    treeBuilder.setM(1);

    time = System.currentTimeMillis();
    log.info("Growing a forest with m=1");
    DecisionForest forestOne = forestBuilder.build(nbtrees);
    sumTimeOne += System.currentTimeMillis() - time;
    numNodesOne += forestOne.nbNodes();

1.4测试森林的准确率

为两个森林(m= log2(M) + 1以及m=1分别生成的两个森林）进行准确率的测试。

首先得到测试集的标签集合testLabels，

接着定义树的预测集合predictions，它是二维数组，predictions[i][j]表示森林中第j棵树对第i个测试样本的预测。

forestM是按照m = log2(M) + 1方式创建的树,首先用这颗树进行一次预测填满预测集合predictions.

接着定义了一个sumPredictions数组，大小是预测集大小，sumPredictions[i]记录随机森林的所有决策树对第i个样本的预测之和。

注意，每颗树都有个权重值，所有树权重值相加为1，所以把所有树的预测结果相加即为森林预测最终结果.

ErrorEstimate类定义在org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.

它在作用是求错误率，也即sumPredictions与testLabels不相同的比例。

看了一下它的实现，发现还有个特殊情形，就是森林对一个样本没有预测的时候，则忽略这个样本。

if (predictions[index] == -1) {

continue; // instance not classified

}

最后用sumTestErrM将这个错误率累加，是因为一般准确率测试都会做N次取平均，这里也是一样的，最后运行时会做N次Iteration取平均。

// compute the test set error (Selection Error), and mean tree error (One Tree Error),
    double[] testLabels = test.extractLabels();
    double[][] predictions = new double[test.size()][];

    forestM.classify(test, predictions);
    double[] sumPredictions = new double[test.size()];
    Arrays.fill(sumPredictions, 0.0);
    for (int i = 0; i < predictions.length; i++) {
      for (int j = 0; j < predictions[i].length; j++) {
        sumPredictions[i] += predictions[i][j];
      }
    }
    sumTestErrM += ErrorEstimate.errorRate(testLabels, sumPredictions);

    forestOne.classify(test, predictions);
    Arrays.fill(sumPredictions, 0.0);
    for (int i = 0; i < predictions.length; i++) {
      for (int j = 0; j < predictions[i].length; j++) {
        sumPredictions[i] += predictions[i][j];
      }
    }
    sumTestErrOne += ErrorEstimate.errorRate(testLabels, sumPredictions);

DecisionForest类的函数classify用来对data做预测。

它的实现如下：

首先给predictions[index]申请空间，大小即是树的大小啦。

然后每棵树都给一个预测，填上prediction。

  /**
   * Classifies the data and calls callback for each classification
   */
  public void classify(Data data, double[][] predictions) {
    Preconditions.checkArgument(data.size() == predictions.length, "predictions.length must be equal to data.size()");

    if (data.isEmpty()) {
      return; // nothing to classify
    }

    int treeId = 0;
    for (Node tree : trees) {
      for (int index = 0; index < data.size(); index++) {
        if (predictions[index] == null) {
          predictions[index] = new double[trees.size()];
        }
        predictions[index][treeId] = tree.classify(data.get(index));
      }
      treeId++;
    }
  }

Run部分

具体执行过程如下

因为这段代码最后会编译成jar文件执行，所以需要考虑输入参数。

输入参数如下，包括

  1. 数据集data
  2. 数据集描述dataset
  3. 森林中树的棵树nbTrees
  4. 循环运行次数iterations,虽然Iteration是迭代的意思，但这里并没有做迭代处理，我觉得就是循环
  5. 帮助选项help,显示使用说明的
Option dataOpt = obuilder.withLongName("data").withShortName("d").withRequired(true).withArgument(
      abuilder.withName("path").withMinimum(1).withMaximum(1).create()).withDescription("Data path").create();

    Option datasetOpt = obuilder.withLongName("dataset").withShortName("ds").withRequired(true).withArgument(
      abuilder.withName("dataset").withMinimum(1).withMaximum(1).create()).withDescription("Dataset path")
        .create();

    Option nbtreesOpt = obuilder.withLongName("nbtrees").withShortName("t").withRequired(true).withArgument(
      abuilder.withName("nbtrees").withMinimum(1).withMaximum(1).create()).withDescription(
      "Number of trees to grow, each iteration").create();

    Option nbItersOpt = obuilder.withLongName("iterations").withShortName("i").withRequired(true)
        .withArgument(abuilder.withName("numIterations").withMinimum(1).withMaximum(1).create())
        .withDescription("Number of times to repeat the test").create();

    Option helpOpt = obuilder.withLongName("help").withDescription("Print out help").withShortName("h")
        .create();

    Group group = gbuilder.withName("Options").withOption(dataOpt).withOption(datasetOpt).withOption(
      nbItersOpt).withOption(nbtreesOpt).withOption(helpOpt).create();

接着对输入进行解析处理，得到数据文件的输入路径，数据描述文件的输入路径以及树棵树，循环次数。

Path dataPath;
    Path datasetPath;
    int nbTrees;
    int nbIterations;

    try {
      Parser parser = new Parser();
      parser.setGroup(group);
      CommandLine cmdLine = parser.parse(args);

      if (cmdLine.hasOption("help")) {
        CommandLineUtil.printHelp(group);
        return -1;
      }

      String dataName = cmdLine.getValue(dataOpt).toString();
      String datasetName = cmdLine.getValue(datasetOpt).toString();
      nbTrees = Integer.parseInt(cmdLine.getValue(nbtreesOpt).toString());
      nbIterations = Integer.parseInt(cmdLine.getValue(nbItersOpt).toString());

      dataPath = new Path(dataName);
      datasetPath = new Path(datasetName);
    } catch (OptionException e) {
      log.error("Error while parsing options", e);
      CommandLineUtil.printHelp(group);
      return -1;
    }

接着载入数据，这里让我挺头疼的，如果单独运行这段代码，在我已经生成好data,dataset文件之后，它会提示错误，因为dataset里边存储的是json格式的描述，所以这里需要对json进行解析，也就需要相应的lib包。

// load the data
    FileSystem fs = dataPath.getFileSystem(new Configuration());
    Dataset dataset = Dataset.load(getConf(), datasetPath);
    Data data = DataLoader.loadData(dataset, fs, dataPath);

载入数据之后就是运行Iteration啦。

代码中说M is the number of inputs,我觉得不合适，从代码中可以看出M = data.getDataset().nbAttributes()，明明就是属性数嘛！！

这里有个问题，属性数是否包括了label这一项呢？看了下代码，是的哦！

之后生成Iteration次随机森林，记录每次生成的结果，最后输出：

平均错误率（m = log2(M) + 1)

平均错误率（m = 1)

平均生成森林时间（m = log2(M) + 1)

平均生成森林时间（m = 1)

平均随机森林所有树节点之和（m = log2(M) + 1)

平均随机森林所有树节点之和（m = 1)

// take m to be the first integer less than log2(M) + 1, where M is the
    // number of inputs
    int m = (int) Math.floor(FastMath.log(2.0, data.getDataset().nbAttributes()) + 1);

    Random rng = RandomUtils.getRandom();
    for (int iteration = 0; iteration < nbIterations; iteration++) {
      log.info("Iteration {}", iteration);
      runIteration(rng, data, m, nbTrees);
    }

    log.info("********************************************");
    log.info("Random Input Test Error : {}", sumTestErrM / nbIterations);
    log.info("Single Input Test Error : {}", sumTestErrOne / nbIterations);
    log.info("Mean Random Input Time : {}", DFUtils.elapsedTime(sumTimeM / nbIterations));
    log.info("Mean Single Input Time : {}", DFUtils.elapsedTime(sumTimeOne / nbIterations));
    log.info("Mean Random Input Num Nodes : {}", numNodesM / nbIterations);
    log.info("Mean Single Input Num Nodes : {}", numNodesOne / nbIterations);

执行

数据

glass:#lass : http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Glass+Identification

部分数据如下：

1,1.52101,13.64,4.49,1.10,71.78,0.06,8.75,0.00,0.00,1
2,1.51761,13.89,3.60,1.36,72.73,0.48,7.83,0.00,0.00,1
3,1.51618,13.53,3.55,1.54,72.99,0.39,7.78,0.00,0.00,1
4,1.51766,13.21,3.69,1.29,72.61,0.57,8.22,0.00,0.00,1
5,1.51742,13.27,3.62,1.24,73.08,0.55,8.07,0.00,0.00,1
6,1.51596,12.79,3.61,1.62,72.97,0.64,8.07,0.00,0.26,1

生成数据dataset的命令如下

[email protected]:/home/user/mahout-distribution-0.9# $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop jar mahout-core-0.9-job.jar org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.tools.Describe -p /user/glass.data -f /user/glass.info -d I 9 N L

15/08/24 06:34:02 INFO tools.Describe: Generating the descriptor…

15/08/24 06:34:03 INFO tools.Describe: generating the dataset…

15/08/24 06:34:03 INFO tools.Describe: storing the dataset description

-p 输入data路径

-f 输出dataset路径

-d 数据描述，为I 9 N L

关于数据描述说明如下：

- 第一个是样本编号

- 接着9个是样本属性，都是Numerical类型

- 最后一个是样本的类标签

- 所以写成[I, 9, N, L]

- I表示为忽视，是ignore的缩写

- N是Numerical的缩写，L表示Label

- 当然如果维度中有非数值型的属性，也是可以的用C表示（Categorical的缩写）

- 9表示九个都是N

- 如果属性是这样的[Ignore，Numerical，Numerical，Categorical，Numerical，Categorical，Categorical，Label]，那么–descriptor参数就应该写为下面的方式：[I，2，N，C，N，2，C，L]。

上面关于数据描述摘自http://running.iteye.com/blog/923483

数据描述文件具体如下，是用Json格式保存：

[email protected]:/home/user/mahout-distribution-0.9# hadoop dfs -cat /user/glass.info

[{“values”:null,”label”:false,”type”:”ignored”},{“values”:null,”label”:false,”type”:”numerical”},{“values”:null,”label”:false,”type”:”numerical”},{“values”:null,”label”:false,”type”:”numerical”},{“values”:null,”label”:false,”type”:”numerical”},{“values”:null,”label”:false,”type”:”numerical”},{“values”:null,”label”:false,”type”:”numerical”},{“values”:null,”label”:false,”type”:”numerical”},{“values”:null,”label”:false,”type”:”numerical”},{“values”:null,”label”:false,”type”:”numerical”},{“values”:[“1”,”2”,”3”,”5”,”6”,”7”],”label”:true,”type”:”categorical”}][email protected]:/home/user/mahout-distribution-0.9#

注意，数据文件要放在hdfs中，要不会出如下错误

15/08/24 06:32:11 INFO tools.Describe: Generating the descriptor…

15/08/24 06:32:12 INFO tools.Describe: generating the dataset…

Exception in thread “main” java.io.FileNotFoundException: File does not exist: /home/user/data/glass.data

另外，根据mahout版本不同，可能类的位置也会不同，比如我运行

[email protected]:/home/user/mahout-distribution-0.9# $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop jar mahout-core-0.9-job.jar org.apache.mahout.df.tools.Describe -p /home/user/data/glass.data -f /home/user/data/glass.info -d I 9 N L

便会出现

Exception in thread “main” java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.mahout.df.tools.Describe错误。

所以要根据自己mahout的版本查找下core文件夹里边Describe类的位置情况。

最后执行，可以看到依次进行了9次循环，每次循环对m=4,m=4分别生成了一次森林，最后则输出了各项平均结果。

[email protected]:/home/user/mahout-distribution-0.9# hadoop jar mahout-examples-0.9-job.jar org.apache.mahout.classifier.df.BreimanExample -d /user/glass.data -ds /user/glass.info -i 10 -t 100

15/08/24 07:14:03 INFO df.BreimanExample: Iteration 0

15/08/24 07:14:03 INFO df.BreimanExample: Splitting the data

15/08/24 07:14:03 INFO df.BreimanExample: Growing a forest with m=4

15/08/24 07:14:03 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 10%

15/08/24 07:14:03 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 20%

15/08/24 07:14:03 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 30%

15/08/24 07:14:03 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 40%

15/08/24 07:14:03 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 50%

15/08/24 07:14:03 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 60%

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 70%

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 80%

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 90%

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 100%

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO df.BreimanExample: Growing a forest with m=1

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 10%

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 20%

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15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO df.BreimanExample: Iteration 1

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO df.BreimanExample: Splitting the data

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO df.BreimanExample: Growing a forest with m=4

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 10%

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 20%

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15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO df.BreimanExample: Growing a forest with m=1

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 10%

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15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO df.BreimanExample: Iteration 2

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO df.BreimanExample: Splitting the data

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO df.BreimanExample: Growing a forest with m=4

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 10%

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15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO df.BreimanExample: Growing a forest with m=1

15/08/24 07:14:04 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 10%

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15/08/24 07:14:05 INFO df.BreimanExample: Iteration 3

15/08/24 07:14:05 INFO df.BreimanExample: Splitting the data

15/08/24 07:14:05 INFO df.BreimanExample: Growing a forest with m=4

15/08/24 07:14:05 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 10%

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15/08/24 07:14:07 INFO df.BreimanExample: Iteration 9

15/08/24 07:14:07 INFO df.BreimanExample: Splitting the data

15/08/24 07:14:07 INFO df.BreimanExample: Growing a forest with m=4

15/08/24 07:14:07 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 10%

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15/08/24 07:14:07 INFO ref.SequentialBuilder: Building 10%

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15/08/24 07:14:07 INFO df.BreimanExample: **********************************

15/08/24 07:14:07 INFO df.BreimanExample: Random Input Test Error : 1.0

15/08/24 07:14:07 INFO df.BreimanExample: Single Input Test Error : 1.0

15/08/24 07:14:07 INFO df.BreimanExample: Mean Random Input Time : 0h 0m 0s 288

15/08/24 07:14:07 INFO df.BreimanExample: Mean Single Input Time : 0h 0m 0s 107

15/08/24 07:14:07 INFO df.BreimanExample: Mean Random Input Num Nodes : 6761

15/08/24 07:14:07 INFO df.BreimanExample: Mean Single Input Num Nodes : 11326

版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，未经博主允许不得转载。

时间： 2024-07-30 10:13:07

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