Android Framework 分析---消息机制Native层

在Android的消息机制中，不仅提供了供Application 开发使用的java的消息循环。其实java的机制最终还是靠native来实现的。在native不仅提供一套消息传递和处理的机制，还提供了自定义文件描述符的I/O时间的监听机制。下面我们从具体代码中分析一下。

Native层的关键类：

Looper.cpp.该类中提供了pollOnce 和wake的休眠和唤醒机制。同时在构造函数中也创建 管道 并加入epoll的机制中，来监听其状态变化。

Looper::Looper(bool allowNonCallbacks) :
        mAllowNonCallbacks(allowNonCallbacks), mSendingMessage(false),
        mResponseIndex(0), mNextMessageUptime(LLONG_MAX) {
    int wakeFds[2];
    int result = pipe(wakeFds);
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != 0, "Could not create wake pipe.  errno=%d", errno);

    mWakeReadPipeFd = wakeFds[0];
    mWakeWritePipeFd = wakeFds[1];

    result = fcntl(mWakeReadPipeFd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != 0, "Could not make wake read pipe non-blocking.  errno=%d",
            errno);

    result = fcntl(mWakeWritePipeFd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != 0, "Could not make wake write pipe non-blocking.  errno=%d",
            errno);

    // Allocate the epoll instance and register the wake pipe.
    mEpollFd = epoll_create(EPOLL_SIZE_HINT);
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mEpollFd < 0, "Could not create epoll instance.  errno=%d", errno);

    struct epoll_event eventItem;
    memset(& eventItem, 0, sizeof(epoll_event)); // zero out unused members of data field union
    eventItem.events = EPOLLIN;
    eventItem.data.fd = mWakeReadPipeFd;
    result = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, mWakeReadPipeFd, & eventItem);
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != 0, "Could not add wake read pipe to epoll instance.  errno=%d",
            errno);
}

具体epoll机制，请参看我另一篇，转载的epoll机制。一种高效改良的poll机制。

其实looper在整个消息循环中，主要是实现MessageQueue中休眠和唤醒机制。

 struct epoll_event eventItems[EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS];
    int eventCount = epoll_wait(mEpollFd, eventItems, EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS, timeoutMillis);

    // Acquire lock.
    mLock.lock();

    // Check for poll error.
    if (eventCount < 0) {
        if (errno == EINTR) {
            goto Done;
        }
        ALOGW("Poll failed with an unexpected error, errno=%d", errno);
        result = ALOOPER_POLL_ERROR;
        goto Done;
    }

    // Check for poll timeout.
    if (eventCount == 0) {
#if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
        ALOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - timeout", this);
#endif
        result = ALOOPER_POLL_TIMEOUT;
        goto Done;
    }

    // Handle all events.
#if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
    ALOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - handling events from %d fds", this, eventCount);
#endif

    for (int i = 0; i < eventCount; i++) {
        int fd = eventItems[i].data.fd;
        uint32_t epollEvents = eventItems[i].events;
        if (fd == mWakeReadPipeFd) {
            if (epollEvents & EPOLLIN) {
                awoken();
            } else {
                ALOGW("Ignoring unexpected epoll events 0x%x on wake read pipe.", epollEvents);
            }
        } else {
            ssize_t requestIndex = mRequests.indexOfKey(fd);
            if (requestIndex >= 0) {
                int events = 0;
                if (epollEvents & EPOLLIN) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_INPUT;
                if (epollEvents & EPOLLOUT) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_OUTPUT;
                if (epollEvents & EPOLLERR) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_ERROR;
                if (epollEvents & EPOLLHUP) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_HANGUP;
                pushResponse(events, mRequests.valueAt(requestIndex));
            } else {
                ALOGW("Ignoring unexpected epoll events 0x%x on fd %d that is "
                        "no longer registered.", epollEvents, fd);
            }
        }
    

从以上代码中可以看出，looper的pollonce主要在监听管道的read端是否有事件到来，同时在else下面可以实现对 自定义文件描述符的监听作用。

具体获取下个消息，还是在MessageQueue.java 的next（）实现并返回一个msg。

那什么时候应该唤醒和怎么唤醒呢？

参看MessageQueue的代码，在相关队列中添加一个msg时。调用用nativeWake方法

static void android_os_MessageQueue_nativeWake(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj, jint ptr) {
    NativeMessageQueue* nativeMessageQueue = reinterpret_cast<NativeMessageQueue*>(ptr);
    return nativeMessageQueue->wake();
}
void Looper::wake() {
#if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
    ALOGD("%p ~ wake", this);
#endif

    ssize_t nWrite;
    do {
        nWrite = write(mWakeWritePipeFd, "W", 1);
    } while (nWrite == -1 && errno == EINTR);

    if (nWrite != 1) {
        if (errno != EAGAIN) {
            ALOGW("Could not write wake signal, errno=%d", errno);
        }
    }
}

唤醒的方法就是向mWakeWirtePipeFd写一个‘w‘，触发epoll的mWakeReadPipFdd唤醒进程，进而从MessageQueue的next方法，获取下一个msg。

final Message next() {
        int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
        int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;

        for (;;) {
            if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                Binder.flushPendingCommands();
            }
            nativePollOnce(mPtr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

            synchronized (this) {
                if (mQuiting) {
                    return null;
                }

                // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                Message prevMsg = null;
                Message msg = mMessages;
                if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                    // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                    do {
                        prevMsg = msg;
                        msg = msg.next;
                    } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                }
                if (msg != null) {
                    if (now < msg.when) {
                        // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    } else {
                        // Got a message.
                        mBlocked = false;
                        if (prevMsg != null) {
                            prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                        } else {
                            mMessages = msg.next;
                        }
                        msg.next = null;
                        if (false) Log.v("MessageQueue", "Returning message: " + msg);
                        msg.markInUse();
                        return msg;
                    }
                } else {
                    // No more messages.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                }

Looper对文件描述符监控和处理：

looper可以对普通文件，设备文件或套接字都可以监听。android本身已经提供了一套机制。

/**
 * Adds a new file descriptor to be polled by the looper.
 * If the same file descriptor was previously added, it is replaced.
 *
 * "fd" is the file descriptor to be added.
 * "ident" is an identifier for this event, which is returned from ALooper_pollOnce().
 * The identifier must be >= 0, or ALOOPER_POLL_CALLBACK if providing a non-NULL callback.
 * "events" are the poll events to wake up on.  Typically this is ALOOPER_EVENT_INPUT.
 * "callback" is the function to call when there is an event on the file descriptor.
 * "data" is a private data pointer to supply to the callback.
 *
 * There are two main uses of this function:
 *
 * (1) If "callback" is non-NULL, then this function will be called when there is
 * data on the file descriptor.  It should execute any events it has pending,
 * appropriately reading from the file descriptor.  The ‘ident‘ is ignored in this case.
 *
 * (2) If "callback" is NULL, the ‘ident‘ will be returned by ALooper_pollOnce
 * when its file descriptor has data available, requiring the caller to take
 * care of processing it.
 *
 * Returns 1 if the file descriptor was added or -1 if an error occurred.
 *
 * This method can be called on any thread.
 * This method may block briefly if it needs to wake the poll.
 */
int ALooper_addFd(ALooper* looper, int fd, int ident, int events,
        ALooper_callbackFunc callback, void* data);

通过以上接口，大家可以在native层实现各种文件的监听和处理。另外android 还提供Native层的message和MessageHandler来处理消息机制。

这些都在Looper.h文件中，大家有时间可以研究一下。

/**
 * Interface for a Looper message handler.
 *
 * The Looper holds a strong reference to the message handler whenever it has
 * a message to deliver to it.  Make sure to call Looper::removeMessages
 * to remove any pending messages destined for the handler so that the handler
 * can be destroyed.
 */
class MessageHandler : public virtual RefBase {
protected:
    virtual ~MessageHandler() { }

public:
    /**
     * Handles a message.
     */
    virtual void handleMessage(const Message& message) = 0;
};

感觉和java的很类似吧。

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