LAB – CCNP Single-Area OSPF Link Costs and Interface priorities

Single-Area OSPF Link Costs and Interface Priorities

Topology

Objectives:

  • Configure single-area OSPF on a router.
  • Advertise loopback interfaces in to OSPF
  • Verify OSPF adjacencies.
  • Verify OSPF routing information exchange.
  • Modify OSPF link costs.
  • Change interface priorities
  • Utilize debugging commands for troubleshooting OSPF.

Step 1: Configure addressing and loopbacks.

Step 2: add physical interface to OSPF.

  1. Enter the OSPF configuration prompt using the router ospf process-number command.
  2. Add interfaces with the network address wildcard-mask area area command.

Note: Another option for adding individual directly connected networks into OSPF process is to use the ip ospf process-id area area-id interface command.

R2#debug ip ospf adj

OSPF adjacency events debugging is on

*Jul 30 08:59:26.351: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0 seq 0x1984 opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32 mtu 1500 state INIT

*Jul 30 08:59:26.355: OSPF: 2 Way Communication to 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0, state 2WAY

*Jul 30 08:59:26.355: OSPF: Neighbor change Event on interface FastEthernet0/0

*Jul 30 08:59:26.355: OSPF: DR/BDR election on FastEthernet0/0

*Jul 30 08:59:2

R2#6.355: OSPF: Elect BDR 10.1.3.1

*Jul 30 08:59:26.359: OSPF: Elect DR 10.1.2.1

*Jul 30 08:59:26.359: DR: 10.1.2.1 (Id) BDR: 10.1.3.1 (Id)

*Jul 30 08:59:26.359: OSPF: Send DBD to 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0 seq 0x419 opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32

*Jul 30 08:59:26.359: OSPF: First DBD and we are not SLAVE

*Jul 30 08:59:26.367: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0 seq 0x419 opt 0x52 flag 0x2 len 92 mtu 1500 state EXSTART

*Jul 30 08:59:26.371: OSPF: NBR Negotiation Done. We are the MASTER

*Jul 30 08:59:26.371: OSPF: Send DBD to 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0 seq 0x41A opt 0x52 flag 0x3 len 112

*Jul 30 08:59:26.383: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0 seq 0x41A opt 0x52 flag 0x0 len 32 mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE

*Jul 30 08:59:26.387: OSPF: Send DBD to 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0 seq 0x41B opt 0x52 flag 0x1 len 32

*Jul 30 08:59:26.387: OSPF: Send LS REQ to 10.1.1.1 length 12 LSA count 1

*Jul 30 08:59:26.415: OSPF: Rcv LS REQ from 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0 le

R2#ngth 60 LSA count 3

*Jul 30 08:59:26.419: OSPF: Send UPD to 10.1.200.1 on FastEthernet0/0 length 132 LSA count 3

*Jul 30 08:59:26.419: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0 seq 0x41B opt 0x52 flag 0x0 len 32 mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE

*Jul 30 08:59:26.419: OSPF: Exchange Done with 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0

*Jul 30 08:59:26.423: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0 length 76 LSA count 1

*Jul 30 08:59:26.423: OSPF: Synchronized with 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0, state FULL

*Jul 30 08:59:26.423: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done

*Jul 30 08:59:26.439: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0 length 88 LSA count 1

R2#

Step 3: Use OSPF show commands

  1. The show ip protocols command displays basic high-level routing protocol information. The output lists each OSPF process, the router ID, and which networks OSPF is routing for in each area. This information can be useful in debugging routing operations.

    R1#show ip protocols

    Routing Protocol is "ospf 1"

    Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set

    Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set

    Router ID 10.1.1.1

    Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa

    Maximum path: 4

    Routing for Networks:

    10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

    10.1.100.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

    10.1.200.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

    Reference bandwidth unit is 100 mbps

    Routing Information Sources:

    Gateway Distance Last Update

    10.1.2.1 110 00:08:06

    10.1.3.1 110 00:08:06

    10.1.1.1 110 00:08:16

    Distance: (default is 110)

  1. The show ip ospf command displays the OSPF process ID and router ID.

    R1#show ip ospf

    Routing Process "ospf 1" with ID 10.1.1.1

    Start time: 00:00:09.764, Time elapsed: 00:21:06.656

    Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes

    Supports opaque LSA

    Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)

    Supports area transit capability

    Router is not originating router-LSAs with maximum metric

    Initial SPF schedule delay 5000 msecs

    Minimum hold time between two consecutive SPFs 10000 msecs

    Maximum wait time between two consecutive SPFs 10000 msecs

    Incremental-SPF disabled

    Minimum LSA interval 5 secs

    Minimum LSA arrival 1000 msecs

    LSA group pacing timer 240 secs

    Interface flood pacing timer 33 msecs

    Retransmission pacing timer 66 msecs

    Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x000000

    Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x000000

    Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0

    Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0

    Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa

    Number of areas transit capable is 0

    External flood list length 0

    IETF NSF helper support enabled

    Cisco NSF helper support enabled

    Area BACKBONE(0)

    Number of interfaces in this area is 3

    Area has no authentication

    SPF algorithm last executed 00:09:36.428 ago

    SPF algorithm executed 8 times

    Area ranges are

    Number of LSA 4. Checksum Sum 0x01F7DC

    Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x000000

    Number of DCbitless LSA 0

    Number of indication LSA 0

    Number of DoNotAge LSA 0

    Flood list length 0

  1. The show ip ospf neighbor command displays important neighbor status, including the adjacency state, address, router ID, and connected interface.

R1#show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

10.1.2.1 5 FULL/DR 00:00:32 10.1.200.2 FastEthernet0/0

10.1.3.1 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:32 10.1.200.3 FastEthernet0/0

10.1.2.1 0 FULL/ - 00:00:36 10.1.100.2 Serial1/0

If you need more detail than the standard one-line summaries of neighbors, use the show ip ospf neighbor detail command. However, generally, the regular command gives you all that you need.

  1. The show ip ospf interface interface-type number command shows interface timers and network types.

    R1#show ip ospf interface f0/0

    FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up

    Internet Address 10.1.200.1/24, Area 0

    Process ID 1, Router ID 10.1.1.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 50

    Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DROTHER, Priority 10

    Designated Router (ID) 10.1.2.1, Interface address 10.1.200.2

    Backup Designated router (ID) 10.1.3.1, Interface address 10.1.200.3

    Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5

    oob-resync timeout 40

    Hello due in 00:00:03

    Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)

    Cisco NSF helper support enabled

    IETF NSF helper support enabled

    Index 3/3, flood queue length 0

    Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)

    Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 1

    Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 4 msec

    Neighbor Count is 2, Adjacent neighbor count is 2

    Adjacent with neighbor 10.1.2.1 (Designated Router)

    Adjacent with neighbor 10.1.3.1 (Backup Designated Router)

    Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

  1. A variation of the previous command is the show ip ospf interface brief command, which displays each interface that is participating in the OSPF process on the router, the area it is in, its IP address, cost, state, and number of neighbors.

R1#show ip ospf interface brief

Interface PID Area IP Address/Mask Cost State Nbrs F/C

Fa0/0 1 0 10.1.200.1/24 50 DROTH 2/2

Se1/0 1 0 10.1.100.1/24 1562 P2P 1/1

Lo1 1 0 10.1.1.1/24 1 P2P 0/0

  1. The show ip ospf database command displays the various LSAs in the OSPF database, organized by area and type.

    R1#show ip ospf database

    OSPF Router with ID (10.1.1.1) (Process ID 1)

    Router Link States (Area 0)

    Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count

    10.1.1.1 10.1.1.1 1224 0x80000008 0x006F5D 4

    10.1.2.1 10.1.2.1 1227 0x80000005 0x00A328 4

    10.1.3.1 10.1.3.1 1233 0x80000003 0x000E08 2

    Net Link States (Area 0)

    Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum

    10.1.200.2 10.1.2.1 1225 0x80000002 0x00D74F

Step 4: add loopback interface into OSPF.

Now you can see the loopbacks of the other routers, but their subnet mask is incorrect, because the default network type on loopback interfaces advertises them as /32 (host) routes. As you can see in the output of the show ip ospf interface Lo1 command, the default OSPF network type for a loopback interface is LOOPBACK, causing the OSPF to advertise host routes instead of actual network masks.

R1(config-if)#interface loopback 1

R1(config-if)#ip ospf network type point-to-point

R1#show ip ospf int lo 1

Loopback1 is up, line protocol is up

Internet Address 10.1.1.1/24, Area 0

Process ID 1, Router ID 10.1.1.1, Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 1

Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT

Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5

R2#show ip route ospf

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 5 subnets

O 10.1.3.0 [110/51] via 10.1.200.3, 00:24:12, FastEthernet0/0

O 10.1.1.0 [110/51] via 10.1.200.1, 00:24:02, FastEthernet0/0

Note: The OSPF network type of LOOPBACK is a Cisco-proprietary extension that is not configurable but that is present on loopback interfaces by default. In some applications such as MPLS, the possible discrepancy between the real loopback interface mask and the advertised address/mask can lead to reachability or functionality issues, and care must be taken to either use /32 mask on loopbacks, or whenever a different mask is used, the OSPF network type must be changed to point-to-point.

Step 5: Modify OSPF Link cost.

Change the Ethernet cost to 50

R1(config)#interface f0/0

R1(config-if)#ip ospf cost 50

R1#show ip ospf int f0/0

FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up

Internet Address 10.1.200.1/24, Area 0

Process ID 1, Router ID 10.1.1.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 50

R1#show ip route ospf

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 5 subnets

O 10.1.3.0 [110/51] via 10.1.200.3, 00:28:51, FastEthernet0/0

O 10.1.2.0 [110/51] via 10.1.200.2, 00:28:51, FastEthernet0/0

For reference, here are some default link costs (taken from Cisco.com):

• 64-kb/s serial link: 1562

• T1 (1.544-Mb/s serial link): 64

• E1 (2.048-Mb/s serial link): 48

• Ethernet: 10

• Fast Ethernet: 1

• FDDI: 1

• X25: 5208

• ATM: 1

OSPF uses a reference bandwidth of 100 Mb/s for cost calculation. The formula to calculate the cost is the reference bandwidth divided by the interface bandwidth.

For example, in the case of Ethernet, is the cost is 100 Mb/s / 10 Mb/s = 10.

The cost calculation can be adjusted to account for network links that are faster than 100 Mb/s by using the auto-cost reference-bandwidth command to change the reference bandwidth.

R1(config)# router ospf 1

R1(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth 1000

Step 6: Modify interface priorities to control the DR and BDR election.

I want to make R1 become DR and R2 become the BDR

R1: priority 10

R2:priority 5

R3:priority 1

Router(config)#router ospf 1

Router(config-route)#ip ospf priority X

R1#clear ip ospf process

Reset ALL OSPF processes? [no]:

R1#

R1#clear ip ospf process

Reset ALL OSPF processes? [no]: yes

R1#

R1#

R1#

*Jul 30 09:35:32.559: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 10.1.2.1 on FastEthernet0/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached

*Jul 30 09:35:32.563: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 10.1.3.1 on FastEthernet0/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached

*Jul 30 09:35:32.563: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 10.1.2.1 on Serial1/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached

*Jul 30 09:35:32.667: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 10.1.3.1 on FastEthernet0/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done

*Jul 30 09:35:32.671: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 10.1.2.1 on Serial1/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done

R1#

*Jul 30 09:35:32.679: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 10.1.2.1 on FastEthernet0/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done

奇怪：

R3#show ip ospf neighbor detail

Neighbor 10.1.1.1, interface address 10.1.200.1

In the area 0 via interface FastEthernet0/0

Neighbor priority is 10, State is FULL, 30 state changes

DR is 10.1.200.2 BDR is 10.1.200.3

Options is 0x52

LLS Options is 0x1 (LR)

Dead timer due in 00:00:32

Neighbor is up for 00:03:07

Index 2/2, retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 9

First 0x0(0)/0x0(0) Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)

Last retransmission scan length is 1, maximum is 2

Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec

Neighbor 10.1.2.1, interface address 10.1.200.2

In the area 0 via interface FastEthernet0/0

Neighbor priority is 5, State is FULL, 6 state changes

DR is 10.1.200.2 BDR is 10.1.200.3

Options is 0x52

LLS Options is 0x1 (LR)

Dead timer due in 00:00:33

Neighbor is up for 00:52:56

Index 1/1, retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 1

First 0x0(0)/0x0(0) Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)

Last retransmission scan length is 1, maximum is 1

Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec

结果现在不正确

R3#show ip ospf nei detail

Neighbor 10.1.1.1, interface address 10.1.200.1

In the area 0 via interface FastEthernet0/0

Neighbor priority is 10, State is FULL, 12 state changes

DR is 10.1.200.1 BDR is 10.1.200.2

Options is 0x52

LLS Options is 0x1 (LR)

Dead timer due in 00:00:38

Neighbor is up for 00:03:11

Index 1/1, retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 1

First 0x0(0)/0x0(0) Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)

Last retransmission scan length is 1, maximum is 1

Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec

Neighbor 10.1.2.1, interface address 10.1.200.2

In the area 0 via interface FastEthernet0/0

Neighbor priority is 5, State is FULL, 17 state changes

DR is 10.1.200.1 BDR is 10.1.200.2

Options is 0x52

LLS Options is 0x1 (LR)

Dead timer due in 00:00:38

Neighbor is up for 00:00:51

Index 2/2, retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 3

First 0x0(0)/0x0(0) Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)

Last retransmission scan length is 2, maximum is 2

Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec

终于慢慢调正确了

foreach address {

10.1.1.1

10.1.2.1

10.1.3.1

10.1.100.1

10.1.100.2

10.1.200.1

10.1.200.2

10.1.200.3

} {

ping $address }

Step 7: Challenge Topology

OSPF, like many link-state routing protocols, is reasonably fast when it comes to convergence. To test this, have R3 send a large number of pings to the R1 loopback. By default, the pings take the path from R3 to R1 over Fast Ethernet because it has the lowest total path cost.

R3#traceroute 10.1.1.1

Type escape sequence to abort.

Tracing the route to 10.1.1.1

1 10.1.200.1 8 msec 20 msec 12 msec

R3#ping 10.1.1.1 repeat 10000

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 10000, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

....................

*Jul 30 09:54:30.291: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernet0/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Dead timer expired..!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Success rate is 98 percent (1303/1325), round-trip min/avg/max = 4/16/40 ms

R1(config)#int f0/0

R1(config-if)#sh

R3#traceroute 10.1.1.1

Type escape sequence to abort.

Tracing the route to 10.1.1.1

1 10.1.200.2 28 msec 12 msec 8 msec

2 10.1.100.1 16 msec 32 msec 20 msec

时间： 2024-10-10 08:52:59

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