各种引号的用法总结如下
1、 单引号 ‘
由单引号括起来的字符都作为普通字符出现。特殊字符用单引号括起来以后,也会失去原有意义,而只作为普通字符解释。
2、 双引号 “
由双引号括起来的字符,除、\、′、和”这几个字符仍是特殊字符并保留其特殊功能外,其余字符仍作为普通字符对待。对于来说,就是用其后指定的变量的值来 代替这个变量和;对于而言,是转义字符,它告诉shell不要对其后面的那个字符进行特殊处理,只当作普通字符即可。可以想见,在双引号中需要在前面加上的只有四个字符,,’和”本身。而对”号,若其前面没有加,则Shell会将它同前一个”号匹配。
3、 反引号 `
反引号(`)这个字符所对应的键一般位于键盘的左上角,不要将其同单引号(’)混淆。反引号括起来的字符串被shell解释为命令行,在执行时,shell首先执行该命令行,并以它的标准输出结果取代整个反引号(包括两个反引号)部分。
#!/bin/bash
# program:test example 01
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
export PATH
if [ "$1" = "hello" ]; then
echo "hello, who are you?"
elif [ "$1" = "" ]; then
echo "you must input parameters,ex>{$0 somewprd}"
else
echo "the only parameter is ‘hello‘,ex>{$0 hello}"
fi
~
可以进行空字符串的比较 == "",这里的{} 只是一个字符
netstat -tuln
127.0.0.1 表示仅对本机开放
0.0.0.0 或者:::: 表示对整个internet开放
不能运行,尝试的例子
#!/bin/bash
# program:test example 01
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
export PATH
netstat_list=$(netstat -tuln)
if [ $($netstat%":80") ]; then
echo ":80"
fi
#!/bin/bash
# program:test example 01
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
export PATH
testing=$(netstat -tuln | grep ":80") #$() 命令行之前没有空格
if [ "$testing" != "" ]; then
echo "www is running in your system"
fi
testing=$( netstat -tuln | grep ":22" ) #$() 命令行之前可以有空格
if [ "$testing" != "" ]; then
echo " ssh is running in your system"
fi
~
#!/bin/bash
# program:test example 01
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
export PATH
read -p "please input your time:" lasttime
nowtime=$( date +%s )
lasttime=$( date --date "$lasttime" +%s )
echo $[[$lasttime-$nowtime ]]
exit 0
为什么输出来是个这了,没有进行减法操作(当作了字符串???还是(()) )
fuhui@ubuntu:~/script$ sh sh13.sh
please input your time:20150902
$[[1441177200-1434859352 ]]
正则匹配的测试
fuhui@ubuntu:~/script$ echo 1234 | grep "[0-9]\{3\}"
1234
在{}需要进行转码,没有//这样的标志
1 declare -i number
2 # 脚本余下的部分会把”number”当作整数看待.
#!/bin/bash
# program:test example 01
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
export PATH
read -p "please input your time: ex(20100101)" lasttime
date_d=$( echo $lasttime | grep ‘[0-9]\{8\}‘) #重点学习一下正则的匹配
if [ "$date_d" = "" ]; then
echo "you input wrong date format.."
exit 1
fi
declare -i date_dem=`date --date="$date_d" +%s`
declare -i date_new=$( date +%s )
declare -i date_total=$(($date_dem-$date_new))
declare -i date_day=$(($date_total/60/60/24))
if [ $date_day -lt 0 ]; then
echo "you had been demobilization before $((-1*$date_day))"
fi
~
出现了一个错误,如下所示:
[email protected]:~/script$ sh sh13.sh
please input your time: ex(20100101)20110505
sh13.sh: 13: sh13.sh: declare: not found
sh13.sh: 14: sh13.sh: declare: not found
修改了文件属性如下,错误就没有了
chmod +x sh13.sh
case语句
case $变量名称 in <==关键词为 case ,相当于switch的变量
“第一个变量内容”) <==每个变量内容建议用双引号括起来,关键词则为小括号 )
程序段
;; <==操作结尾使用两个连续的分号来处理!
“第二个发量内容”)
程序段
;;
) <==最后一个变量内容都会用 来代表所有其他值
类似于default语句,结尾有;;符
;;
esac <==最终的 case 结尾,case的反向书写形式
#!/bin/bash
# program:test example 01
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
export PATH
case $1 in
"hello")
echo "continue to do "
;;
"")
echo "you should input a option"
;;
*)
echo "you must input parameter,ex >$0,someoption"
;;
esac
fuhui@ubuntu:~/script$ sh sh15.sh 3
you must input parameter,ex >sh15.sh,someoption
fuhui@ubuntu:~/script$ sh sh15.sh hello #输入"hello"和hello居然是一样的
continue to do
fuhui@ubuntu:~/script$ sh sh15.sh "hello"
continue to do
#!/bin/bash
# program:test example 01
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
export PATH
read -p "input one of ont, two, three:" valu
case $valu in
"one")
echo "first"
;;
"two")
echo "second"
;;
"three")
echo "third"
;;
*)
echo "error"
;;
esac
函数声明必须在shell的最前面
function funName{
}
#!/bin/bash
# program:test example 01
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
export PATH
function prifxit(){
echo -n "you choice is: "
}
read -p "input one of ont, two, three:" valu
case $valu in
"one")
prifxit; echo "first"
;;
"two")
prifxit; echo "second"
;;
"three")
prifxit; echo "third"
;;
*)
prifxit; echo "error" | tr ‘a-z‘ ‘A-Z‘ #特别注意大小写的转换
;;
esac
特别注意:sh sh17.sh不能运行,提示错误。这时候修改文件为可执行,就没有错误了。(虽然不知道为什么)
cp操作会复制文件的权限
fuhui@ubuntu:~/script$ chmod +x sh17.sh
fuhui@ubuntu:~/script$ ./sh17.sh
input one of ont, two, three:one
you choice is: first
fuhui@ubuntu:~/script$ ./sh17.sh
input one of ont, two, three:ss
you choice is: ERROR
#!/bin/bash
# program:test example 01
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
export PATH
function prifxit(){
echo -n "the function name $0 : $1"
}
read -p "input one of ont, two, three:" valu
case $valu in
"one")
prifxit "fuhui"; echo "first"
;;
"two")
prifxit "hui"; echo "second"
;;
"three")
prifxit "do"; echo "third"
;;
*)
prifxit "it"; echo "error" | tr ‘a-z‘ ‘A-Z‘
;;
esac
函数的例子,函数内的$0并没有指明这个函数的名字,而是执行脚本的名称。
注意:函数的$1代表函数的第一个参数,依次类推
fuhui@ubuntu:~/script$ ./sh18.sh
input one of ont, two, three:
the function name ./sh18.sh : itERROR
fuhui@ubuntu:~/script$ ./sh18.sh
input one of ont, two, three:one
the function name ./sh18.sh : fuhuifirst
while [ condition ] <==中括号内为判断式
do <==do 循环的开始!
程序段落
done <==done 循环的结束
until [ condition ]
do
程序段落
done
两个循环中值得条件不一样,正好相反。
#!/bin/bash
# program:test example 01
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
export PATH
while [ "$yn" != "yes" -a "$yn" != "YES" ] #特别注意-a是&&的意思,-o是||的意思 ,支持 !=
do
read -p "please input a option :" yn
done
echo "you option is right"
until的用法,注意准换大小写的用法
V=hello
V=`echo $V | tr ‘[:lower:]‘ ‘[:upper:]‘`
echo $V
下面的转化效果是一样的
echo as | tr ‘[:lower:]‘ ‘[:upper:]‘
echo as | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]
#!/bin/bash
# program:test example 01
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
export PATH
until [ "$yn" = "YES" ]
do
read -p "please input a option :" yn
yn=$(echo $yn | tr ‘a-z‘ ‘A-Z‘)
if [ "$yn" = "EXIT" ]; then
echo "exit program"
break;
fi
done
计算1+2+。。。+100
declare -i num=0
done
#!/bin/bash
# program:test example 01
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
export PATH
declare -i sum=0
declare -i num=0
while [ $num -le 100 ] #特别注意 -le 平时使用的时候都是 test $num -le 100
do
sum=$(($sum+$num)) #需要注意$sum 和sum的区别
num=$(($num+1))
done
echo "the sum is: $sum"
exit 0
~
echo "you option is right"