mysql数据库----python操作mysql ------pymysql和SQLAchemy

本篇对于Python操作MySQL主要使用两种方式：

• 原生模块 pymsql
• ORM框架 SQLAchemy

一、pymysql

pymsql是Python中操作MySQL的模块，其使用方法和MySQLdb几乎相同。

下载安装

pip3 install pymysql

使用操作

1、执行SQL

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 import pymysql
 4
 5 # 创建连接
 6 conn = pymysql.connect(host=‘127.0.0.1‘, port=3306, user=‘root‘, passwd=‘123‘, db=‘t1‘)
 7 # 创建游标
 8 cursor = conn.cursor()
 9
10 # 执行SQL，并返回收影响行数
11 effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = ‘1.1.1.2‘")
12
13 # 执行SQL，并返回受影响行数
14 #effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = ‘1.1.1.2‘ where nid > %s", (1,))
15
16 # 执行SQL，并返回受影响行数
17 #effect_row = cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])
18
19
20 # 提交，不然无法保存新建或者修改的数据
21 conn.commit()
22
23 # 关闭游标
24 cursor.close()
25 # 关闭连接
26 conn.close()

2、获取新创建数据自增ID

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 import pymysql
 4
 5 conn = pymysql.connect(host=‘127.0.0.1‘, port=3306, user=‘root‘, passwd=‘123‘, db=‘t1‘)
 6 cursor = conn.cursor()
 7 cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])
 8 conn.commit()
 9 cursor.close()
10 conn.close()
11
12 # 获取最新自增ID
13 new_id = cursor.lastrowid

3、获取查询数据

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 import pymysql
 4
 5 conn = pymysql.connect(host=‘127.0.0.1‘, port=3306, user=‘root‘, passwd=‘123‘, db=‘t1‘)
 6 cursor = conn.cursor()
 7 cursor.execute("select * from hosts")
 8
 9 # 获取第一行数据
10 row_1 = cursor.fetchone()
11
12 # 获取前n行数据
13 # row_2 = cursor.fetchmany(3)
14 # 获取所有数据
15 # row_3 = cursor.fetchall()
16
17 conn.commit()
18 cursor.close()
19 conn.close()

注：在fetch数据时按照顺序进行，可以使用cursor.scroll(num,mode)来移动游标位置，如：

• cursor.scroll(1,mode=‘relative‘)  # 相对当前位置移动
• cursor.scroll(2,mode=‘absolute‘) # 相对绝对位置移动

4、fetch数据类型

　　关于默认获取的数据是元祖类型，如果想要或者字典类型的数据，即：

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 import pymysql
 4
 5 conn = pymysql.connect(host=‘127.0.0.1‘, port=3306, user=‘root‘, passwd=‘123‘, db=‘t1‘)
 6
 7 # 游标设置为字典类型
 8 cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
 9 r = cursor.execute("call p1()")
10
11 result = cursor.fetchone()
12
13 conn.commit()
14 cursor.close()
15 conn.close()

 1     作业：
 2         参考表结构：
 3             用户类型
 4
 5             用户信息
 6
 7             权限
 8
 9             用户类型&权限
10         功能：
11
12             # 登陆、注册、找回密码
13             # 用户管理
14             # 用户类型
15             # 权限管理
16             # 分配权限
17
18         特别的：程序仅一个可执行文件

练习题

注意：   (python代码操作数据库)

 1 import pymysql
 2
 3 user = input("username:")
 4 pwd = input("password:")
 5
 6 conn = pymysql.connect(host="localhost",user=‘root‘,password=‘‘,database="db666")
 7 cursor = conn.cursor()
 8 sql = "select * from userinfo where username=‘%s‘ and password=‘%s‘" %(user,pwd)    #这段代码提到了注入问题，直接拼接会被他人任意登入，风险很大，所以不能这样写！
 9 # select * from userinfo where username=‘uu‘ or 1=1 -- ‘ and password=‘%s‘    #这里就是利用了注入问题登入了数据库
10 cursor.execute(sql)
11 result = cursor.fetchone()
12 cursor.close()
13 conn.close()
14
15 if result:
16     print(‘登录成功‘)
17 else:
18     print(‘登录失败‘)

sql注入问题（这种写法错误）

 1 import pymysql
 2
 3 user = input("username:")
 4 pwd = input("password:")
 5
 6 conn = pymysql.connect(host="localhost",user=‘root‘,password=‘‘,database="db666")
 7 cursor = conn.cursor()
 8 sql = "select * from userinfo where username=%s and password=%s"
 9 cursor.execute(sql,user,pwd)
10 # cursor.execute(sql,[user,pwd])
11 # cursor.execute(sql,{‘u‘:user,‘p‘:pwd})
12 result = cursor.fetchone()
13 cursor.close()
14 conn.close()
15 if result:
16     print(‘登录成功‘)
17 else:
18     print(‘登录失败‘)

正确的写法

二、SQLAchemy

SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架，该框架建立在数据库API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作，简言之便是：将对象转换成SQL，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

安装：

pip3 install SQLAlchemy

SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库，其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件，Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API，从而实现对数据库的操作，如：

 1 MySQL-Python
 2     mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
 3
 4 pymysql
 5     mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
 6
 7 MySQL-Connector
 8     mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
 9
10 cx_Oracle
11     oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
12
13 更多详见：http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html

一、内部处理

使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作，Engine使用ConnectionPooling连接数据库，然后再通过Dialect执行SQL语句。

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 from sqlalchemy import create_engine
 4
 5
 6 engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)
 7
 8 # 执行SQL
 9 # cur = engine.execute(
10 #     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (‘1.1.1.22‘, 3)"
11 # )
12
13 # 新插入行自增ID
14 # cur.lastrowid
15
16 # 执行SQL
17 # cur = engine.execute(
18 #     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)",[(‘1.1.1.22‘, 3),(‘1.1.1.221‘, 3),]
19 # )
20
21
22 # 执行SQL
23 # cur = engine.execute(
24 #     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (%(host)s, %(color_id)s)",
25 #     host=‘1.1.1.99‘, color_id=3
26 # )
27
28 # 执行SQL
29 # cur = engine.execute(‘select * from hosts‘)
30 # 获取第一行数据
31 # cur.fetchone()
32 # 获取第n行数据
33 # cur.fetchmany(3)
34 # 获取所有数据
35 # cur.fetchall()

二、ORM功能使用

使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作。根据类创建对象，对象转换成SQL，执行SQL。

1、创建表

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
 4 from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
 5 from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
 6 from sqlalchemy import create_engine
 7
 8 engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)
 9
10 Base = declarative_base()
11
12 # 创建单表
13 class Users(Base):
14     __tablename__ = ‘users‘
15     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
16     name = Column(String(32))
17     extra = Column(String(16))
18
19     __table_args__ = (
20     UniqueConstraint(‘id‘, ‘name‘, name=‘uix_id_name‘),
21         Index(‘ix_id_name‘, ‘name‘, ‘extra‘),
22     )
23
24
25 # 一对多
26 class Favor(Base):
27     __tablename__ = ‘favor‘
28     nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
29     caption = Column(String(50), default=‘red‘, unique=True)
30
31
32 class Person(Base):
33     __tablename__ = ‘person‘
34     nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
35     name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
36     favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))
37
38
39 # 多对多
40 class Group(Base):
41     __tablename__ = ‘group‘
42     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
43     name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
44     port = Column(Integer, default=22)
45
46
47 class Server(Base):
48     __tablename__ = ‘server‘
49
50     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
51     hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
52
53
54 class ServerToGroup(Base):
55     __tablename__ = ‘servertogroup‘
56     nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
57     server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘server.id‘))
58     group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘group.id‘))
59
60
61 def init_db():
62     Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
63
64
65 def drop_db():
66     Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)

注：设置外检的另一种方式 ForeignKeyConstraint([‘other_id‘], [‘othertable.other_id‘])

2、操作表

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
 4 from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
 5 from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
 6 from sqlalchemy import create_engine
 7
 8 engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)
 9
10 Base = declarative_base()
11
12 # 创建单表
13 class Users(Base):
14     __tablename__ = ‘users‘
15     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
16     name = Column(String(32))
17     extra = Column(String(16))
18
19     __table_args__ = (
20     UniqueConstraint(‘id‘, ‘name‘, name=‘uix_id_name‘),
21         Index(‘ix_id_name‘, ‘name‘, ‘extra‘),
22     )
23
24     def __repr__(self):
25         return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)
26
27 # 一对多
28 class Favor(Base):
29     __tablename__ = ‘favor‘
30     nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
31     caption = Column(String(50), default=‘red‘, unique=True)
32
33     def __repr__(self):
34         return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption)
35
36 class Person(Base):
37     __tablename__ = ‘person‘
38     nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
39     name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
40     favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))
41     # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便
42     favor = relationship("Favor", backref=‘pers‘)
43
44 # 多对多
45 class ServerToGroup(Base):
46     __tablename__ = ‘servertogroup‘
47     nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
48     server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘server.id‘))
49     group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘group.id‘))
50     group = relationship("Group", backref=‘s2g‘)
51     server = relationship("Server", backref=‘s2g‘)
52
53 class Group(Base):
54     __tablename__ = ‘group‘
55     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
56     name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
57     port = Column(Integer, default=22)
58     # group = relationship(‘Group‘,secondary=ServerToGroup,backref=‘host_list‘)
59
60
61 class Server(Base):
62     __tablename__ = ‘server‘
63
64     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
65     hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
66
67
68
69
70 def init_db():
71     Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
72
73
74 def drop_db():
75     Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
76
77
78 Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
79 session = Session()
80
81 表结构 + 数据库连接

表结构+数据库

增

1 obj = Users(name="alex0", extra=‘sb‘)
2 session.add(obj)
3 session.add_all([
4     Users(name="alex1", extra=‘sb‘),
5     Users(name="alex2", extra=‘sb‘),
6 ])
7 session.commit()

删

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()

改

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()

查

ret = session.query(Users).all()
ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name=‘alex‘).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name=‘alex‘).first()

其他

 1 #　条件
 2 ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name=‘alex‘).all()
 3 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == ‘eric‘).all()
 4 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == ‘eric‘).all()
 5 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
 6 ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
 7 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name=‘eric‘))).all()
 8 from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
 9 ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == ‘eric‘)).all()
10 ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == ‘eric‘)).all()
11 ret = session.query(Users).filter(
12     or_(
13         Users.id < 2,
14         and_(Users.name == ‘eric‘, Users.id > 3),
15         Users.extra != ""
16     )).all()
17
18
19 # 通配符
20 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like(‘e%‘)).all()
21 ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like(‘e%‘)).all()
22
23 # 限制
24 ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]
25
26 # 排序
27 ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
28 ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()
29
30 # 分组
31 from sqlalchemy.sql import func
32
33 ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
34 ret = session.query(
35     func.max(Users.id),
36     func.sum(Users.id),
37     func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()
38
39 ret = session.query(
40     func.max(Users.id),
41     func.sum(Users.id),
42     func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()
43
44 # 连表
45
46 ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()
47
48 ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()
49
50 ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()
51
52
53 # 组合
54 q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
55 q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
56 ret = q1.union(q2).all()
57
58 q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
59 q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
60 ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()

更多功能参见文档，猛击这里下载PDF