原文链接:http://yangshangchuan.iteye.com/blog/2030741
当我们配置Nutch抓取 http://yangshangchuan.iteye.com 的时候,抓取的所有页面内容均为:您的访问请求被拒绝 ...... 这是最简单的反爬虫策略(该策略简单地读取HTTP请求头User-Agent的值来判断是人(浏览器)还是机器爬虫),我们只需要简单地配置Nutch来模拟浏览器(simulate web browser)就可以绕过这种限制。
在nutch-default.xml中有5项配置是和User-Agent相关的:
Xml代码
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.description</name>
- <value></value>
- <description>Further description of our bot- this text is used in
- the User-Agent header. It appears in parenthesis after the agent name.
- </description>
- </property>
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.url</name>
- <value></value>
- <description>A URL to advertise in the User-Agent header. This will
- appear in parenthesis after the agent name. Custom dictates that this
- should be a URL of a page explaining the purpose and behavior of this
- crawler.
- </description>
- </property>
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.email</name>
- <value></value>
- <description>An email address to advertise in the HTTP ‘From‘ request
- header and User-Agent header. A good practice is to mangle this
- address (e.g. ‘info at example dot com‘) to avoid spamming.
- </description>
- </property>
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.name</name>
- <value></value>
- <description>HTTP ‘User-Agent‘ request header. MUST NOT be empty -
- please set this to a single word uniquely related to your organization.
- NOTE: You should also check other related properties:
- http.robots.agents
- http.agent.description
- http.agent.url
- http.agent.email
- http.agent.version
- and set their values appropriately.
- </description>
- </property>
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.version</name>
- <value>Nutch-1.7</value>
- <description>A version string to advertise in the User-Agent
- header.</description>
- </property>
<property> <name>http.agent.description</name> <value></value> <description>Further description of our bot- this text is used in the User-Agent header. It appears in parenthesis after the agent name. </description> </property> <property> <name>http.agent.url</name> <value></value> <description>A URL to advertise in the User-Agent header. This will appear in parenthesis after the agent name. Custom dictates that this should be a URL of a page explaining the purpose and behavior of this crawler. </description> </property> <property> <name>http.agent.email</name> <value></value> <description>An email address to advertise in the HTTP ‘From‘ request header and User-Agent header. A good practice is to mangle this address (e.g. ‘info at example dot com‘) to avoid spamming. </description> </property> <property> <name>http.agent.name</name> <value></value> <description>HTTP ‘User-Agent‘ request header. MUST NOT be empty - please set this to a single word uniquely related to your organization. NOTE: You should also check other related properties: http.robots.agents http.agent.description http.agent.url http.agent.email http.agent.version and set their values appropriately. </description> </property> <property> <name>http.agent.version</name> <value>Nutch-1.7</value> <description>A version string to advertise in the User-Agent header.</description> </property>
在类nutch1.7/src/plugin/lib-http/src/java/org/apache/nutch/protocol/http/api/HttpBase.java中可以看到这5项配置是如何构成User-Agent的:
Java代码
- this.userAgent = getAgentString( conf.get("http.agent.name"),
- conf.get("http.agent.version"),
- conf.get("http.agent.description"),
- conf.get("http.agent.url"),
- conf.get("http.agent.email") );
this.userAgent = getAgentString( conf.get("http.agent.name"), conf.get("http.agent.version"), conf.get("http.agent.description"), conf.get("http.agent.url"), conf.get("http.agent.email") );
Java代码
- private static String getAgentString(String agentName,
- String agentVersion,
- String agentDesc,
- String agentURL,
- String agentEmail) {
- if ( (agentName == null) || (agentName.trim().length() == 0) ) {
- // TODO : NUTCH-258
- if (LOGGER.isErrorEnabled()) {
- LOGGER.error("No User-Agent string set (http.agent.name)!");
- }
- }
- StringBuffer buf= new StringBuffer();
- buf.append(agentName);
- if (agentVersion != null) {
- buf.append("/");
- buf.append(agentVersion);
- }
- if ( ((agentDesc != null) && (agentDesc.length() != 0))
- || ((agentEmail != null) && (agentEmail.length() != 0))
- || ((agentURL != null) && (agentURL.length() != 0)) ) {
- buf.append(" (");
- if ((agentDesc != null) && (agentDesc.length() != 0)) {
- buf.append(agentDesc);
- if ( (agentURL != null) || (agentEmail != null) )
- buf.append("; ");
- }
- if ((agentURL != null) && (agentURL.length() != 0)) {
- buf.append(agentURL);
- if (agentEmail != null)
- buf.append("; ");
- }
- if ((agentEmail != null) && (agentEmail.length() != 0))
- buf.append(agentEmail);
- buf.append(")");
- }
- return buf.toString();
- }
private static String getAgentString(String agentName, String agentVersion, String agentDesc, String agentURL, String agentEmail) { if ( (agentName == null) || (agentName.trim().length() == 0) ) { // TODO : NUTCH-258 if (LOGGER.isErrorEnabled()) { LOGGER.error("No User-Agent string set (http.agent.name)!"); } } StringBuffer buf= new StringBuffer(); buf.append(agentName); if (agentVersion != null) { buf.append("/"); buf.append(agentVersion); } if ( ((agentDesc != null) && (agentDesc.length() != 0)) || ((agentEmail != null) && (agentEmail.length() != 0)) || ((agentURL != null) && (agentURL.length() != 0)) ) { buf.append(" ("); if ((agentDesc != null) && (agentDesc.length() != 0)) { buf.append(agentDesc); if ( (agentURL != null) || (agentEmail != null) ) buf.append("; "); } if ((agentURL != null) && (agentURL.length() != 0)) { buf.append(agentURL); if (agentEmail != null) buf.append("; "); } if ((agentEmail != null) && (agentEmail.length() != 0)) buf.append(agentEmail); buf.append(")"); } return buf.toString(); }
在类nutch1.7/src/plugin/protocol-http/src/java/org/apache/nutch/protocol/http/HttpResponse.java中使用User-Agent请求头,这里的http.getUserAgent()返回的userAgent就是HttpBase.java中的userAgent:
Java代码
- String userAgent = http.getUserAgent();
- if ((userAgent == null) || (userAgent.length() == 0)) {
- if (Http.LOG.isErrorEnabled()) { Http.LOG.error("User-agent is not set!"); }
- } else {
- reqStr.append("User-Agent: ");
- reqStr.append(userAgent);
- reqStr.append("\r\n");
- }
String userAgent = http.getUserAgent(); if ((userAgent == null) || (userAgent.length() == 0)) { if (Http.LOG.isErrorEnabled()) { Http.LOG.error("User-agent is not set!"); } } else { reqStr.append("User-Agent: "); reqStr.append(userAgent); reqStr.append("\r\n"); }
通过上面的分析可知:在nutch-site.xml中只需要增加如下几种配置之一便可以模拟一个特定的浏览器(Imitating a specific browser):
1、模拟Firefox浏览器:
Xml代码
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.name</name>
- <value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:27.0) Gecko</value>
- </property>
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.version</name>
- <value>20100101 Firefox/27.0</value>
- </property>
<property> <name>http.agent.name</name> <value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:27.0) Gecko</value> </property> <property> <name>http.agent.version</name> <value>20100101 Firefox/27.0</value> </property>
2、模拟IE浏览器:
Xml代码
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.name</name>
- <value>Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident</value>
- </property>
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.version</name>
- <value>6.0)</value>
- </property>
<property> <name>http.agent.name</name> <value>Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident</value> </property> <property> <name>http.agent.version</name> <value>6.0)</value> </property>
3、模拟Chrome浏览器:
Xml代码
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.name</name>
- <value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/33.0.1750.117 Safari</value>
- </property>
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.version</name>
- <value>537.36</value>
- </property>
<property> <name>http.agent.name</name> <value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/33.0.1750.117 Safari</value> </property> <property> <name>http.agent.version</name> <value>537.36</value> </property>
4、模拟Safari浏览器:
Xml代码
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.name</name>
- <value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/534.57.2 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1.7 Safari</value>
- </property>
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.version</name>
- <value>534.57.2</value>
- </property>
<property> <name>http.agent.name</name> <value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/534.57.2 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1.7 Safari</value> </property> <property> <name>http.agent.version</name> <value>534.57.2</value> </property>
5、模拟Opera浏览器:
Xml代码
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.name</name>
- <value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/32.0.1700.102 Safari/537.36 OPR</value>
- </property>
- <property>
- <name>http.agent.version</name>
- <value>19.0.1326.59</value>
- </property>
<property> <name>http.agent.name</name> <value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/32.0.1700.102 Safari/537.36 OPR</value> </property> <property> <name>http.agent.version</name> <value>19.0.1326.59</value> </property>
后记:查看User-Agent的方法:
1、http://www.useragentstring.com
3、http://www.enhanceie.com/ua.aspx