通配符 and [] 中括号的用法

文件通配符

• 非预定义的字符类：

*         匹配零个或多个字符
?         匹配任何单个字符
~         当前用户家目录
~username     用户username家目录
~+        当前工作目录
~-        前一个工作目录
[0-9]     匹配数字范围
[a-z]     字母
[A-Z]     字母
[wang]    匹配列表中的任何的一个字符
[^wang]   匹配列表中的所有字符以外的字符

• 预定义的字符类 man 7 glob

[:digit:]    任意数字，相当于0-9
[:lower:]    任意小写字母
[:upper:]    任意大写字母
[:alpha:]    任意大小写字母
[:alnum:]    任意数字或字母
[:blank:]    水平空白字符
[:space:]    水平或垂直空白字符
[:punct:]    标点符号
[:print:]    可打印字符
[:cntrl:]    控制（非打印）字符
[:graph:]    图形字符
[:xdigit:]   十六进制字符
[^[:upper:]] 排除大写字母
[^[:lower:]] 排除小写字母
[^[:digit:]] 排除数字

示例

• 预定义的字符类示例

通过 ls f[a-Z] 查看到的是大小写混起来的，排列顺序是 a A b B ... z Z

要想单独查看大写字母或小写字母命名的文件，需要使用 [[:lower:]] 或 [[:upper:]]

由于 [:lower:] 等价于 a-z, [:upper:] 等价于 A-Z,所以需要载外面加上 []

[[email protected] app]$ls f[a-z]
fa  fB  fd  fE  fg  fH  fj  fK  fm  fN  fp  fQ  fs  fT  fv  fW  fy
fA  fc  fD  ff  fG  fi  fJ  fl  fM  fo  fP  fr  fS  fu  fV  fx  fY
fb  fC  fe  fF  fh  fI  fk  fL  fn  fO  fq  fR  ft  fU  fw  fX  fz
[[email protected] app]$ls f[[:lower:]]
fa  fc  fe  fg  fi  fk  fm  fo  fq  fs  fu  fw  fy
fb  fd  ff  fh  fj  fl  fn  fp  fr  ft  fv  fx  fz
[[email protected] app]$
[[email protected] app]$ls f[A-Z]
fA  fc  fD  ff  fG  fi  fJ  fl  fM  fo  fP  fr  fS  fu  fV  fx  fY
fb  fC  fe  fF  fh  fI  fk  fL  fn  fO  fq  fR  ft  fU  fw  fX  fz
fB  fd  fE  fg  fH  fj  fK  fm  fN  fp  fQ  fs  fT  fv  fW  fy  fZ
[[email protected] app]$ls f[[:upper:]]
fA  fC  fE  fG  fI  fK  fM  fO  fQ  fS  fU  fW  fY
fB  fD  fF  fH  fJ  fL  fN  fP  fR  fT  fV  fX  fZ
[[email protected] app]$

• 预定义的字符类和其他的混用

[[email protected] app]$ls f[[:lower:]357]
f3  f7  fb  fd  ff  fh  fj  fl  fn  fp  fr  ft  fv  fx  fz
f5  fa  fc  fe  fg  fi  fk  fm  fo  fq  fs  fu  fw  fy

• 排除

[[email protected] app]$ls f[^[:upper:]]
f1  f3  f5  f7  f9  fb  fd  ff  fh  fj  fl  fn  fp  fr  ft  fv  fx  fz
f2  f4  f6  f8  fa  fc  fe  fg  fi  fk  fm  fo  fq  fs  fu  fw  fy
[[email protected] app]$ls f[^[:lower:]]
f1  f3  f5  f7  f9  fB  fD  fF  fH  fJ  fL  fN  fP  fR  fT  fV  fX  fZ
f2  f4  f6  f8  fA  fC  fE  fG  fI  fK  fM  fO  fQ  fS  fU  fW  fY
[[email protected] app]$ls f[^[:digit:]]
fa  fB  fd  fE  fg  fH  fj  fK  fm  fN  fp  fQ  fs  fT  fv  fW  fy  fZ
fA  fc  fD  ff  fG  fi  fJ  fl  fM  fo  fP  fr  fS  fu  fV  fx  fY
fb  fC  fe  fF  fh  fI  fk  fL  fn  fO  fq  fR  ft  fU  fw  fX  fz
[[email protected] app]$ls f[^0-9]
fa  fB  fd  fE  fg  fH  fj  fK  fm  fN  fp  fQ  fs  fT  fv  fW  fy  fZ
fA  fc  fD  ff  fG  fi  fJ  fl  fM  fo  fP  fr  fS  fu  fV  fx  fY
fb  fC  fe  fF  fh  fI  fk  fL  fn  fO  fq  fR  ft  fU  fw  fX  fz
[[email protected] app]$

• 仅显示但当前目录下的隐藏文件或文件夹 ls -d .[^.]* ls -d .* l.

l. 其实就是 ls -d .* 的别名

[[email protected] ~]$ls -d .[^.]*
.abrt          .cache     .gconf   .gtk-bookmarks   .local         .tcshrc
.bash_history  .config    .gconfd  .gvfs            .nautilus      .viminfo
.bash_logout   .cshrc     .gnome2  .ICEauthority    .pulse
.bash_profile  .dbus      .gnote   .imsettings.log  .pulse-cookie
.bashrc        .esd_auth  .gnupg   .lesshst         .ssh
[[email protected] ~]$

[[email protected] ~]$ls -d .*
.              .bashrc    .gconf          .gvfs            .pulse
..             .cache     .gconfd         .ICEauthority    .pulse-cookie
.abrt          .config    .gnome2         .imsettings.log  .ssh
.bash_history  .cshrc     .gnote          .lesshst         .tcshrc
.bash_logout   .dbus      .gnupg          .local           .viminfo
.bash_profile  .esd_auth  .gtk-bookmarks  .nautilus
[[email protected] ~]$

[[email protected] ~]$l.
.              .bashrc    .gconf          .gvfs            .pulse
..             .cache     .gconfd         .ICEauthority    .pulse-cookie
.abrt          .config    .gnome2         .imsettings.log  .ssh
.bash_history  .cshrc     .gnote          .lesshst         .tcshrc
.bash_logout   .dbus      .gnupg          .local           .viminfo
.bash_profile  .esd_auth  .gtk-bookmarks  .nautilus
[[email protected] ~]$

https://www.cnblogs.com/shichangming/p/10011073.html

原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/shichangming/p/10011073.html